Pub Date : 2022-10-06DOI: 10.1177/00914509221129300
A. Vinther
Despite persistent efforts in many countries to prevent the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs), very little is known about effective prevention strategies. This study aimed to explore experts’ views on strategies to prevent AAS use in the context of recreational strength training in gyms. The study builds on in-depth interviews with 46 researchers and practitioners from 15 countries, whose main area of expertise is IPED use, prevention and education in physical activity settings (IPED experts). Participants were asked about their views on AAS use prevention and what intervention strategies may be effective in preventing this behavior. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis in accordance with recommendations for this technique. The findings showed that the IPED experts generally agree that some, but not all, instances of AAS use can be prevented through targeted prevention in gyms. They pointed to three key priorities for AAS use prevention in gyms: (1) make the case for drug-free training, (2) promote safe and effective ways to enhance muscularity, and (3) attempt to change the physical and social environment in the gym to make the training milieu less conducive to AAS use. Importantly, however, none of the experts were able to pinpoint any specific behavior change strategies that have proven effective.
{"title":"“The Challenge Is That Steroids Are So Effective”: A Qualitative Study of Experts’ Views on Strategies to Prevent Men’s Use of Anabolic Steroids","authors":"A. Vinther","doi":"10.1177/00914509221129300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221129300","url":null,"abstract":"Despite persistent efforts in many countries to prevent the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs), very little is known about effective prevention strategies. This study aimed to explore experts’ views on strategies to prevent AAS use in the context of recreational strength training in gyms. The study builds on in-depth interviews with 46 researchers and practitioners from 15 countries, whose main area of expertise is IPED use, prevention and education in physical activity settings (IPED experts). Participants were asked about their views on AAS use prevention and what intervention strategies may be effective in preventing this behavior. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis in accordance with recommendations for this technique. The findings showed that the IPED experts generally agree that some, but not all, instances of AAS use can be prevented through targeted prevention in gyms. They pointed to three key priorities for AAS use prevention in gyms: (1) make the case for drug-free training, (2) promote safe and effective ways to enhance muscularity, and (3) attempt to change the physical and social environment in the gym to make the training milieu less conducive to AAS use. Importantly, however, none of the experts were able to pinpoint any specific behavior change strategies that have proven effective.","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"50 1","pages":"85 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43163667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-21DOI: 10.1177/00914509221126549
R. Pack, Grace Hilton, F. Garcia-Bournissen, T. Taylor
Substance use in pregnancy has been a prominent public health concern for the last several decades. Since the legalization of cannabis in Canada and across several American states, cannabis use during pregnancy has gained considerable public health, scientific, and media attention. This critical interpretive synthesis explores how the problem of cannabis use in pregnancy is constructed in the scientific literature and illuminates clinical, social, and political responses this construction engenders. The state of empirical evidence regarding the impact of perinatal cannabis use is fraught; a number of studies, of variable quality, have found no associations between cannabis use and adverse neonatal outcomes, while others have found cannabis to be associated with low birthweight and prematurity among other risks. Despite the inconsistent nature of the evidence base, the literature is underpinned by two important assumptions: prenatal cannabis exposure is an asocial phenomenon that can be disentangled from the social determinants of health, and cannabis exposure has detrimental effects on fetal and neonatal health. These assumptions shape indicators of signal and noise in the data by influencing the significance ascribed to particular findings, producing patterns of data interpretation that ultimately transform evidence of potential harms into certain risks and creates the mirage of a cohesive, unambiguous evidence base. We argue that the way that cannabis use in pregnancy is framed as a scientific and public health problem in the literature contributes to the stigmatization of pregnant people who use substances. We caution that failure to consider the interplay between environment, resources and other social determinants of health may ultimately cause undue harm to families and foreclose opportunities for investments that may promote health and well-being.
