Pub Date : 2008-04-14DOI: 10.17764/JIET.51.1.J2U080889430P003
Diana Granitto
By 1958, the nascent environmental engineering profession had moved from wartime activities into the space age, and this journal began documenting the evolution of an industry. Over the past five decades and under as many titles, the Journal has witnessed advances into contamination control, ecological sciences, and nanotechnology, to name a few.
{"title":"Forging New Frontiers","authors":"Diana Granitto","doi":"10.17764/JIET.51.1.J2U080889430P003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.51.1.J2U080889430P003","url":null,"abstract":"By 1958, the nascent environmental engineering profession had moved from wartime activities into the space age, and this journal began documenting the evolution of an industry. Over the past five decades and under as many titles, the Journal has witnessed advances into contamination control, ecological sciences, and nanotechnology, to name a few.","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"51 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67802489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-14DOI: 10.17764/JIET.51.1.R195Q5J1R2Q10386
A. Baker, S. Ericson, J. Orzechowski, Kwai L. Wong, R. Garner
A collaborative research project established between the University of Tennessee (UT) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) lab and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) sought to validate CFD prediction of the environmental control system (ECS)-generated ventilation velocity vector field with induced mass transport. The results of the velocity field validation exercise were published previously. An FAA Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) project generated an experimental database of time-dependent inserted mass distributions in the CAMI Aircraft Environmental Research Facility (AERF). The companion CFD mass transport simulations were conducted at the UT CFD Lab using both commercial and proprietary computer codes. This paper reports the qualified results of the mass transport validation exercise.
{"title":"Aircraft Passenger Cabin ECS-Generated Ventilation Velocity and Mass Transport CFD Simulation: Mass Transport Validation Exercise","authors":"A. Baker, S. Ericson, J. Orzechowski, Kwai L. Wong, R. Garner","doi":"10.17764/JIET.51.1.R195Q5J1R2Q10386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.51.1.R195Q5J1R2Q10386","url":null,"abstract":"A collaborative research project established between the University of Tennessee (UT) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) lab and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) sought to validate CFD prediction of the environmental control system (ECS)-generated ventilation velocity vector field with induced mass transport. The results of the velocity field validation exercise were published previously. An FAA Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) project generated an experimental database of time-dependent inserted mass distributions in the CAMI Aircraft Environmental Research Facility (AERF). The companion CFD mass transport simulations were conducted at the UT CFD Lab using both commercial and proprietary computer codes. This paper reports the qualified results of the mass transport validation exercise.","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"51 1","pages":"90-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67802220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-04-01DOI: 10.17764/JIET.51.1.T8897030T7L1G85N
C. Muller, S. Tan
An air monitoring program is in place at a wafer fab to characterize outdoor air quality and its potential impact on manufacturing processes. Airborne molecular contamination (AMC), and specifically acid contamination, was of particular concern as the facility incorporated 90-nanometer (nm) manufacturing technology. Impinger ionic analysis, passive and real-time reactivity monitoring, and litmus paper hue readings were among the techniques used to assess air quality. Historical data for each monitoring technique was evaluated and compared to determine the applicability of each monitoring technique for these purposes. Data from this monitoring program also offered an opportunity to evaluate the performance of chemical filters installed in makeup air handling units for their ability to remove AMC. This study presents the results of air monitoring, detailing outdoor air quality and how that air quality compares to established specifications; comparison of different monitoring techniques used in the study; pe...
