Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821-c1-025
P. Paoletti
{"title":"Prefiguring the future: An educational project to strengthen resilience and hope in individuals and communities facing natural disasters","authors":"P. Paoletti","doi":"10.4172/1522-4821-c1-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821-c1-025","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116805792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-21DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562-C11-091
pReza Nejatp
{"title":"Neuroprotective effect of Erythropoietin","authors":"pReza Nejatp","doi":"10.4172/2155-9562-C11-091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9562-C11-091","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117189699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000403
Shilpa Jasubhai, C. Mukundan
WHO places Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), or depression, as the fourth leading cause of mental disability world-wide. According to a survey done by WHO in February 2017, found 7.5% of Indians suffer from major or minor mental disorders requiring expert intervention. National Mental Health Survey of India in 2015-2016 reports that one in 20 Indians suffer from Depression especially women in the age-group of 40-49 years suffers more. Earlier research indicated that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) represents a superior approach in treating mild to severe depression symptoms. Whereas Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) has received increased attention. The present study is in line with a study conducted in Australia in 2016 by Hannah Chatwin et al. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of CBT and EFT in the treatment of anxiety and depression in Indian adults. Random subjects (n = 10) were selected from Ahmedabad (a metro city) in India who were screened positive for anxiety disorder and depression using Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS21) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI2). These subjects were randomly assigned to an 8 week CBT or EFT treatment program with 1 session per week. All participants were screened after 3 sessions, 5 sessions, 8 sessions and after 1 month of follow up using DASS21 and BDI2. Findings of the study depict that both intervention approaches produce significant reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms. The EFT treatment produced marked improvement in depression after 3 sessions. After 8 weeks of intervention, the CBT group reported significant improvement in depression while EFT intervention therapy showed significant results after 1 month of follow up. Examination of individual cases showed clinically significant improvement in anxiety and depression across both interventions. The results are consistent with the previous studies by Hannah Chatwin et al. (2016). Present findings suggest that EFT is of paramount importance as pivotal tool in managing anxiety and depression in Indian population.
世卫组织将重度抑郁症(MDD)或抑郁症列为全球精神残疾的第四大原因。根据世卫组织2017年2月进行的一项调查，发现7.5%的印度人患有或大或小的精神障碍，需要专家干预。2015-2016年印度全国心理健康调查报告显示，每20个印度人中就有一个患有抑郁症，尤其是40-49岁年龄段的女性。早期的研究表明，认知行为疗法(CBT)是治疗轻至重度抑郁症状的优越方法。而情绪释放技术(EFT)越来越受到人们的关注。本研究与Hannah Chatwin等人2016年在澳大利亚进行的研究一致。本研究的目的是评价CBT和EFT治疗印度成人焦虑和抑郁的比较效果。采用抑郁、焦虑和压力量表(DASS21)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI2)在印度艾哈迈达巴德(一个地铁城市)随机筛选焦虑障碍和抑郁阳性的受试者(n = 10)。这些受试者被随机分配到为期8周的CBT或EFT治疗方案中，每周1次。所有参与者在3次、5次、8次和随访1个月后使用DASS21和BDI2进行筛查。研究结果表明，两种干预方法都能显著减少焦虑和抑郁症状。3个疗程后，EFT治疗对抑郁症有明显改善。干预8周后，CBT组抑郁症状明显改善，EFT干预治疗1个月后随访效果显著。个别病例的检查显示，在两种干预措施中，焦虑和抑郁的临床显著改善。这一结果与Hannah Chatwin et al.(2016)之前的研究结果一致。目前的研究结果表明，EFT作为管理印度人群焦虑和抑郁的关键工具是至关重要的。
{"title":"Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Emotional Freedom Technique in Reducing Anxiety and Depression in Indian Adults","authors":"Shilpa Jasubhai, C. Mukundan","doi":"10.4172/1522-4821.1000403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000403","url":null,"abstract":"WHO places Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), or depression, as the fourth leading cause of mental disability world-wide. According to a survey done by WHO in February 2017, found 7.5% of Indians suffer from major or minor mental disorders requiring expert intervention. National Mental Health Survey of India in 2015-2016 reports that one in 20 Indians suffer from Depression especially women in the age-group of 40-49 years suffers more. Earlier research indicated that Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) represents a superior approach in treating mild to severe depression symptoms. Whereas Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) has received increased attention. The present study is in line with a study conducted in Australia in 2016 by Hannah Chatwin et al. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of CBT and EFT in the treatment of anxiety and depression in Indian adults. Random subjects (n = 10) were selected from Ahmedabad (a metro city) in India who were screened positive for anxiety disorder and depression using Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS21) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI2). These subjects were randomly assigned to an 8 week CBT or EFT treatment program with 1 session per week. All participants were screened after 3 sessions, 5 sessions, 8 sessions and after 1 month of follow up using DASS21 and BDI2. Findings of the study depict that both intervention approaches produce significant reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms. The EFT treatment produced marked improvement in depression after 3 sessions. After 8 weeks of intervention, the CBT group reported significant improvement in depression while EFT intervention therapy showed significant results after 1 month of follow up. Examination of individual cases showed clinically significant improvement in anxiety and depression across both interventions. The results are consistent with the previous studies by Hannah Chatwin et al. (2016). Present findings suggest that EFT is of paramount importance as pivotal tool in managing anxiety and depression in Indian population.","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126068140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-24DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821-C1-010
