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Women organising in fragility and conflict: lessons from the #BringBackOurGirls movement, Nigeria 妇女在脆弱和冲突中组织:尼日利亚#BringBackOurGirls运动的教训
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1979323
M. Atela, A. Ojebode, Racheal Makokha, M. Otieno, Tade Akin Aina
ABSTRACT Public protests, including women-led struggles, are increasingly gaining a foothold in many parts of the world in response to multiple crises and growing exclusion, in a context of fragility. In the global South, most public protests involve temporary, informal coalitions where people come together and participate in a one-off event. The fluid nature of political space makes sustaining protests elusive because of protest fatigue. Yet, the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG), a women-led movement, headed a long-term protest that focused on the rights of the girl child to education – a direct response to Boko Haram’s gendered terror tactics, in which girls were abducted, forced to abandon school, and get married. This article examines when and how movements crystallise into long-term programmes of action in fragile and conflict-affected societies where state–society relations are weak and government is considered to be unresponsive. We use the case of the #BBOG movement, one of Nigeria’s intense social media-driven and women-led action, to examine the mix of pressures it faced, its characteristics, and strategies in situations of fragility, conflict, and closed political spaces. We identify four key strategies that the #BBOG has deployed to keep members coming, garner international support and sympathy, keep pressure on the elite in a safe manner for the movement members, and ensure an independent funding regime for durability and impact. This article finds that #BBOG was able to navigate fragility and the closing civic space in Nigeria by challenging the failure of government to address insecurity in the country, transcending societal barriers including gender, religion, and political class, transnationalising their movement, self-funding, and using social media strategically.
摘要在脆弱的背景下,为了应对多重危机和日益严重的排斥,包括妇女领导的斗争在内的公众抗议活动正在世界许多地方越来越站稳脚跟。在全球南方,大多数公众抗议活动都涉及临时的非正式联盟,人们聚集在一起参加一次性活动。由于抗议疲劳,政治空间的流动性使得持续的抗议活动变得难以捉摸。然而,妇女领导的#BringBackOurGirls(#BBOG)领导了一场长期抗议活动,重点关注女童的受教育权利,这是对博科圣地性别恐怖策略的直接回应,在这种策略中,女孩被绑架、被迫辍学并结婚。这篇文章探讨了在国家与社会关系薄弱、政府被认为反应迟钝的脆弱和受冲突影响的社会中,运动何时以及如何具体化为长期行动纲领。我们以#BBOG运动为例,研究了它在脆弱、冲突和封闭政治空间的情况下所面临的压力、特点和策略的组合。我们确定了#BBOG部署的四个关键战略,以保持成员的参与,获得国际支持和同情,以安全的方式为运动成员向精英施压,并确保独立的资金制度具有持久性和影响力。这篇文章发现,#BBOG能够应对尼日利亚的脆弱性和日益封闭的公民空间,挑战政府未能解决该国的不安全问题,超越包括性别、宗教和政治阶层在内的社会障碍,将他们的运动跨国化,自筹资金,并战略性地使用社交媒体。
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引用次数: 1
The story of the Doria Feminist Fund: de-colonising the funding narrative in the MENA region 多利亚女权主义基金的故事:中东和北非地区资金叙事的去殖民化
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1982544
Lina Abou-Habib, Mozn Hassan, Carla Akil
ABSTRACT International funding has played an important role in the struggles of women in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region, directly and indirectly. In this article, we reflect on the narratives and processes that influence and oftentimes determine the funding accessible to the MENA region, which have often excluded those emanating from local feminists. We then trace the emergence, rationale, and journey of the Doria Feminist Fund against the background of the oppressive politics of the region, and the obstacles facing emerging local feminist groups, especially queer groups, that demand ‘radical system change’ rather traditional ‘reforms’. In addition to examining the processes behind the creation of the Doria Feminist Fund for the MENA region, we highlight the ways in which it proposes to address gaps in funding, and to engage constructively with the international donor community to amplify the voices from the region. In essence, this article sheds light on the extensive and diverse struggles of grassroots-based intersectional feminists as well as on the importance of the availability of sustainable and flexible resources rooted in the perspectives and needs of feminist movements of the region.