{"title":"Evaluation of a Wafer Fab AMC Monitoring and Control Program","authors":"C. Muller, S. Tan","doi":"10.17764/JIET.51.1.T8897030T7L1G85N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.51.1.T8897030T7L1G85N","url":null,"abstract":"An air monitoring program is in place at a wafer fab to characterize outdoor air quality and its potential impact on manufacturing processes. Airborne molecular contamination (AMC), and specifically acid contamination, was of particular concern as the facility incorporated 90-nanometer (nm) manufacturing technology. Impinger ionic analysis, passive and real-time reactivity monitoring, and litmus paper hue readings were among the techniques used to assess air quality. Historical data for each monitoring technique was evaluated and compared to determine the applicability of each monitoring technique for these purposes. Data from this monitoring program also offered an opportunity to evaluate the performance of chemical filters installed in makeup air handling units for their ability to remove AMC. This study presents the results of air monitoring, detailing outdoor air quality and how that air quality compares to established specifications; comparison of different monitoring techniques used in the study; pe...","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"51 1","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67802495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-10DOI: 10.17764/JIET.50.2.G8UR61027601MG72
Sarah T. Brennan, Reem Hejal, Mike Ryan, S. Simonian, Chad M. Stimson, D. Velasco
In preparation for the challenges presented by future spacecraft systems, we explore state-of-the-art testing technologies and compare the results to demonstrated, proven methods. A non-contact Polytec PSV-400 scanning laser vibrometer (SLV) is used to characterize the frequency response of a 2 meter reflector in a typical modal test configuration. Complementary measurements are made simultaneously using a conventional accelerometer-based system, and the results are compared to determine the effectiveness of the non-contact tool. The SLV has two distinct advantages that make it an attractive alternative for studying the structural dynamic response of lightweight, high-precision, aerospace structures—increased bandwidth (0.01 Hz-80kHz) and resolution at the nanometer scale. These features are available without modifying the structure, and they do not require labor-intensive preparation of the test article. Typical setup time is less than 1 hour. However, the one-dimensional (1D) SLV system is limited to me...
{"title":"Scanning Laser Vibrometer: Evaluation of an Alternative Modal Survey Tool","authors":"Sarah T. Brennan, Reem Hejal, Mike Ryan, S. Simonian, Chad M. Stimson, D. Velasco","doi":"10.17764/JIET.50.2.G8UR61027601MG72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.50.2.G8UR61027601MG72","url":null,"abstract":"In preparation for the challenges presented by future spacecraft systems, we explore state-of-the-art testing technologies and compare the results to demonstrated, proven methods. A non-contact Polytec PSV-400 scanning laser vibrometer (SLV) is used to characterize the frequency response of a 2 meter reflector in a typical modal test configuration. Complementary measurements are made simultaneously using a conventional accelerometer-based system, and the results are compared to determine the effectiveness of the non-contact tool. The SLV has two distinct advantages that make it an attractive alternative for studying the structural dynamic response of lightweight, high-precision, aerospace structures—increased bandwidth (0.01 Hz-80kHz) and resolution at the nanometer scale. These features are available without modifying the structure, and they do not require labor-intensive preparation of the test article. Typical setup time is less than 1 hour. However, the one-dimensional (1D) SLV system is limited to me...","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"50 1","pages":"14-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67801897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-10DOI: 10.17764/JIET.50.2.N0256152322M4410
C. Muller
Airborne molecular contamination (AMC) continues to grow as a major contamination control issue for microelectronics manufacturers. Because of this growth, chemical filter manufacturers are offering a large number of AMC control options from which the facility, process, and contamination control engineers must determine the best solution for their specific AMC control application(s). This paper will present information on the various types of chemical filters available, filter strengths and weaknesses, and the results of independent performance evaluations for a number of different chemical filter types. Several AMC control strategies employing chemical filtration will be discussed. Other topics include an introduction to gaseous contaminants and a definition of AMC; classifications of AMC; contaminants common to cleanroom applications, their sources, and effect; implementing AMC control—a three-step methodology for optimum control of AMC; gas-phase air filtration principles—adsorption, absorption, chemis...