J. Pérez
Stress isn't any longer a development that issues adults completely. For this reason, we've set to incorporate stress in our analysis. We have been submitting a survey on stress to a bunch of 671 teenagers with a mean age of sixteen years and 7 months. The survey was centered on 2 totally different aspects teenage: stress perception and stress causes. Family support brick form was additionally submitted. The most finding of this study is that thirty eighth of the samples define them as stressed, with no gender connected variations. Subjects that contemplate themselves stressed indicate as cause lack of your time (31%) and excessive commitments (23%). most the topics say school (48%), family (21%) and sentimental relationships (8%) are the most sources of stress. From the analysis of the open answers, it's clear that family and faculty expectations ar the best thusurces of stress – albeit considerably additional so for females than for males. Subjects were asked to assess the level of stressed originated by finishing school and the need of choosing and planning their future. This finding is important once measured up to the share of subjects that has expressed to have already created the call of what to do once they end learning. because it is seen within the graphic (we asked the topics to state if that they had already decided what to try to after school) the best levels of uncertainty are found in year IV. The intersection of those data doesn't seem, however, enough to explain levels of stress, as the high share of students WHO have set ought to cause a major reduction of stress in year V. presumably, stress regarding the post high school alternative is that the nonlinear combination of 2 factors: on one hand, uncertainty concerning the selection, on the opposite hand, the immediacy of the event. Comparison stress levels among subjects that judge robust family support and subjects that judge scant family support there ar vital variations. the topics that judge robust family support seem to register lower average stress levels, concerning their post high school decisions. Furthermore, this type of support appears to scale back stress as the event comes nearer, facilitating the decision-making.
{"title":"Stress perception and stress causes: coping support technics with the positive psychology approach","authors":"J. Pérez","doi":"10.4172/1522-4821-C1-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821-C1-010","url":null,"abstract":"Stress isn't any longer a development that issues adults completely. For this reason, we've set to incorporate stress in our analysis. We have been submitting a survey on stress to a bunch of 671 teenagers with a mean age of sixteen years and 7 months. The survey was centered on 2 totally different aspects teenage: stress perception and stress causes. Family support brick form was additionally submitted. The most finding of this study is that thirty eighth of the samples define them as stressed, with no gender connected variations. Subjects that contemplate themselves stressed indicate as cause lack of your time (31%) and excessive commitments (23%). most the topics say school (48%), family (21%) and sentimental relationships (8%) are the most sources of stress. From the analysis of the open answers, it's clear that family and faculty expectations ar the best thusurces of stress – albeit considerably additional so for females than for males. Subjects were asked to assess the level of stressed originated by finishing school and the need of choosing and planning their future. This finding is important once measured up to the share of subjects that has expressed to have already created the call of what to do once they end learning. because it is seen within the graphic (we asked the topics to state if that they had already decided what to try to after school) the best levels of uncertainty are found in year IV. The intersection of those data doesn't seem, however, enough to explain levels of stress, as the high share of students WHO have set ought to cause a major reduction of stress in year V. presumably, stress regarding the post high school alternative is that the nonlinear combination of 2 factors: on one hand, uncertainty concerning the selection, on the opposite hand, the immediacy of the event. Comparison stress levels among subjects that judge robust family support and subjects that judge scant family support there ar vital variations. the topics that judge robust family support seem to register lower average stress levels, concerning their post high school decisions. Furthermore, this type of support appears to scale back stress as the event comes nearer, facilitating the decision-making.","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122942001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000401
Riaz Khan, A. Costanza
Emergency Departments (ED) are a critical link in the suicide prevention chain. Indeed, their role is crucial in identifying, admission and clinical management of suicidal patients, as they often serve as an urgent, primary or sole point of contact with the health care system; moreover, they are directly confronted with the high rate of Suicidal Behavior (SB) recidivism amongst suicidal individuals discharged from EDs. However, suicide prevention at EDs appears as underused and needs to be reinforced in its implementation. A particular care has to be addressed to prepare the post-discharge period, in order to limit risk of social isolation and provide support. In this direction, m-Health approaches may offer an integrative contribution to the prevention strategies well-established in literature: a) They may be considered part of the “caring contacts” strategies post-ED, and b) By a personalized programming, their applications may provide a support for “safety planning” interventions, designed to identify and manage vulnerabilities and resources of the individual during the suicidal crisis. They rely on a number of coherent theoretical references and could possibly make it feasible as an original perspective to study SB. Nevertheless, m-Health has to be perceived and utilized merely as a tool, which in any case can substitute clinical evaluation and human presence at the moment of the confrontation with suicidal individual’s distress.