国际资金在中东和北非(MENA)地区妇女的斗争中直接或间接地发挥了重要作用。在这篇文章中,我们反思了影响和决定中东和北非地区获得资金的叙述和过程,这些叙述和过程往往排除了来自当地女权主义者的资金。然后,我们在该地区压迫性政治的背景下,追溯Doria女权主义基金的出现,理由和历程,以及新兴的当地女权主义团体,特别是酷儿团体所面临的障碍,这些团体要求“激进的制度变革”而不是传统的“改革”。除了审查为中东和北非地区设立多利亚女权主义基金背后的过程外,我们还重点介绍了该基金提出的解决资金缺口的方法,以及与国际捐助界进行建设性接触以扩大该地区声音的方法。从本质上讲,本文揭示了基于基层的交叉女权主义者的广泛和多样化的斗争,以及植根于该地区女权运动的观点和需求的可持续和灵活资源的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
The resistance strikes back: women’s protest strategies against backlash in India 抵抗反击:印度妇女反对反弹的抗议策略
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1981698
D. Chopra
ABSTRACT The Shaheen Bagh site epitomised the longest sit-in intergenerational protests in India since Independence. Especially novel about these protests was the presence and leadership of first-time Muslim women protestors. Shaheen Bagh also inspired other sit-ins across the country, including several across Delhi. Yet, nowhere except Shaheen Bagh did the struggle last as long, with the participation of as many over a continuous and significant period of time. This article will explore who these women of Shaheen Bagh were, and how and why they came together to protest a proposed change in India’s citizenship rights. It will draw on interviews, field observations, and published material, to delineate the new forms of protest and strategies used by the women in Shaheen Bagh in response to what I term ‘cyclical’ backlash by the state. The article will underscore the organically evolving nature of the strategies that women in Shaheen Bagh adopted, and highlight how the use of physical, digital, and figurative space became the hallmark of women’s organising in this protest. In light of continuing state intolerance and shrinking space for civil society, this article concludes with reflections on lessons that future feminist resistance and organising can draw from this analysis, to be able to strike back against this backlash.
摘要沙欣巴格遗址是印度独立以来持续时间最长的代际抗议活动的缩影。关于这些抗议活动,特别新颖的是第一次穆斯林女性抗议者的出现和领导。Shaheen Bagh还引发了全国各地的其他静坐示威,包括德里的几次静坐示威。然而,除了沙欣·巴格之外,没有任何一个地方的斗争能持续这么长时间,在持续而重要的一段时间里,有这么多人参与。这篇文章将探讨沙欣巴格的这些女性是谁,以及她们是如何以及为什么聚集在一起抗议拟议中的印度公民权利的改变。它将利用采访、实地观察和出版的材料,描述沙欣巴格妇女为应对我所说的国家“周期性”反弹而使用的新的抗议形式和策略。这篇文章将强调沙欣巴格妇女所采取的策略的有机演变性质,并强调物理、数字和形象空间的使用如何成为妇女组织此次抗议活动的标志。鉴于国家持续的不容忍和公民社会空间的缩小,本文最后反思了未来女权主义抵抗和组织可以从这一分析中吸取的教训,以便能够反击这种反弹。
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引用次数: 7
Chords of solidarity, notes of dissent: the role of feminist conferences in movement-building in India 声援的合唱,异议的音符:女权主义会议在印度运动建设中的作用
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.2005291
Manjima Bhattacharjya
ABSTRACT The golden past of the feminist conference is eclipsed by the present cynicism around depoliticisation of feminism, ‘NGO-isation’ and the cooption of such spaces by the state, large INGOs and donor organisations. With inter-generational conflicts and identity-based mobilisation, the current moment in the Indian women’s movement has been termed by Indian scholars as one of a ‘feminist civil war’. In this article, I reflect on the elements that made past processes such as the National Conferences on Autonomous Women’s Movements in India an empowering experience for activists, and that created spaces where the movement could resolve – or at least make visible – its ‘sticky’ issues. I ask: what can we learn about feminist conferences as a driving force for feminist activism in the past for creating inclusive and safe spaces for dialogue in the future? Can they be the spaces where feminist dilemmas of the time can be resolved? Through examining archival materials and personal reflections in dialogue with theoretical discussions on new feminisms, autonomy, diversity and intersectionality, I argue that the feminist conference had a critical role to play in the personal journeys of activists in the Indian women’s movement, and in collectively resolving some of the tensions in the movement through practices such as endorsement of co-written ‘resolutions’ and ‘declarations’ with purposefully diverse grassroots constituencies. In any new avatar, the feminist conference needs to retain such strengths but also take into account the feminist movement’s new, young membership and a changed context by re-aligning its values, modes and materials of engagement to this landscape, so that dialogue on difficult themes is made possible in productive, caring and pleasurable ways.