{"title":"Transforming Possible Risk Into Certain Harm: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of the Literature on Perinatal Cannabis Use","authors":"R. Pack, Grace Hilton, F. Garcia-Bournissen, T. Taylor","doi":"10.1177/00914509221126549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221126549","url":null,"abstract":"Substance use in pregnancy has been a prominent public health concern for the last several decades. Since the legalization of cannabis in Canada and across several American states, cannabis use during pregnancy has gained considerable public health, scientific, and media attention. This critical interpretive synthesis explores how the problem of cannabis use in pregnancy is constructed in the scientific literature and illuminates clinical, social, and political responses this construction engenders. The state of empirical evidence regarding the impact of perinatal cannabis use is fraught; a number of studies, of variable quality, have found no associations between cannabis use and adverse neonatal outcomes, while others have found cannabis to be associated with low birthweight and prematurity among other risks. Despite the inconsistent nature of the evidence base, the literature is underpinned by two important assumptions: prenatal cannabis exposure is an asocial phenomenon that can be disentangled from the social determinants of health, and cannabis exposure has detrimental effects on fetal and neonatal health. These assumptions shape indicators of signal and noise in the data by influencing the significance ascribed to particular findings, producing patterns of data interpretation that ultimately transform evidence of potential harms into certain risks and creates the mirage of a cohesive, unambiguous evidence base. We argue that the way that cannabis use in pregnancy is framed as a scientific and public health problem in the literature contributes to the stigmatization of pregnant people who use substances. We caution that failure to consider the interplay between environment, resources and other social determinants of health may ultimately cause undue harm to families and foreclose opportunities for investments that may promote health and well-being.","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"505 - 521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49235821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-21DOI: 10.1177/00914509221127444
Ediomo-ubong E. Nelson
Recent studies on women’s substance use have emphasized the role of structural and environmental contexts in shaping substance use patterns and harms, but the dynamics constitutive of specific substance use contexts are seldom unpacked. This study works with Cameron Duff’s elaboration of context as an assemblage of space, embodiment and practice to explore the contextual dynamics that mediate substance use practices among socially marginalized women. In-depth interviews were used to gather data from a purposive sample of street-involved women who use drugs (n = 16) in Uyo, Nigeria. Data revealed that substance use was mediated by actors, social norms and processes within social networks developed in street environments. The women used substances to achieve particular affective states such as pleasure, stress relief and coping with trauma. Social network dynamics combined with the use of drugs to manage trauma and social stress, within a wider context of social and material deprivations, to foster substance use practices that created risk for harm. Drug harms were not inherent to the substance use experience or incidental to benefits and pleasures. Instead, they were unintended, but inevitable, outcomes of the embodied practices of beneficial substance use. On the other hand, corporeal techniques of controlled drug use served to minimize drug harms. Findings indicate a need to address the contextual dynamics that influence harmful patterns of substance use, and to leverage the harm reducing potentials of controlled use practices.
{"title":"Nuancing Drug Harms: Exploring the Context of Substance Use Among Street-Involved Women in Uyo, Nigeria","authors":"Ediomo-ubong E. Nelson","doi":"10.1177/00914509221127444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221127444","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies on women’s substance use have emphasized the role of structural and environmental contexts in shaping substance use patterns and harms, but the dynamics constitutive of specific substance use contexts are seldom unpacked. This study works with Cameron Duff’s elaboration of context as an assemblage of space, embodiment and practice to explore the contextual dynamics that mediate substance use practices among socially marginalized women. In-depth interviews were used to gather data from a purposive sample of street-involved women who use drugs (n = 16) in Uyo, Nigeria. Data revealed that substance use was mediated by actors, social norms and processes within social networks developed in street environments. The women used substances to achieve particular affective states such as pleasure, stress relief and coping with trauma. Social network dynamics combined with the use of drugs to manage trauma and social stress, within a wider context of social and material deprivations, to foster substance use practices that created risk for harm. Drug harms were not inherent to the substance use experience or incidental to benefits and pleasures. Instead, they were unintended, but inevitable, outcomes of the embodied practices of beneficial substance use. On the other hand, corporeal techniques of controlled drug use served to minimize drug harms. Findings indicate a need to address the contextual dynamics that influence harmful patterns of substance use, and to leverage the harm reducing potentials of controlled use practices.","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"339 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42292753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-08DOI: 10.1177/00914509221123001
R. Mellor, M. Kearnes, K. Lancaster, L. McLauchlan, A. Ritter
In this paper we document and analyze emergent participatory processes in drug policy, focusing on the relations between established modes of engagement and emergent participatory formats. We do this through analysis of a case example, attending to policy changes to opioid pharmacotherapy treatment in the context of COVID-19 in Australia. Semistructured interviews (n = 22) were undertaken between August 2020 and March 2021 with people closely involved in the recent policy changes and discussions surrounding opioid pharmacotherapy treatment in Australia. The analysis of the interview accounts followed work which has forged relational, co-productionist and materialist understandings of participation. Two figures of participation were encountered in the interview accounts: the tables of participation and the huddles of participation. The tables seemingly represented a standardized set of bureaucratic mechanisms for the inclusion of the “voices” of people who use drugs. The huddles emerged as a responsive and less coherent set of ad hoc participatory collectives in the context of rapid policy changes during COVID-19. Instead of viewing emergence as distinct from existing participatory formats, emergence was conceptualized ecologically in this article—that is in relation to established forms of participation. As the institutionally mandated tables served the basis for the emergent huddles of participation in this case study, it demonstrates that even the most foreclosed participatory structures can adapt and be responsive to evolving situations of need, perhaps also in ordinary times and not just in emergency conditions.