{"title":"m-Health Approaches in Suicide Prevention at the Emergency Department: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations","authors":"Riaz Khan, A. Costanza","doi":"10.4172/1522-4821.1000401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000401","url":null,"abstract":"Emergency Departments (ED) are a critical link in the suicide prevention chain. Indeed, their role is crucial in identifying, admission and clinical management of suicidal patients, as they often serve as an urgent, primary or sole point of contact with the health care system; moreover, they are directly confronted with the high rate of Suicidal Behavior (SB) recidivism amongst suicidal individuals discharged from EDs. However, suicide prevention at EDs appears as underused and needs to be reinforced in its implementation. A particular care has to be addressed to prepare the post-discharge period, in order to limit risk of social isolation and provide support. In this direction, m-Health approaches may offer an integrative contribution to the prevention strategies well-established in literature: a) They may be considered part of the “caring contacts” strategies post-ED, and b) By a personalized programming, their applications may provide a support for “safety planning” interventions, designed to identify and manage vulnerabilities and resources of the individual during the suicidal crisis. They rely on a number of coherent theoretical references and could possibly make it feasible as an original perspective to study SB. Nevertheless, m-Health has to be perceived and utilized merely as a tool, which in any case can substitute clinical evaluation and human presence at the moment of the confrontation with suicidal individual’s distress.","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125510234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000393
B. Asrat
Background: Alcohol is commonly used psychoactive drug particularly among adults. Harmful use of alcohol leads to occupational, social and physical impairment. However, studies on Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) among Health Professionals (HPs) remains limited in Ethiopia. Objective: This study aimed to determine prevalence of AUD and to identify its risk factors among HPs working in tertiary teaching hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: In this study, facility based cross-sectional study design was employed. Pretested, structured, self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data. The CAGE instrument was used to screen HPs for AUD. The data were coded, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software program. Variables with p-value <0.05 at multivariate logistic regression were identified to know the risk factors for AUD. Result: Off the total participants (n=334), 41.7% and 34.4% were ever and current users of alcohol respectively. Prevalence of AUD was 8.1%. Eighteen percent of current alcohol users felt the need to cut down. Few of them (5.1%) had the need of alcohol in the morning as an eye opener. The main reason given by participants for alcohol use was “to get relief from stress and exhaustion” (26.1%) followed by “peer pressure” (18.3%), and “for relaxation” (17.4%). Based on the results the results of this study, the odds of AUD were lower among those with higher education, no psychological distress, and no current khat use among HPs in Northwest Ethiopia. Conclusion: HPs identified to have prevalence of AUD the same to the general population. Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of AUD find to be crucial. Addressing enabling factors found to be important in this era of alcohol beverage promotions by companies.