女权主义会议的黄金过去被当下围绕女权主义去政治化、“非政府组织化”以及国家、大型国际非政府组织和捐赠组织对这些空间的选择的犬儒主义所掩盖。由于代际冲突和基于身份的动员,印度学者将当前印度妇女运动称为“女权主义内战”之一。在这篇文章中,我反思了一些因素,这些因素使过去的进程,如印度自主妇女运动全国会议,成为积极分子赋权的经验,并创造了运动可以解决或至少让人们看到其“棘手”问题的空间。我的问题是:我们可以从女权主义会议中学到什么,它是过去女权主义活动的推动力,为未来的对话创造包容和安全的空间?它们能成为解决当时女权主义困境的空间吗?通过研究档案材料和个人对新女权主义、自主性、多样性和交叉性的理论讨论的反思,我认为女权主义会议在印度妇女运动中积极分子的个人旅程中发挥了关键作用,并通过实践集体解决运动中的一些紧张局势,例如认可共同撰写的“决议”和“宣言”,有目的地与不同的基层选区。在任何新的化身中,女权主义会议都需要保留这些优势,但也要考虑到女权主义运动的新成员、年轻成员和改变的背景,通过重新调整其价值观、模式和参与材料来适应这一环境,以便以富有成效、关心和愉快的方式就困难的主题进行对话。
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引用次数: 2
Do women’s rights organisations need ‘femocrats’? The negotiation of the Peruvian–Spanish agreement for development co-operation 2013–2016 女权组织需要“女权主义者”吗?2013-2016年秘鲁-西班牙发展合作协定谈判
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1979206
Susana Araújo
ABSTRACT In 2005, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) approved the aid effectiveness principles for improving the impact of Official Development Assistance (ODA). Donor countries such as Spain understood this agenda as an opportunity to promote gender equality in their development co-operation policy. However, gender equality almost disappeared as a priority in most of the bilateral agreements after 2005. This puzzling outcome leads me to ask how the implementation of the Paris principles made gender equality less of a priority, and how the feminist movement can ensure that gender equality and women’s rights are at the centre of this agenda. To answer these questions, I examine the negotiation process of the Peruvian–Spanish Strategic Framework 2013–2016. This case shows how exclusionary informal mechanisms may leave women’s rights organisations out of negotiation processes. I argue that connections of feminist and women’s movements with ‘femocrats’ and gender critical actors inside state machineries are crucial to defend gender equality as a priority sector. This is particularly relevant in the post-COVID-19 scenario and the global goal of ‘building back better’ with a gender lens. Without the participation of gender justice advocates in aid negotiation processes, it becomes more difficult to prioritise gender equality in bilateral co-operation agreements and, consequently, to allocate funds for women’s rights organisations.