{"title":"Comparison of Chemical Filters for the Control of Airborne Molecular Contamination","authors":"C. Muller","doi":"10.17764/JIET.50.2.N0256152322M4410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.50.2.N0256152322M4410","url":null,"abstract":"Airborne molecular contamination (AMC) continues to grow as a major contamination control issue for microelectronics manufacturers. Because of this growth, chemical filter manufacturers are offering a large number of AMC control options from which the facility, process, and contamination control engineers must determine the best solution for their specific AMC control application(s). This paper will present information on the various types of chemical filters available, filter strengths and weaknesses, and the results of independent performance evaluations for a number of different chemical filter types. Several AMC control strategies employing chemical filtration will be discussed. Other topics include an introduction to gaseous contaminants and a definition of AMC; classifications of AMC; contaminants common to cleanroom applications, their sources, and effect; implementing AMC control—a three-step methodology for optimum control of AMC; gas-phase air filtration principles—adsorption, absorption, chemis...","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"50 1","pages":"52-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67801819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-10DOI: 10.17764/JIET.50.2.MT67R8G885347162
D. Nicholls
A reliability prediction methodology is now available that addresses shortcomings in earlier models and provides for the incorporation of field and test data through Bayesian analysis techniques.
现在有一种可靠性预测方法，可以解决早期模型的缺点，并通过贝叶斯分析技术将现场和测试数据结合起来。
{"title":"New Reliability Prediction Methodology Incorporates Field and Test Experience","authors":"D. Nicholls","doi":"10.17764/JIET.50.2.MT67R8G885347162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.50.2.MT67R8G885347162","url":null,"abstract":"A reliability prediction methodology is now available that addresses shortcomings in earlier models and provides for the incorporation of field and test data through Bayesian analysis techniques.","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"50 1","pages":"5-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67801508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-10-01DOI: 10.17764/JIET.50.2.WH12Q7H78L005042
N. Namiki, Akihiro Komtasu, Keiji Watanabe, N. Kagi
The storage capacity of hard disk drives (HDDs) for personal computers has increased more than 10,000 times in the past decade. Meanwhile, the gap between the disk and the magnetic head (flying height) has decreased from sub-micrometers to a few nanometers. The lower flying height leads to more sensitive disk-to-surface contamination linked to fatal failures. Many studies have reported that disk surface contamination is related to the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the corrosion of the magnetic layer of the disk. However, surface contamination derived from sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas in the surrounding area has been discussed insufficiently. In this work, to ascertain the mechanism of disk surface contamination and the subsidiary particle generation, HDD disks were intentionally exposed to SO2 gas, followed by an evaluation of disk operation performance during endurance testing. After the series of endurance tests, a large quantity of sulfate and nickel, which is a main component of the ...
{"title":"Surface Corrosion of HDD Media and Subsidiary Particle Formation Due to SO2 Gas Adsorption","authors":"N. Namiki, Akihiro Komtasu, Keiji Watanabe, N. Kagi","doi":"10.17764/JIET.50.2.WH12Q7H78L005042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.50.2.WH12Q7H78L005042","url":null,"abstract":"The storage capacity of hard disk drives (HDDs) for personal computers has increased more than 10,000 times in the past decade. Meanwhile, the gap between the disk and the magnetic head (flying height) has decreased from sub-micrometers to a few nanometers. The lower flying height leads to more sensitive disk-to-surface contamination linked to fatal failures. Many studies have reported that disk surface contamination is related to the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the corrosion of the magnetic layer of the disk. However, surface contamination derived from sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas in the surrounding area has been discussed insufficiently. In this work, to ascertain the mechanism of disk surface contamination and the subsidiary particle generation, HDD disks were intentionally exposed to SO2 gas, followed by an evaluation of disk operation performance during endurance testing. After the series of endurance tests, a large quantity of sulfate and nickel, which is a main component of the ...","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"50 1","pages":"38-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67801890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-04-11DOI: 10.17764/JIET.50.1.L5721M6160258L22
S. Mathew, D. Das, M. Osterman, M. Pecht, R. Ferebee, J. Clayton
This study presents a physics-of-failure-based virtual remaining life assessment method for assessing the remaining life of an electronic circuit card. The approach is then demonstrated through a case study of a circuit card assembly in the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster. Using thermal and mechanical stress damage models, the accumulated damage in the circuit card due to the life cycle environment loads on the card was calculated. Based on the amount of damage accumulated, the remaining life of the circuit card was estimated.