{"title":"Alcohol Use Disorder and its Correlates among Health Professionals","authors":"B. Asrat","doi":"10.4172/1522-4821.1000393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000393","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Alcohol is commonly used psychoactive drug particularly among adults. Harmful use of alcohol leads to occupational, social and physical impairment. However, studies on Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) among Health Professionals (HPs) remains limited in Ethiopia. Objective: This study aimed to determine prevalence of AUD and to identify its risk factors among HPs working in tertiary teaching hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: In this study, facility based cross-sectional study design was employed. Pretested, structured, self-administered questionnaire was utilized to collect data. The CAGE instrument was used to screen HPs for AUD. The data were coded, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software program. Variables with p-value <0.05 at multivariate logistic regression were identified to know the risk factors for AUD. Result: Off the total participants (n=334), 41.7% and 34.4% were ever and current users of alcohol respectively. Prevalence of AUD was 8.1%. Eighteen percent of current alcohol users felt the need to cut down. Few of them (5.1%) had the need of alcohol in the morning as an eye opener. The main reason given by participants for alcohol use was “to get relief from stress and exhaustion” (26.1%) followed by “peer pressure” (18.3%), and “for relaxation” (17.4%). Based on the results the results of this study, the odds of AUD were lower among those with higher education, no psychological distress, and no current khat use among HPs in Northwest Ethiopia. Conclusion: HPs identified to have prevalence of AUD the same to the general population. Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of AUD find to be crucial. Addressing enabling factors found to be important in this era of alcohol beverage promotions by companies.","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"211 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133353589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000396
K. Das
Therapeutic reprocessing of association of memories (TRAM) is a treatment approach for phobia and other emotional disorders based upon proposed ‘Emotion Model’ by Das. This article describes the theoretical guidelines of TRAM for the effective treatment of phobia. Currently ‘desensitization’ and ‘flooding’ are in vogue treatment modalities for the treatment of phobia. Therapeutic reprocessing of association of memories can add a new dimension for the treatment of ‘phobia’. Though the treatment strategy of TRAM has been described here basing on ‘phobia’, TRAM could be extended to further areas of psychotherapeutic treatment, treating other emotional imbalances also. The strategy of TRAM is founded on two fundamental theories-theories of associative learning and the new emotion model. The design of this study aims at rational analysis and logical way of approaches for the treatment of phobia and other emotional difficulties. This treatment modality is simple, more patient compatible and cost-effective, but involves application of some innovative interventions on the part of the therapists.
{"title":"Therapeutic Reprocessing of Association of Memories (TRAM)","authors":"K. Das","doi":"10.4172/1522-4821.1000396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000396","url":null,"abstract":"Therapeutic reprocessing of association of memories (TRAM) is a treatment approach for phobia and other emotional disorders based upon proposed ‘Emotion Model’ by Das. This article describes the theoretical guidelines of TRAM for the effective treatment of phobia. Currently ‘desensitization’ and ‘flooding’ are in vogue treatment modalities for the treatment of phobia. Therapeutic reprocessing of association of memories can add a new dimension for the treatment of ‘phobia’. Though the treatment strategy of TRAM has been described here basing on ‘phobia’, TRAM could be extended to further areas of psychotherapeutic treatment, treating other emotional imbalances also. The strategy of TRAM is founded on two fundamental theories-theories of associative learning and the new emotion model. The design of this study aims at rational analysis and logical way of approaches for the treatment of phobia and other emotional difficulties. This treatment modality is simple, more patient compatible and cost-effective, but involves application of some innovative interventions on the part of the therapists.","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131807212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000397
A. Alkhalaf
Several studies have proven that an individual’s psychological well-being is an essential element of his or her health. Stress and anxiety both play roles in the overall functioning of the individual. They have been shown to have powerful influence on students and their overall academic achievement and performance in their courses. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the effects of anxiety on the academic performance of medical students. The study participants were 185 male medical students in the faculty of medicine at Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia, and in age range from 19 to 25 years (M = 21.6 ± 1.7 years). To investigate students’ experiences of positive and negative affect and also their anxiety levels, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) were administered to medical students and correlation of the PANAS and TMAS measures with Grade Point Average (GPA) was performed. The present study findings revealed that the association of positive affect (p = 0.016) of PANAS is significantly and strongly related to GPA in Saudi medical students, whereas negative affect and the TMAS were not, suggesting that the positive affect component of PANAS enhances the grade performance. To confirm and establish these results, future studies including both males and females with various economic backgrounds are recommended.