{"title":"Established Tables and Emergent Huddles: Exploring the Processes of Participation Associated With the Policy Changes to Opioid Pharmacotherapy Treatment in Australia in the Context of COVID-19","authors":"R. Mellor, M. Kearnes, K. Lancaster, L. McLauchlan, A. Ritter","doi":"10.1177/00914509221123001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221123001","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we document and analyze emergent participatory processes in drug policy, focusing on the relations between established modes of engagement and emergent participatory formats. We do this through analysis of a case example, attending to policy changes to opioid pharmacotherapy treatment in the context of COVID-19 in Australia. Semistructured interviews (n = 22) were undertaken between August 2020 and March 2021 with people closely involved in the recent policy changes and discussions surrounding opioid pharmacotherapy treatment in Australia. The analysis of the interview accounts followed work which has forged relational, co-productionist and materialist understandings of participation. Two figures of participation were encountered in the interview accounts: the tables of participation and the huddles of participation. The tables seemingly represented a standardized set of bureaucratic mechanisms for the inclusion of the “voices” of people who use drugs. The huddles emerged as a responsive and less coherent set of ad hoc participatory collectives in the context of rapid policy changes during COVID-19. Instead of viewing emergence as distinct from existing participatory formats, emergence was conceptualized ecologically in this article—that is in relation to established forms of participation. As the institutionally mandated tables served the basis for the emergent huddles of participation in this case study, it demonstrates that even the most foreclosed participatory structures can adapt and be responsive to evolving situations of need, perhaps also in ordinary times and not just in emergency conditions.","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"385 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45658355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1177/00914509221112730
Kate Seear, Kylie Valentine
{"title":"Fault/Lines: New Directions in Critical Drug Scholarship Inspired by the Work of David Moore and Colleagues","authors":"Kate Seear, Kylie Valentine","doi":"10.1177/00914509221112730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221112730","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"251 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47886576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-29DOI: 10.1177/00914509221121420
Liam B. Engel, S. Thal, S. Bright
Background: There is limited research on the provision of harm reduction services to people who use psychedelics. Little is known about provision of care to people consuming psychedelics outside of clinical trials. Methods: We investigated how people who used psychedelics discussed their preferences for care (or “trip sitting”) on two online forums: The Shroomery and DMT Nexus. A thematic analysis of the discussion was conducted to better understand consumer preferences for harm reduction services and resources. Results: We identified two key themes: experience and remote sitting. Forum participants valued trip sitters who had experienced psychedelic and other non-ordinary states of consciousness, who had knowledge of the health and medical industry, psychedelic literature and/or had previously cared for other psychedelic consumers. Forum participants also identified the value of consuming a psychedelic without somebody who was in their physical proximity, through communicating their plans to a remote trip sitter. The use of online tools was identified as a way to maximize the benefit of privacy while retaining carer benefits. Conclusion: Demand for trip sitters with lived psychedelic experience is likely influenced by stigma and empathy. Trip sitters who could relate to the effects of psychedelics assisted consumers in avoiding stigma while vulnerable under the effects of psychedelics. As such, psychedelic harm reduction services should be delivered by peers to ensure care maximizes the benefits of empathy. Psychedelic harm reduction services should consider how remote workers could be employed. There is a clear demand for remote psychedelic care services and to our knowledge this has not yet been explored.