{"title":"Virtual Remaining Life Assessment of Electronic Hardware Subjected to Shock and Random Vibration Life Cycle Loads","authors":"S. Mathew, D. Das, M. Osterman, M. Pecht, R. Ferebee, J. Clayton","doi":"10.17764/JIET.50.1.L5721M6160258L22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.50.1.L5721M6160258L22","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a physics-of-failure-based virtual remaining life assessment method for assessing the remaining life of an electronic circuit card. The approach is then demonstrated through a case study of a circuit card assembly in the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster. Using thermal and mechanical stress damage models, the accumulated damage in the circuit card due to the life cycle environment loads on the card was calculated. Based on the amount of damage accumulated, the remaining life of the circuit card was estimated.","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"50 1","pages":"86-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67800548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-04-11DOI: 10.17764/JIET.50.1.C7835R3280617256
P. Hansen, J. Townsend, R. J. Hedgeland
Over the past two decades, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) contamination control program has evolved from a ground-based integration program to a space-based science-sustaining program. The contamination controls from new-generation scientific instruments and orbital replacement units were incorporated into the HST contamination control program to maintain scientific capability over the life of the telescope. Long-term, on-orbit scientific data have shown that the contamination controls implemented for the instruments, servicing mission activities (Orbiter, astronauts, and mission), and on-orbit operations successfully protected the HST from contamination and the instruments from self-contamination.
{"title":"Lessons Learned from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Contamination Control Program","authors":"P. Hansen, J. Townsend, R. J. Hedgeland","doi":"10.17764/JIET.50.1.C7835R3280617256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.50.1.C7835R3280617256","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past two decades, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) contamination control program has evolved from a ground-based integration program to a space-based science-sustaining program. The contamination controls from new-generation scientific instruments and orbital replacement units were incorporated into the HST contamination control program to maintain scientific capability over the life of the telescope. Long-term, on-orbit scientific data have shown that the contamination controls implemented for the instruments, servicing mission activities (Orbiter, astronauts, and mission), and on-orbit operations successfully protected the HST from contamination and the instruments from self-contamination.","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"50 1","pages":"44-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67800480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-04-11DOI: 10.17764/JIET.50.1.M745N23H8K021235
H. Caruso
Traditional laboratory test strategies and methodologies are structured to identify and correct product defects that occur relatively early in the life of a product. Issues associated with aging, long-lived vehicles, such as aircraft, involve degradation mechanisms that may not be thoroughly investigated in the test laboratory with current test approaches. Long-lived vehicles (platforms) do not experience end of life in the same way that an electronic sub-element might. Rather than being retired, an aging platform may undergo repeated cycles of renovation and upgrades. As a result, every platform element may be expected to perform far beyond the limits of its contractually defined lifetime. Extrapolations of Aging Effects (EAEs) could provide program personnel with forewarnings of potential aging platform issues. MIL-STD-810F and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Standardization Agreement (STANAG) Allied Environmental Conditions And Test Publication (AECTP) 600 offer tools to assist in developing ...
{"title":"The Disconnect Between Environmental Testing and Aging, Long-Lived Vehicles","authors":"H. Caruso","doi":"10.17764/JIET.50.1.M745N23H8K021235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17764/JIET.50.1.M745N23H8K021235","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional laboratory test strategies and methodologies are structured to identify and correct product defects that occur relatively early in the life of a product. Issues associated with aging, long-lived vehicles, such as aircraft, involve degradation mechanisms that may not be thoroughly investigated in the test laboratory with current test approaches. Long-lived vehicles (platforms) do not experience end of life in the same way that an electronic sub-element might. Rather than being retired, an aging platform may undergo repeated cycles of renovation and upgrades. As a result, every platform element may be expected to perform far beyond the limits of its contractually defined lifetime. Extrapolations of Aging Effects (EAEs) could provide program personnel with forewarnings of potential aging platform issues. MIL-STD-810F and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Standardization Agreement (STANAG) Allied Environmental Conditions And Test Publication (AECTP) 600 offer tools to assist in developing ...","PeriodicalId":35935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the IEST","volume":"50 1","pages":"98-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67800593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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