Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022103
Ambujavalli Balakrishnan Thayikkannu
Introduction:Candida auris has been reported from various health care settings and has recently gained importance because of its intrinsic resistance to many classes of antifungal agents and to disinfection. The outbreak potential and high mortality associated with Candida auris infection reinforces the need for speciation. Routine conventional methods are cumbersome and automated systems are unable to confirm up to species level. Materials and Methods:Candida auris isolates from consecutive non-repetitive blood cultures over a 1-year period were speciated based on phenotypic, physiological and biochemical tests and VITEK. Molecular confirmation was done by PCR-RFLP and MALDI-TOF. Anti- fungal susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI guidelines (2021), using suitable controls. Virulence factors such as production of Hemolysin, Phospholipase, Esterase and Bio-film production were demonstrated. RT-PCR was used to screen the COVID-19 status using SD-Biosensor kit. Baseline data and clinical history were collected and analysed. Results: Of 3632 blood cultures (0.77%), 28 Candida sp. were isolated including 9 Candida auris, (9/28, 32.14%). Of these 8 were from COVID-19 positive patients (88.89%), while 1 was from COVID-19 negative patient (11.11%). Two patients survived, while the remaining 7 patients succumbed to the disease. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of Candidiasis especially during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the concern for early speciation. Through multi-modal strategies such as quick and correct identification, active surveillance, guided reporting, stringent infection control measures and correct use of anti-fungals through proper susceptibility testing, we can prevent the occurrence and spread of new Candida auris cases in the future.
{"title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Candida auris, an Emerging Pathogen Isolated from Blood","authors":"Ambujavalli Balakrishnan Thayikkannu","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022103","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:Candida auris has been reported from various health care settings and has recently gained importance because of its intrinsic resistance to many classes of antifungal agents and to disinfection. The outbreak potential and high mortality associated with Candida auris infection reinforces the need for speciation. Routine conventional methods are cumbersome and automated systems are unable to confirm up to species level. Materials and Methods:Candida auris isolates from consecutive non-repetitive blood cultures over a 1-year period were speciated based on phenotypic, physiological and biochemical tests and VITEK. Molecular confirmation was done by PCR-RFLP and MALDI-TOF. Anti- fungal susceptibility test was performed according to CLSI guidelines (2021), using suitable controls. Virulence factors such as production of Hemolysin, Phospholipase, Esterase and Bio-film production were demonstrated. RT-PCR was used to screen the COVID-19 status using SD-Biosensor kit. Baseline data and clinical history were collected and analysed. Results: Of 3632 blood cultures (0.77%), 28 Candida sp. were isolated including 9 Candida auris, (9/28, 32.14%). Of these 8 were from COVID-19 positive patients (88.89%), while 1 was from COVID-19 negative patient (11.11%). Two patients survived, while the remaining 7 patients succumbed to the disease. Conclusion: The increasing incidence of Candidiasis especially during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the concern for early speciation. Through multi-modal strategies such as quick and correct identification, active surveillance, guided reporting, stringent infection control measures and correct use of anti-fungals through proper susceptibility testing, we can prevent the occurrence and spread of new Candida auris cases in the future.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44688889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202297
Hafidh l AI Adi
Introduction: Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has become common worldwide. The current study was suggested to evaluate the impact of smoking on abortion in Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infected women. Method: The study was conducted on 66 women IgG and IgM were used to detect CMV infection in women who had undergone abortion. Results: The current results showed significant differences in the number of births and marriage duration (p=0.009, p=0.010) and non-significant difference in age (p=0.750) in both groups. There was a high percentage of smokers (21.21%) in women with abortion as compared to the healthy group. There were significant elevations of IgG (2.32 ± 0.53) and IgM (0.51 ± 0.312) levels in women who had undergone abortion (p = 0.000) as compared to healthy women. A significant inverse association between IgG level and number of abortions (p=0.019), and a non-significant weak correlation between IgM and number of abortions (p=0.969) was noted. The impact of smoking on the number of abortions and birth showed non-significant differences (p=0.871, p=0.955) respectively between smoker and non-smoker groups. Healthy women didn’t have any abortion and showed non-significant differences in the number of births (p=0.430) in comparison with abortion group. The effect of smoking on the levels of IgG and IgM of study groups shows non-significant changes. Conclusion: The current study concluded that smoking does not contribute to abortion in any direct effect, but it may lead to CMV infection by weakening the immune response.