{"title":"Psychedelic Forum Member Preferences for Carer Experience and Consumption Behavior: Can “Trip Sitters” Help Inform Psychedelic Harm Reduction Services?","authors":"Liam B. Engel, S. Thal, S. Bright","doi":"10.1177/00914509221121420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221121420","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is limited research on the provision of harm reduction services to people who use psychedelics. Little is known about provision of care to people consuming psychedelics outside of clinical trials. Methods: We investigated how people who used psychedelics discussed their preferences for care (or “trip sitting”) on two online forums: The Shroomery and DMT Nexus. A thematic analysis of the discussion was conducted to better understand consumer preferences for harm reduction services and resources. Results: We identified two key themes: experience and remote sitting. Forum participants valued trip sitters who had experienced psychedelic and other non-ordinary states of consciousness, who had knowledge of the health and medical industry, psychedelic literature and/or had previously cared for other psychedelic consumers. Forum participants also identified the value of consuming a psychedelic without somebody who was in their physical proximity, through communicating their plans to a remote trip sitter. The use of online tools was identified as a way to maximize the benefit of privacy while retaining carer benefits. Conclusion: Demand for trip sitters with lived psychedelic experience is likely influenced by stigma and empathy. Trip sitters who could relate to the effects of psychedelics assisted consumers in avoiding stigma while vulnerable under the effects of psychedelics. As such, psychedelic harm reduction services should be delivered by peers to ensure care maximizes the benefits of empathy. Psychedelic harm reduction services should consider how remote workers could be employed. There is a clear demand for remote psychedelic care services and to our knowledge this has not yet been explored.","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"356 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49376596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.1177/00914509221109667
H. Keane, D. Moore, K. Graham
This article analyzes alcohol policy documents through the framework of ontological politics developed by science and technology studies theorists John Law and Annemarie Mol. Specifically, it analyzes seven Australian and Canadian documents from 2006 to 2020, focusing on different enactments of alcohol as a harm-producing substance that requires regulation. The article identifies and discusses two co-existing realities of alcohol enacted in these documents: (1) alcohol as part of culture, with benefits and harms manageable through the promotion of moderation; and (2) alcohol as an inherently harmful and toxic substance whatever its pattern of use. The enactment of alcohol as a toxic substance is supported by recent scientific knowledge, in particular the link between drinking and cancer. This second reality of alcohol as toxic is more prominent in the more recent documents; in particular, a transition from one dominant reality to another is clearly apparent in the changes from the 2006–2009 Australian national alcohol strategy to the 2019–2028 strategy. Changes in the dominant reality of alcohol enable or at least support certain policy initiatives while making others less possible and defensible. Focusing on the single reality of alcohol as inherently harmful to health and wellbeing reduces the options for preventing alcohol-related harms.
{"title":"Part of Culture or Toxic Substance? Realities in Transition in Australian and Canadian Alcohol Policy Documents","authors":"H. Keane, D. Moore, K. Graham","doi":"10.1177/00914509221109667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221109667","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes alcohol policy documents through the framework of ontological politics developed by science and technology studies theorists John Law and Annemarie Mol. Specifically, it analyzes seven Australian and Canadian documents from 2006 to 2020, focusing on different enactments of alcohol as a harm-producing substance that requires regulation. The article identifies and discusses two co-existing realities of alcohol enacted in these documents: (1) alcohol as part of culture, with benefits and harms manageable through the promotion of moderation; and (2) alcohol as an inherently harmful and toxic substance whatever its pattern of use. The enactment of alcohol as a toxic substance is supported by recent scientific knowledge, in particular the link between drinking and cancer. This second reality of alcohol as toxic is more prominent in the more recent documents; in particular, a transition from one dominant reality to another is clearly apparent in the changes from the 2006–2009 Australian national alcohol strategy to the 2019–2028 strategy. Changes in the dominant reality of alcohol enable or at least support certain policy initiatives while making others less possible and defensible. Focusing on the single reality of alcohol as inherently harmful to health and wellbeing reduces the options for preventing alcohol-related harms.","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"405 - 418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42539469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-13eCollection Date: 2022-06-01DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2022.151
Oğuz Abdullah Uyaroğlu, Ömrüm Uzun
{"title":"This is not Only a Question, But Also an Invitation; Are Infectious Disease Specialists \"Choosing Wisely\"?","authors":"Oğuz Abdullah Uyaroğlu, Ömrüm Uzun","doi":"10.36519/idcm.2022.151","DOIUrl":"10.36519/idcm.2022.151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"29 1","pages":"148-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10986585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87014434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1177/00914509221105285
David M. Yaskewich
Marijuana legalization in U.S. states has introduced new regulatory processes, which allow for some degree of local authority. A common provision in state laws has provided a local option, which enables municipalities to prohibit commercial cannabis facilities within their borders. This paper examined potential determinants of prohibition decisions, with an emphasis on community and local government characteristics. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, determinants of local decisions to prohibit cannabis businesses in Michigan were analyzed. A unique feature of Michigan’s approach to legalization included separate local options to opt into medical marijuana and opt out of recreational marijuana. The results found that both community and local government characteristics explain variation in prohibitions on marijuana businesses. In general, local governments were more tolerant of marijuana businesses in areas with lower densities of senior citizens and higher densities of Black residents. However, the effects of some determinants varied based on whether the decision was to allow medical or recreational marijuana. Higher income areas were more likely to opt out of recreational marijuana, but they were no different from other areas on the likelihood of opting into medical marijuana. Prohibition decisions also were affected by local government characteristics, such as the number of members on city council, female representation, and having a council-manager form of government.
