Pub Date : 2022-07-20DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2072623
Kathryn L. Hand, Harriet Rix, Jon Stokes, K. Doick
ABSTRACT Urban tree management in England is led by local governments who may describe their policies and practices in a publicly accessible document, termed an urban tree strategy. To understand the role of such documents in urban tree management, this research investigated their prevalence, production, content and use in England. Concurrently, to understand the “life-cycle” of a tree strategy - the processes underlying the production and use of strategies - we conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 local governments. We found 143 of 353 (41%) English local governments had a publicly accessible urban tree strategy. We conducted a review of the content of half (72) of these strategies. We found tree strategies to be highly variable but diverged into two main forms, the ‘strategy’ form and the ‘policy’ form. The former is a holistic and forward-looking document, the latter a focused document centred on essential management and legislated duties. The interviews highlighted lack of time, knowledge, money, and/or political buy-in as barriers to strategy production. The variability in the existence and content of strategies could lead to differing urban forest management practices across England, which are not in line with recent national environmental objectives and recommended guidance.
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Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2073079
J. Lageard
ABSTRACT Black or Common Mulberry (Morus nigra) was introduced into Britain in the late sixteenth – early seventeenth centuries and has since had limited success as an ornamental and fruit-producing tree. Older specimens survive in a limited number of locations including at The Charterhouse in central London. Four of these trees were investigated with the aid of standard dendrochronological techniques, historic images, including an early postcard and a painting by Edward Ardizzone, and with the application of expert knowledge of the forms and ages of contemporary mulberry trees. Results included the creation of a new ring-width chronology (CH_Mulberry) and dating that suggests the two oldest trees may well have been planted to commemorate either Queen Victoria’s Golden (AD 1887) or Diamond Jubilee (AD 1897). The research represents a first known dendrochronological investigation of the species, highlighting issues associated with sampling “tortuous” growth forms and the poor visibility of sapwood rings, as well as the potential for the use of branch ring-widths to facilitate dendrochronological dating of fruit and other trees.
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Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2118469
I. Rotherham
This edition of the Arboricultural Journal includes three major papers which present three significant but widely differing contributions to arboricultural science each one addressing a key matter of interest. Jonathan Lageard used a mixed methods approach to gaining evidence for the growth and age of mulberry trees planted at The Charterhouse in London. This provides a helpful insight into the dating of planted fruit trees and into the use and application of different sources of information to aid the process. A rather different piece of research is reported by Peter Del Tredici (Del Tredici, 2022). Again, addressing a very neglected topic, Del Tredici considers the generally neglected subject of endocormic roots and their development and function. These structures are a form of adventitious root growing inside older trees with significant heart-rot and in fact are very important in terms of tree and growth. Furthermore, the phenomenon of endocormic root growth appears to be highly significant in smaller veteran trees such as hawthorn, birch, and rowan; a topic to be reported on in due course. This present paper provides a remarkable insight into what is currently known and of the history of the study of these poorly understood roots. The author also suggests the term “epicormic” be extended for adventitious roots where branches meet the ground. The study touches on several rather neglected topics including hollowing of veteran willows, and suckering/rooting of branches and fallen trunks especially in wet landscapes. Much of this takes us beyond the typical research into ancient and veteran trees and helps open up new lines of investigation and of discovery. Finally in terms of the papers, another hugely important topic at present is the spread of often catastrophic tree diseases. For those interested in or concerned by exotic Phytophthora infections, Andrew Walton and Andrew Smith have presented a wide-ranging review of literature on natural resistance to infection. This is a very important topic and with climate change and increasing globalisation the problems will certainly get worse rather than better in the decades to come. Insights provided by such reviews are therefore welcomed and particularly helpful. The issue ends with a letter to the editor from Peter Sterken (Sterken, 2022) addressing the matter of compression forks and axioms, and finally with book reviews.