{"title":"Association of IgG and IgM Levels of CMV Infection with Abortion among Women who Smoke","authors":"Hafidh l AI Adi","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202297","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has become common worldwide. The current study was suggested to evaluate the impact of smoking on abortion in Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infected women. Method: The study was conducted on 66 women IgG and IgM were used to detect CMV infection in women who had undergone abortion. Results: The current results showed significant differences in the number of births and marriage duration (p=0.009, p=0.010) and non-significant difference in age (p=0.750) in both groups. There was a high percentage of smokers (21.21%) in women with abortion as compared to the healthy group. There were significant elevations of IgG (2.32 ± 0.53) and IgM (0.51 ± 0.312) levels in women who had undergone abortion (p = 0.000) as compared to healthy women. A significant inverse association between IgG level and number of abortions (p=0.019), and a non-significant weak correlation between IgM and number of abortions (p=0.969) was noted. The impact of smoking on the number of abortions and birth showed non-significant differences (p=0.871, p=0.955) respectively between smoker and non-smoker groups. Healthy women didn’t have any abortion and showed non-significant differences in the number of births (p=0.430) in comparison with abortion group. The effect of smoking on the levels of IgG and IgM of study groups shows non-significant changes. Conclusion: The current study concluded that smoking does not contribute to abortion in any direct effect, but it may lead to CMV infection by weakening the immune response.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41339784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022100
Ruckmani Arunachalam
Introduction: Tuberculosis is well known for its chronicity, treatment failures, and drug resistance. Interferon-gamma Inducible Protein 10 (INF IP-10) has been reported to be relatively specific for assessing the severity of tuberculosis, and it can be easily estimated in both urine and blood. Objective: To determine whether urinary IP-10 levels can be used as a biomarker for monitoring treatment response in patients with active Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTb). Materials and Method: 40 participants were enrolled. Urine samples were collected at diagnosis, at the end of 1st, 2nd & 6 months. Sputum smear and culture were done at diagnosis, end of 2nd and 6th month. IP-10 levels were estimated and correlated with treatment response. Results: All the patients were positive for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) at baseline. At the end of 2nd and 6 months, all of them became smear and culture-negative. The mean urine IP-10 values at diagnosis, end of 1st, 2nd and 6th month were 10.76 ± 2.76, 15.37 ± 3.09, 21.83 ± 4.10 and 8.38 ± 2.46 pg/dl. IP-10 levels increased following intensive therapy and decreased significantly towards the end of treatment. The mean values of IP-10 at baseline, at the end of 2nd and 6th month were correlated with mean scores of clinical symptoms at respective time points. Pearson’s linear correlation was done which showed that IP-10 values and clinical symptoms did not correlate with each other with p=0.836. Conclusion: Increase in IP-10 level during the intensive therapy indicates the response to treatment and bacterial clearance. Hence urinary IP-10 can be considered as biomarker for monitoring treatment response in PTb patients.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Feasibility of using Urine IP-10 as a Biomarker to Assess the Treatment Response to the Pharmacotherapy of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Intensive and Continuation Phase","authors":"Ruckmani Arunachalam","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022100","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Tuberculosis is well known for its chronicity, treatment failures, and drug resistance. Interferon-gamma Inducible Protein 10 (INF IP-10) has been reported to be relatively specific for assessing the severity of tuberculosis, and it can be easily estimated in both urine and blood. Objective: To determine whether urinary IP-10 levels can be used as a biomarker for monitoring treatment response in patients with active Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTb). Materials and Method: 40 participants were enrolled. Urine samples were collected at diagnosis, at the end of 1st, 2nd & 6 months. Sputum smear and culture were done at diagnosis, end of 2nd and 6th month. IP-10 levels were estimated and correlated with treatment response. Results: All the patients were positive for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) at baseline. At the end of 2nd and 6 months, all of them became smear and culture-negative. The mean urine IP-10 values at diagnosis, end of 1st, 2nd and 6th month were 10.76 ± 2.76, 15.37 ± 3.09, 21.83 ± 4.10 and 8.38 ± 2.46 pg/dl. IP-10 levels increased following intensive therapy and decreased significantly towards the end of treatment. The mean values of IP-10 at baseline, at the end of 2nd and 6th month were correlated with mean scores of clinical symptoms at respective time points. Pearson’s linear correlation was done which showed that IP-10 values and clinical symptoms did not correlate with each other with p=0.836. Conclusion: Increase in IP-10 level during the intensive therapy indicates the response to treatment and bacterial clearance. Hence urinary IP-10 can be considered as biomarker for monitoring treatment response in PTb patients.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49479384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022101
A. Alwan
Introduction: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, that may be transferred from mothers to infants during pregnancy if it is left untreated. Method: This study was conducted among 65 women who suffered from recurrent abortions in Iraq. Syphilis screening recombinant (IgM + IgG) level by ELISA, RADIM (Italy) and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) (positive and negative results) tests were used to analyse the data. Results: A non-significant association was observed with age (p=0.989), and the number of healthy births (p=0.643). Non-significant differences were observed in comparisons between smoker and non-smoker percentages in the study group. The rapid test for syphilis confirmation was applied using Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests. There was a significant elevation in syphilis level (IgG + IgM) in the positive test (p=0.027). The number of abortions and births had a non-significant correlation (p=0.318 and 0.783 respectively). There was a non-significant weak correlation between syphilis level (IgG + IgM) and age. Syphilis level had a non-significant association with the number of abortions, births, and with duration of marriage. The abortion percentage distribution showed a high percentage in the first trimester (75%) in positive RPR patients and 70.7% in negative results of RPR test. The second-trimester cases were low in the positive and negative RPR results than the first-trimester cases. Conclusion: The current study concluded that syphilis infection didn’t have a significant influence on abortion in women and had a non-significant influence on the number of abortions.