2005年,经济合作与发展组织(OECD)通过了旨在提高官方发展援助(ODA)影响力的援助有效性原则。西班牙等捐助国将这一议程视为在其发展合作政策中促进性别平等的机会。然而,2005年以后,性别平等在大多数双边协议中几乎不再是优先事项。这一令人困惑的结果使我不禁要问,《巴黎原则》的实施是如何使性别平等不那么重要的?女权运动如何确保性别平等和妇女权利成为这一议程的核心?为了回答这些问题,我研究了2013-2016年秘鲁-西班牙战略框架的谈判过程。这一案例表明,排他性的非正式机制可能使妇女权利组织被排除在谈判进程之外。我认为,女权主义者和妇女运动与“女权主义者”和国家机器内的性别关键行动者的联系对于捍卫性别平等作为优先部门至关重要。这与后covid -19情景和以性别视角“重建得更好”的全球目标尤其相关。如果没有性别正义倡导者参与援助谈判过程,在双边合作协议中优先考虑性别平等就会变得更加困难,因此,为女权组织分配资金也会变得更加困难。
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引用次数: 1
Dying to Count: Post-abortion Care and Global Reproductive Health Politics in Senegal 渴望计数:塞内加尔堕胎后护理和全球生殖健康政治
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1981704
S. Calkin
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引用次数: 5
Unpacking Bangladesh’s ‘women’s leadership paradox’ through the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act of 2010 通过2010年《家庭暴力(预防和保护)法》破解孟加拉国的“妇女领导悖论”
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1978727
Pragyna Mahpara
ABSTRACT This article unpacks the ‘women’s leadership paradox’ through the case of the adoption and implementation of the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) (DVPP) Act 2010 of Bangladesh. It looks at two forms of women’s leadership, one at the civil society/women’s movement level and the other at the female elected representatives at the parliament and executive level, and analyses under what circumstances female leadership can play a role in policy adoption. The case of the DVPP Act provides an interesting example of the ‘leadership paradox’ as women in leadership positions (both in the civil society/women’s movement level and the parliamentary and executive level) successfully strategised to gain access to key decision makers and move forward their agenda during the DVPP Act’s adoption. However, this efficiency did not translate into implementation, showing that female leadership did play a role in policy adoption, but they do not have the same strength in policy implementation.
摘要本文通过孟加拉国2010年《家庭暴力(预防和保护)法》的通过和实施,揭示了“妇女领导悖论”。它考察了妇女领导的两种形式,一种是民间社会/妇女运动一级的领导,另一种是议会和行政一级的女性民选代表,并分析了女性领导在何种情况下可以在政策制定中发挥作用。DVPP法案为“领导悖论”提供了一个有趣的例子,因为担任领导职位的妇女(无论是在民间社会/妇女运动层面,还是在议会和行政层面)成功地制定了战略,以便在DVPP法案通过期间接触关键决策者并推进其议程。然而,这种效率并没有转化为执行,这表明女性领导层确实在政策制定中发挥了作用,但她们在政策执行中没有同样的力量。
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引用次数: 2
#EndSARS movement in Nigeria: tensions and solidarities amongst protesters #尼日利亚结束非典运动:抗议者之间的紧张关系和团结
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1982180
Onyeka Antoinette Nwabunnia
ABSTRACT During Nigeria’s #EndSARS movement, queer organisers and activists created and built solidarities that resulted in a truly complex organising for justice. Without the work of queer organisers, the movement to #EndSARS would have largely centred on the narratives and voices of cis heterosexual men and women. In creating systems that sustained the participation of queer protesters both on- and offline, queer organisers ensured that the movement reflected all Nigerians. Situating this article within theoretical debates around political homophobia and transnational feminist solidarities, I will outline the forms of solidarities queer activists developed with each other and the types of tensions that emerged during the movement.