本版的《树木学杂志》包括三篇主要论文，其中介绍了对树木学的三种重要但差异很大的贡献，每一篇都解决了一个关键的问题。Jonathan Lageard使用了一种混合方法来获取种植在伦敦查特豪斯的桑树的生长和年龄的证据。这提供了一个有用的洞察种植果树的年代和使用和应用不同的信息来源，以帮助这一过程。Peter Del Tredici (Del Tredici, 2022)报告了一项截然不同的研究。Del Tredici再次谈到了一个非常被忽视的话题，他考虑了通常被忽视的内源性根及其发展和功能。这些结构是生长在具有明显心腐病的老树中的不定根的一种形式，实际上对树木和生长非常重要。此外，内胚根生长现象在山楂、桦树和紫菀等较小的老树中似乎非常显著;在适当的时候要报告的题目。这篇论文提供了一个显着的洞察力，什么是目前已知的和历史的研究这些知之甚少的根。作者还建议将“外缘”一词扩展到树枝与地面接触的不定根。该研究涉及了几个相当被忽视的主题，包括老柳树的空穴，树枝和倒下的树干的吸吮/生根，特别是在潮湿的景观中。这使我们超越了对古树和老树的典型研究，并有助于开辟新的调查和发现路线。最后，就论文而言，目前另一个非常重要的话题是经常灾难性树木疾病的传播。对于那些对外来疫霉感染感兴趣或关心的人，安德鲁·沃尔顿和安德鲁·史密斯对自然抗感染的文献进行了广泛的回顾。这是一个非常重要的话题，随着气候变化和日益全球化，这个问题在未来几十年肯定会变得更糟，而不是更好。因此，这种审查提供的见解是受欢迎的，而且特别有用。该问题以彼得·斯特肯(Sterken, 2022)给编辑的一封信结束(Sterken, 2022)，解决了压缩分叉和公理的问题，最后是书评。
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Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2085942
Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad, A. Russo, M. Jannatifar
ABSTRACT Persian gardens have been an essential component of Iranian urban and architectural history for almost 2500 years. Persian gardens continued to provide provisioning services (i.e. food production) until the twentieth century when their status and role switched from productive to ornamental gardens. In this study, we conducted interviews and field surveys in a Persian garden in eastern Iran to understand how the use of edible plants has changed since the end of the 1970s. Although the production function is not the primary role of this garden, the results demonstrate that numerous edible species have been reintroduced. In addition, the marketing and branding of the fruits cultivated in the garden could be a source of income for the garden’s maintenance. From an ethnobotanical and germplasm conservation point of view, this garden features key cultivars and plants that have been used in traditional Iranian medicine.
{"title":"Forgotten edible heritage: the case study of the UNESCO Site of Akbarieh Garden in Iran","authors":"Mohammad Reza Khalilnezhad, A. Russo, M. Jannatifar","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2022.2085942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2022.2085942","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Persian gardens have been an essential component of Iranian urban and architectural history for almost 2500 years. Persian gardens continued to provide provisioning services (i.e. food production) until the twentieth century when their status and role switched from productive to ornamental gardens. In this study, we conducted interviews and field surveys in a Persian garden in eastern Iran to understand how the use of edible plants has changed since the end of the 1970s. Although the production function is not the primary role of this garden, the results demonstrate that numerous edible species have been reintroduced. In addition, the marketing and branding of the fruits cultivated in the garden could be a source of income for the garden’s maintenance. From an ethnobotanical and germplasm conservation point of view, this garden features key cultivars and plants that have been used in traditional Iranian medicine.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"234 - 247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75563844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2085917
Andrew Walton, Andrew R. Smith
ABSTRACT Some of the most prominent exotic pathogens in temperate forest regions belong to the genus Phytophthora. The pathogen, which is nourished by the enzymatic destruction of living plant cells, can cause mortality in >150 plant species including many temperate forest trees. However, studies have demonstrated the natural disease resistance of trees can be directly induced or facilitated using methods to deploy biochemical compounds that include foliar sprays, trunk injection or bark application, and soil amendments. This systematic review identified and analysed the efficacy of novel treatments to induce a natural resistance against different Phytophthora species in temperate trees. Results showed that treatments reduced Phytophthora infection symptoms compared to controls in all but one of the experiments reviewed. Trunk injections demonstrated the highest cumulative efficacy with a pooled effect size of 1.85 ± 0.56 (Hedge’s g ± 95% confidence interval). Foliar sprays had the second highest efficacy, with a pooled effect size of 1.11 ± 0.28. Finally, soil amendments had the lowest cumulative efficacy, with a pooled effect size of 0.61 ± 0.36. This review supports the use of treatments on trees in nurseries, urban forests, orchards, and arboreta; however, success is dependent upon the application of optimal doses.