{"title":"Influence of Syphilis Infection on Abortions in Iraq","authors":"A. Alwan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022101","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, that may be transferred from mothers to infants during pregnancy if it is left untreated. Method: This study was conducted among 65 women who suffered from recurrent abortions in Iraq. Syphilis screening recombinant (IgM + IgG) level by ELISA, RADIM (Italy) and rapid plasma reagin (RPR) (positive and negative results) tests were used to analyse the data. Results: A non-significant association was observed with age (p=0.989), and the number of healthy births (p=0.643). Non-significant differences were observed in comparisons between smoker and non-smoker percentages in the study group. The rapid test for syphilis confirmation was applied using Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests. There was a significant elevation in syphilis level (IgG + IgM) in the positive test (p=0.027). The number of abortions and births had a non-significant correlation (p=0.318 and 0.783 respectively). There was a non-significant weak correlation between syphilis level (IgG + IgM) and age. Syphilis level had a non-significant association with the number of abortions, births, and with duration of marriage. The abortion percentage distribution showed a high percentage in the first trimester (75%) in positive RPR patients and 70.7% in negative results of RPR test. The second-trimester cases were low in the positive and negative RPR results than the first-trimester cases. Conclusion: The current study concluded that syphilis infection didn’t have a significant influence on abortion in women and had a non-significant influence on the number of abortions.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44132756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202299
R. Dhiman
Background: Post dengue outbreak in July 2018, an entomological survey was undertaken in the Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh in India, to identify risk factors for Aedes breeding and subsequently suggest mitigation measures to control the epidemic situation. Method: In view of the clustering of dengue cases, three wards of Diara primary health centre and surrounding villages were selected for the survey. Hand catch method was used to collect adult vectors resting indoors, whereas immature stages of vectors were collected from containers using a ladle. Man-hour density and other vital entomological indices were calculated using the standard methods. Results: An alarming Breteau Index (129), as well as a very high House Index (75), Container Index (32) and Pupal Index (120) were observed during the survey, indicating a dengue outbreak situation. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, vectors of dengue, were collected from the affected region with man-hour density ranging between 1 and 6.4. Plastic containers and syntax tanks were the major containers observed in households to store water due to irregular water supply. Interpretation & Conclusion: The population was hesitant to discard the stored water due to scarcity and irregular water supply. Plastic containers were the most productive for Aedes breeding. Community knowledge, attitude and practices towards the severity of dengue, its prevention and control were low. The present study recommends that the dengue control strategy should focus on keeping water supply and plastic containers in mind and the community should be mobilised to keep water containers covered properly, or source reduction should be done.