{"title":"Local Prohibitions on Marijuana: Factors Associated With Bans on Medical and Recreational Businesses","authors":"David M. Yaskewich","doi":"10.1177/00914509221105285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509221105285","url":null,"abstract":"Marijuana legalization in U.S. states has introduced new regulatory processes, which allow for some degree of local authority. A common provision in state laws has provided a local option, which enables municipalities to prohibit commercial cannabis facilities within their borders. This paper examined potential determinants of prohibition decisions, with an emphasis on community and local government characteristics. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, determinants of local decisions to prohibit cannabis businesses in Michigan were analyzed. A unique feature of Michigan’s approach to legalization included separate local options to opt into medical marijuana and opt out of recreational marijuana. The results found that both community and local government characteristics explain variation in prohibitions on marijuana businesses. In general, local governments were more tolerant of marijuana businesses in areas with lower densities of senior citizens and higher densities of Black residents. However, the effects of some determinants varied based on whether the decision was to allow medical or recreational marijuana. Higher income areas were more likely to opt out of recreational marijuana, but they were no different from other areas on the likelihood of opting into medical marijuana. Prohibition decisions also were affected by local government characteristics, such as the number of members on city council, female representation, and having a council-manager form of government.","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"522 - 536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41636699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01Epub Date: 2021-11-15DOI: 10.1177/00914509211058989
Alissa Greer, Marion Selfridge, Tara Marie Watson, Scott Macdonald, Bernie Pauly
Many young people who use drugs are structurally vulnerable to policing powers given the ongoing criminalization of drug possession. Police authority limits and the expression of that authority may play a significant role in police encounters among young people who use drugs. This qualitative study explores the views of young people who use drugs toward police power and authority in their recent encounters with police officers. Interviews were conducted with 38 young people who recently used illegal drugs in British Columbia, Canada. We found five interrelated themes related to perceptions of police authority: (1) skepticism and distrust toward authority; (2) paternalism and authority over drug use; (3) officer use of force; (4) police as power-hungry; and (5) officers above the law. Participants described police authority as limitless, unpredictable, untethered, easily abused, and lacking accountability. Participants feared holding police officers accountable to power abuses in a criminal justice system that they saw as stacked against them. Moving forward, institutional reforms may consider and account for the expression, limits, and use of police authority among young people who use drugs and other structurally vulnerable communities.
{"title":"Young People Who Use Drugs Views Toward the Power and Authority of Police Officers.","authors":"Alissa Greer, Marion Selfridge, Tara Marie Watson, Scott Macdonald, Bernie Pauly","doi":"10.1177/00914509211058989","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00914509211058989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many young people who use drugs are structurally vulnerable to policing powers given the ongoing criminalization of drug possession. Police authority limits and the expression of that authority may play a significant role in police encounters among young people who use drugs. This qualitative study explores the views of young people who use drugs toward police power and authority in their recent encounters with police officers. Interviews were conducted with 38 young people who recently used illegal drugs in British Columbia, Canada. We found five interrelated themes related to perceptions of police authority: (1) skepticism and distrust toward authority; (2) paternalism and authority over drug use; (3) officer use of force; (4) police as power-hungry; and (5) officers above the law. Participants described police authority as limitless, unpredictable, untethered, easily abused, and lacking accountability. Participants feared holding police officers accountable to power abuses in a criminal justice system that they saw as stacked against them. Moving forward, institutional reforms may consider and account for the expression, limits, and use of police authority among young people who use drugs and other structurally vulnerable communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":35813,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Drug Problems","volume":"49 1","pages":"170-191"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9021434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47850488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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