{"title":"How effective are methods to induce or facilitate the natural resistance of temperate trees to exotic Phytophthora species? A systematic review","authors":"Andrew Walton, Andrew R. Smith","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2022.2085917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2022.2085917","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Some of the most prominent exotic pathogens in temperate forest regions belong to the genus Phytophthora. The pathogen, which is nourished by the enzymatic destruction of living plant cells, can cause mortality in >150 plant species including many temperate forest trees. However, studies have demonstrated the natural disease resistance of trees can be directly induced or facilitated using methods to deploy biochemical compounds that include foliar sprays, trunk injection or bark application, and soil amendments. This systematic review identified and analysed the efficacy of novel treatments to induce a natural resistance against different Phytophthora species in temperate trees. Results showed that treatments reduced Phytophthora infection symptoms compared to controls in all but one of the experiments reviewed. Trunk injections demonstrated the highest cumulative efficacy with a pooled effect size of 1.85 ± 0.56 (Hedge’s g ± 95% confidence interval). Foliar sprays had the second highest efficacy, with a pooled effect size of 1.11 ± 0.28. Finally, soil amendments had the lowest cumulative efficacy, with a pooled effect size of 0.61 ± 0.36. This review supports the use of treatments on trees in nurseries, urban forests, orchards, and arboreta; however, success is dependent upon the application of optimal doses.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"140 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85499184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-26DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2085943
P. del Tredici
ABSTRACT There is a substantial literature on the production of adventitious roots by the trunks and branches by intact trees but one type that has received very little attention are the endocormic roots that develop inside the trunks of old trees with extensive heart rot. They were first described in 1853 and are an indicator of the senescent phase of a tree’s life span. Endocormic roots are produced by wound-wood that comes in contact with its own rotten heartwood. As the tree’s core hollows out, endocormic roots can grow down through the trunk into the soil where they have the potential to produce a new root system and thicken into columns that support the hollow stem. While the formation of endocormic roots has been documented in many angiosperms, it is a relatively uncommon phenomenon that develops mainly in ancient trees that have experienced extensive branch loss due to natural disturbances or pollarding. A parallel term, epicormic roots, is proposed to describe adventitious roots produced by the trunk or branches of a tree that come in contact with the soil.
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Pub Date : 2022-06-16DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2078087
Peter Sterken
Dear Editor In Slater (2016), the “axiom of uniform stress” of Mattheck and Breloer (1994) is rightly questioned. And also in Drénou, Restrepo, and Slater (2020), a fine biomechanical approach to bark-included forks can be found, where they, rightly, question the “compression fork” model of Mattheck and Breloer (1994). However, simple reasoning and common sense might also shed light on this controversy, which has been subject of funded research, methodologies, scientific publications and the perhaps unfounded felling of many trees over the last three decades. According to the “axiom of uniform stress” (Mattheck & Breloer, 1994), a tree lays down extra wood where it is needed, for instance around a mechanical defect, to maintain a uniform stress level and to compensate for the biomechanical defect. However, another idea in the arboricultural scene, is the one that says that “crotches with included bark push each other apart as they grow in diameter”, which is the “compression fork” model, also by Mattheck and Breloer (1994). But . . ., if the branches were really pushed apart by “compression forks due to included bark”, would that stress then not be easily compensated by the tree by laying down extra wood (“axiom of uniform stress”), at the outer side of the fork and at the same time? There is something that is called “compensation wood”. Compensation wood is built where the tree experiences more stress or strain than biomechanically interesting for itself, and this being the result of experimented loads, structural inner defects, and so on. This process, even though not well understood yet, is called thigmomorphogenesis or the response by plants to mechanical sensations. Thus, and again, if thigmomorphogenesis really exists (which it does), would it not compensate for the “pushing apart” (if it really existed) of the branches at the height of the “compression fork”? And as the first (thigomorphogenesis) is a truth, the second (compression forks) could then be just a myth. Hence, accepting both the “axiom of uniform stress” and the “compression fork” model, both by the same authors, is impossible. The herein presented simple reasoning shows that the “compression fork” model by Mattheck and Breloer (1994) invalidates the same author’s “axiom of uniform stress”. If one accepts the first, the second can then only be rejected, and vice versa. Therefore, both their claims seem untenable.