{"title":"Entomological Investigation during an Outbreak of Dengue in 2018 in Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh","authors":"R. Dhiman","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202299","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Post dengue outbreak in July 2018, an entomological survey was undertaken in the Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh in India, to identify risk factors for Aedes breeding and subsequently suggest mitigation measures to control the epidemic situation. Method: In view of the clustering of dengue cases, three wards of Diara primary health centre and surrounding villages were selected for the survey. Hand catch method was used to collect adult vectors resting indoors, whereas immature stages of vectors were collected from containers using a ladle. Man-hour density and other vital entomological indices were calculated using the standard methods. Results: An alarming Breteau Index (129), as well as a very high House Index (75), Container Index (32) and Pupal Index (120) were observed during the survey, indicating a dengue outbreak situation. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, vectors of dengue, were collected from the affected region with man-hour density ranging between 1 and 6.4. Plastic containers and syntax tanks were the major containers observed in households to store water due to irregular water supply. Interpretation & Conclusion: The population was hesitant to discard the stored water due to scarcity and irregular water supply. Plastic containers were the most productive for Aedes breeding. Community knowledge, attitude and practices towards the severity of dengue, its prevention and control were low. The present study recommends that the dengue control strategy should focus on keeping water supply and plastic containers in mind and the community should be mobilised to keep water containers covered properly, or source reduction should be done.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42040034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022109
S. Reddy
Background: Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by the bacteria - Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted through the bite of an infected chigger. This infection is endemic in tropical countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It usually presents with fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and tender lymphadenopathy. The presence of an eschar clinches the diagnosis clinically. Commonly encountered complications in scrub typhus include acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute liver injury, and rarely acute pancreatitis. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 70 year-old teetotaller male, who presented with acute febrile illness and respiratory distress during the peak period of the COVID -19 pandemic. During the course of illness, the patient developed acute pancreatitis as evidenced by elevated serum amylase and lipase as well as features of pancreatitis in the CT abdomen. Common causes of acute pancreatitis were ruled out with necessary investigations. He tested negative for malaria, dengue fever, enteric fever, and leptospirosis, but his IgM and IgG ELISA for scrub typhus were positive with high titres. He also had AKI, ARDS, and acute liver injury. The patient was treated symptomatically and with doxycycline. His condition improved gradually. Conclusion: Even though acute pancreatitis is one of the rare manifestations of scrub typhus, it should be suspected early and treated promptly.
{"title":"Acute Pancreatitis - A Rare Manifestation in Scrub Typhus","authors":"S. Reddy","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022109","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness caused by the bacteria - Orientia tsutsugamushi, transmitted through the bite of an infected chigger. This infection is endemic in tropical countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It usually presents with fever, headache, myalgia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and tender lymphadenopathy. The presence of an eschar clinches the diagnosis clinically. Commonly encountered complications in scrub typhus include acute kidney injury (AKI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute liver injury, and rarely acute pancreatitis. Case Presentation: We report a case of a 70 year-old teetotaller male, who presented with acute febrile illness and respiratory distress during the peak period of the COVID -19 pandemic. During the course of illness, the patient developed acute pancreatitis as evidenced by elevated serum amylase and lipase as well as features of pancreatitis in the CT abdomen. Common causes of acute pancreatitis were ruled out with necessary investigations. He tested negative for malaria, dengue fever, enteric fever, and leptospirosis, but his IgM and IgG ELISA for scrub typhus were positive with high titres. He also had AKI, ARDS, and acute liver injury. The patient was treated symptomatically and with doxycycline. His condition improved gradually. Conclusion: Even though acute pancreatitis is one of the rare manifestations of scrub typhus, it should be suspected early and treated promptly.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44796110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022104
O. Prabhakar
Background: Although various factors depicting the mortality in multi drug resistant tuberculosis available there exist no concise data on the factors contributing to mortality globally. The predictors for mortality in multi drug resistant tuberculosis patients vary from localities. Objectives: The study aimed to find the factors contributing to mortality in multi drug resistant tuberculosis in Warangal district of Telangana. Materials and Methods: The prospective study determining the predictors of mortality in multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients had a sample size of 296. The follow-up of the patients was conducted for twenty four months to determine the treatment outcome. Patients’ mortality was noted from the hospital case sheets, relatives and healthcare facilitators’ viz., National tuberculosis elimination program supervisors, Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery in case of death at home. Patients’ demography was denoted in number and percentage. Predictors for mortality determined using binary logistic regression analysis. The predictor variables significant with p<0.2 in univariate analysis were considered for binary logistic regression analysis. The dependent variable was the occurrence of event - mortality and the independent variables chosen from the available literature. Results: The predictors for mortality identified as low body weight of 16-30kg (p=0.002; aOR=10.43); comorbids (p=0.002; aOR=3.21); severe radiological manifestations at admission to hospital (p=0.001; aOR=6.98) and incompliance to treatment (p=0.0001; aOR=5.06) in the present study. Conclusion: The factors identified for mortality in multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients are malleable and modifiable with timely follow-up of the patients. The results imply strengthening the anti-TB program with a multidisciplinary approach for a systematic follow-up of the patients and favorable treatment responses.