摘要在尼日利亚的#EndSARS运动中,酷儿组织者和活动人士创建并建立了团结,形成了一个真正复杂的正义组织。如果没有酷儿组织者的工作,#EndSARS运动将在很大程度上集中在独联体异性恋男女的叙事和声音上。酷儿组织者创建了一个系统,以维持酷儿抗议者在网上和网上的参与,确保这场运动反映了所有尼日利亚人。将这篇文章置于围绕政治恐同症和跨国女权主义团结的理论辩论中,我将概述酷儿活动家相互发展起来的团结形式,以及运动期间出现的紧张关系类型。
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引用次数: 5
‘Nenhum passo atrás’ (Not a step back): Brazilian Black women’s resistance in the era of Bolsonaro’s far-right government “Nenhum passo atrás”(没有后退一步):博索纳罗极右翼政府时代的巴西黑人妇女抵抗
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.1978719
B. Pereira, M. Aguilar
ABSTRACT Since 2010, the far-right in Brazil has led the backlash to feminism, sexual and gender diversity, racial equality, and other human rights agendas. In this article, we shed light on the devastating impact of the comeback of conservatism and Jair Bolsonaro’s presidency on the lives of Black women. Next, we draw from the interviews conducted with a wide range of activists to unveil how Black women have been energised to resist the backlash. We argue that the Black women’s movement has employed grassroots organising, institutional politics, counter narratives, and the Black culture, in complementary and interconnected ways, to resist the resurgence of the far-right. Moreover, we suggest that the ability to engage with different forms of activism and strategies of resistance is a key strength of the Black women’s movement in Brazil and has placed it at the forefront of the resistance against the far-right.
摘要自2010年以来,巴西的极右翼势力对女权主义、性和性别多样性、种族平等和其他人权议程产生了强烈反对。在这篇文章中,我们揭示了保守主义的回归和雅伊尔·博索纳罗的总统任期对黑人女性生活的毁灭性影响。接下来,我们从对广泛活动人士的采访中得出结论,揭示黑人女性是如何被激励起来抵制反弹的。我们认为,黑人妇女运动以互补和相互关联的方式,利用基层组织、制度政治、反叙事和黑人文化来抵制极右翼的复兴。此外,我们认为,参与不同形式的激进主义和抵抗策略的能力是巴西黑人妇女运动的一个关键力量,并使其处于抵抗极右翼的最前沿。
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引用次数: 1
A new feminist ethic that unites and mobilizes people: the participation of young people in Argentina’s Green Wave 团结和动员人民的新女权主义伦理:年轻人参与阿根廷绿色浪潮
Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/13552074.2021.2005924
G. Artazo, Agustina Ramia, Sofia Menoyo
ABSTRACT The year 2021 began with good news: on 29 December 2020, the law that guarantees access to the right to legal, safe and free abortion was approved in Argentina’s National Congress and Senate. This achievement was the result of the struggles of the feminist and women's movement. A particular feature was the massive involvement of young people in discussions, street mobilisations and vigils, with all those taking part wearing green bandanas, the movement being named the ‘Green Wave’ (Marea Verde), as a result. After the law was passed, the organisation Catholics for the Right to Decide (CDD), an active member of the National Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe and Free Abortion – with the support of the Global Fund for Women – asked us to investigate the role and participation of young people from different parts of our country in the Green Wave movement. This article discusses the findings of this research project.
摘要2021年是一个好消息:2020年12月29日,阿根廷国会和参议院通过了一项保障合法、安全和自由堕胎权的法律。这一成就是女权主义和妇女运动斗争的结果。一个特别的特点是年轻人大量参与讨论、街头动员和守夜活动,所有参与者都戴着绿色手帕,这场运动因此被命名为“绿色浪潮”(Marea Verde)。法律通过后,天主教决定权组织(CDD)是争取合法、安全和自由堕胎权全国运动的积极成员,在全球妇女基金的支持下,要求我们调查来自我国不同地区的年轻人在绿波运动中的作用和参与情况。本文讨论了这个研究项目的发现。
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引用次数: 4
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Gender and Development
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