{"title":"Positive and Negative Affect, Anxiety, and Academic Achievement among Medical Students in Saudi Arabia","authors":"A. Alkhalaf","doi":"10.4172/1522-4821.1000397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/1522-4821.1000397","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies have proven that an individual’s psychological well-being is an essential element of his or her health. Stress and anxiety both play roles in the overall functioning of the individual. They have been shown to have powerful influence on students and their overall academic achievement and performance in their courses. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the effects of anxiety on the academic performance of medical students. The study participants were 185 male medical students in the faculty of medicine at Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia, and in age range from 19 to 25 years (M = 21.6 ± 1.7 years). To investigate students’ experiences of positive and negative affect and also their anxiety levels, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS) were administered to medical students and correlation of the PANAS and TMAS measures with Grade Point Average (GPA) was performed. The present study findings revealed that the association of positive affect (p = 0.016) of PANAS is significantly and strongly related to GPA in Saudi medical students, whereas negative affect and the TMAS were not, suggesting that the positive affect component of PANAS enhances the grade performance. To confirm and establish these results, future studies including both males and females with various economic backgrounds are recommended.","PeriodicalId":358022,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health and Human Resilience","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132245833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-30DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000398
Samantha Shakespeare, V. Peterkin, P. Bourne
Introduction: For decades, academic and non-academic researchers have been examining the issue of school-based violence, especially disruptive behaviour exhibited by students including those at the primary level. Despite the plethora of studies and intervention programmes implemented in school including Peace and Love in Schools (PALS), bullying, physical confrontations, and other types of disruptive behaviours are on the rise, and there appears to be no ending in sight. Objective: This research seeks to examine and determine the impact that the token economy system as a behaviour modifier has on disruptive behaviour in classrooms among a group of primary level students in the parish of Manchester, Jamaica. Methods: This study employed mixed methodologies (i.e. objectivism (survey research) and subjectivism (phenomenology) in an effort to comprehensively understand the phenomenon. The sample size is 40 students; 21 girls and 19 boys, and the classroom teacher. These students exhibited behaviours which disrupted the teaching and learning process. This has created a problem within our classrooms. In order to alleviate this problem an eight weeks’ intervention plan was carried out. During this intervention plan an observational checklist, a teacher’s questionnaire and a teacher’s journal were used to collect data. The results were presented to show a review of the use of the token economy in the school environment using figures, tables, and charts. Findings: The results revealed that students’ behavioural levels after the intervention showed evidence that the use of tokens in minimizing disruptive behaviour was very effective. Fewer warnings were given and more time was spent instructing students to participate in meaningful class activities. This resulted because disruptive behaviour such as frequent requests for bathroom breaks decreased to 23%, disorderly conduct decreased to 40%, fighting levels decreased to 5%, talking in the class decreased to 40%, joking in the class decreased to 10%, quarreling in the class decreased to 13% and eating in the class stopped completely. The use of the tokens also had a positive impact on the students’ academic performance, and helped in creating a more positive relationship between students and teacher and student and student. This resulted because the levels of disruptive behaviours decreased which allowed for the transformation from a tense and hostile classroom; to a classroom where students have more chances to freely express themselves and receive feedback. It can be deduced from the results that the extensive implementation and evaluation of the use of the token economy was an effective way of decreasing disruptive behaviours among a group of primary school students in the classroom. Conclusion: The use of token economy should be a strategy that is employed in the teaching-learning process as a medium of increasing academic performance and decreasing disruptive behaviours.
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Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.4172/1522-4821.1000e387
J. P. Kelleher
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Director, Joshua A. Gordon, has emphasized the need for biomarkers in psychiatry (Gordon, 2018). A biomarker is an objective biological finding associated with a disease. The advantages of such indicators are obvious-a biomarker provides a clue to addressing underlying pathology. For example, in Alzheimer’s disease, beta amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles constitute specific foci for research, and accumulation of these substances in asymptomatic individuals may have predictive value (National Institute of Health, 2018). Considering this, it is not surprising that Alzheimer’s disease is currently one of the leading neuroscience conditions for research investment (Sperling, et al., 2014). Other examples of biomarkers are found in depression, where one “Biotype” was recently associated with better response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (Drysdale, et al., 2017) and where the cingulate cortex was associated with a differential response to medication and psychotherapy (Dunlop, et al., 2017).
美国国家精神卫生研究所(NIMH)主任约书亚·a·戈登(Joshua A. Gordon)强调了精神病学中生物标志物的必要性(Gordon, 2018)。生物标志物是与疾病相关的客观生物学发现。这些指标的优势是显而易见的——生物标志物提供了解决潜在病理的线索。例如，在阿尔茨海默病中，β淀粉样蛋白斑块和tau神经原纤维缠结是研究的特定焦点，这些物质在无症状个体中的积累可能具有预测价值(美国国立卫生研究院，2018)。考虑到这一点，阿尔茨海默病目前是研究投资的主要神经科学条件之一也就不足为奇了(Sperling, et al.， 2014)。在抑郁症中发现了其他生物标志物的例子，其中一种“生物型”最近与对经颅磁刺激的更好反应有关(Drysdale等人，2017)，扣带皮层与对药物和心理治疗的不同反应有关(Dunlop等人，2017)。
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