{"title":"On compression forks and axioms","authors":"Peter Sterken","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2022.2078087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2022.2078087","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor In Slater (2016), the “axiom of uniform stress” of Mattheck and Breloer (1994) is rightly questioned. And also in Drénou, Restrepo, and Slater (2020), a fine biomechanical approach to bark-included forks can be found, where they, rightly, question the “compression fork” model of Mattheck and Breloer (1994). However, simple reasoning and common sense might also shed light on this controversy, which has been subject of funded research, methodologies, scientific publications and the perhaps unfounded felling of many trees over the last three decades. According to the “axiom of uniform stress” (Mattheck & Breloer, 1994), a tree lays down extra wood where it is needed, for instance around a mechanical defect, to maintain a uniform stress level and to compensate for the biomechanical defect. However, another idea in the arboricultural scene, is the one that says that “crotches with included bark push each other apart as they grow in diameter”, which is the “compression fork” model, also by Mattheck and Breloer (1994). But . . ., if the branches were really pushed apart by “compression forks due to included bark”, would that stress then not be easily compensated by the tree by laying down extra wood (“axiom of uniform stress”), at the outer side of the fork and at the same time? There is something that is called “compensation wood”. Compensation wood is built where the tree experiences more stress or strain than biomechanically interesting for itself, and this being the result of experimented loads, structural inner defects, and so on. This process, even though not well understood yet, is called thigmomorphogenesis or the response by plants to mechanical sensations. Thus, and again, if thigmomorphogenesis really exists (which it does), would it not compensate for the “pushing apart” (if it really existed) of the branches at the height of the “compression fork”? And as the first (thigomorphogenesis) is a truth, the second (compression forks) could then be just a myth. Hence, accepting both the “axiom of uniform stress” and the “compression fork” model, both by the same authors, is impossible. The herein presented simple reasoning shows that the “compression fork” model by Mattheck and Breloer (1994) invalidates the same author’s “axiom of uniform stress”. If one accepts the first, the second can then only be rejected, and vice versa. Therefore, both their claims seem untenable.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"177 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81630610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/03071375.2022.2083843
I. Rotherham
Very much a book for our times, the volume focuses on the politics of street trees together with the actors, institutions, and processes, which govern their planning, planting, and maintenance. The multi-disciplinary innovative approach is especially important in the context of the mounting environmental and societal challenges of the twenty-first century. The work reveals much about the nature of our modern world, urban living, social change, and emerging political conflicts. The book is divided into three main sections: (1) Historic perspectives – providing different historical perspectives on street trees and politics, celebrating diversity in different cultures. (2) Values, policy, and management – with discussion of street tree values, policy, and management. This addresses contemporary issues of significance and their contributions to our urban environment (both physically and philosophically). This second section explores cultural idiosyncrasies and those from perspectives of political economy and challenges the neo-liberal visions, which dominate current political narratives. (3) Community engagement, civic action, and governance. This section has case studies of community engagement, civil action, and governance with international examples showing contrasting approaches associated with different political directions and intentions. The constraints of law and the importance of people-power are considered. Through its interdisciplinary approach, the volume delivers an information base with insight and interpretation relevant to academics, practitioners, politicians, activists, and the wider stakeholder public. Potentially this will help contribute to a fairer political debate to promote more democratic environments, which are sustainable, equitable, comfortable, and importantly for urban communities, healthier. The editors have done a fine job producing a tight and coherent volume from nearly 30 individual contributions. The book is illustrated throughout with black and white photographs and line drawings.
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