{"title":"Predictors for Mortality in Multidrug Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in a South Indian Region","authors":"O. Prabhakar","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022104","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Although various factors depicting the mortality in multi drug resistant tuberculosis available there exist no concise data on the factors contributing to mortality globally. The predictors for mortality in multi drug resistant tuberculosis patients vary from localities. Objectives: The study aimed to find the factors contributing to mortality in multi drug resistant tuberculosis in Warangal district of Telangana. Materials and Methods: The prospective study determining the predictors of mortality in multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients had a sample size of 296. The follow-up of the patients was conducted for twenty four months to determine the treatment outcome. Patients’ mortality was noted from the hospital case sheets, relatives and healthcare facilitators’ viz., National tuberculosis elimination program supervisors, Auxiliary Nursing Midwifery in case of death at home. Patients’ demography was denoted in number and percentage. Predictors for mortality determined using binary logistic regression analysis. The predictor variables significant with p<0.2 in univariate analysis were considered for binary logistic regression analysis. The dependent variable was the occurrence of event - mortality and the independent variables chosen from the available literature. Results: The predictors for mortality identified as low body weight of 16-30kg (p=0.002; aOR=10.43); comorbids (p=0.002; aOR=3.21); severe radiological manifestations at admission to hospital (p=0.001; aOR=6.98) and incompliance to treatment (p=0.0001; aOR=5.06) in the present study. Conclusion: The factors identified for mortality in multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients are malleable and modifiable with timely follow-up of the patients. The results imply strengthening the anti-TB program with a multidisciplinary approach for a systematic follow-up of the patients and favorable treatment responses.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49308929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202295
Abhay Singh
Background: Biomedical waste poses a great risk of infection and damage. Improper waste management could have major public health repercussions. Medical students are exposed to various biomedical wastes during their training in the hospital. Their lack of awareness about biomedical waste management is hazardous to their health and the health of others. The purpose of this study was to examine undergraduate and postgraduate students’ understanding of biomedical waste management in a study setting. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 undergraduate and postgraduate students at a tertiary care hospital in South Delhi in 2019. Data were collected using a self-structured and administered questionnaire after taking informed consent. Data were analysed using SPSS 20.0 software. Results: 86% of participants were aware of the BMW legislation. 79% always practised BMWM guidelines and 65% had correctly identified biohazard symbols. Postgraduate students had better knowledge about colour coding and disposal methods of biomedical waste than undergraduate students including interns. Conclusions: Undergraduate and postgraduate students were aware of biomedical waste but finer details for its management were far from perfection. Sensitisation about BMW hazards, regular training, continuous monitoring, and feedback are recommended to improve their biomedical waste management practices.
{"title":"A Comparative Study on Perception about Biomedical Waste Management among the Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South Delhi","authors":"Abhay Singh","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202295","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Biomedical waste poses a great risk of infection and damage. Improper waste management could have major public health repercussions. Medical students are exposed to various biomedical wastes during their training in the hospital. Their lack of awareness about biomedical waste management is hazardous to their health and the health of others. The purpose of this study was to examine undergraduate and postgraduate students’ understanding of biomedical waste management in a study setting. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 undergraduate and postgraduate students at a tertiary care hospital in South Delhi in 2019. Data were collected using a self-structured and administered questionnaire after taking informed consent. Data were analysed using SPSS 20.0 software. Results: 86% of participants were aware of the BMW legislation. 79% always practised BMWM guidelines and 65% had correctly identified biohazard symbols. Postgraduate students had better knowledge about colour coding and disposal methods of biomedical waste than undergraduate students including interns. Conclusions: Undergraduate and postgraduate students were aware of biomedical waste but finer details for its management were far from perfection. Sensitisation about BMW hazards, regular training, continuous monitoring, and feedback are recommended to improve their biomedical waste management practices.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49336743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022106
Mohammed Haider Hamad
Introduction: Rubella infection causes some health problems in pregnant women. Method: The current case-control study was suggested to detect the rubella infection level in women with recurrent abortion. The study was conducted on 65 patients who had suffered from abortion and 30 healthy women. Results: The results variables showed significant differences in birth numbers and in recurrent abortion percentages. All women in the current study suffered from abortion in the first trimester and about 60% of them suffered from abortion in the second trimester. Non-significant variations were seen in age in both groups and in age categories distribution. The rubella IgG levels according to study groups, occupation, smoking and age categories recorded non-significant differences between study groups (p=0.570). The rubella IgG levels showed non-significant differences (p=0.217) with abortion and birth numbers, significant differences in the number of births (p=0.000) and abortions in women with recurrent abortion (p=0.029). Rubella showed a weak positive correlation with the number of abortions in the first trimester and in the second trimester. Rubella IgG level didn’t affect all women in the current study who suffered from abortion in the first trimester and affected 60% of the women who suffered from abortion in the second trimester. This was non-significantly associated with the rubella IgG level (p=0.727). Conclusion: The present study concluded that rubella didn’t have any role in abortion and in recurrent abortion.
{"title":"The Level of Rubella Infection in Women with Recurrent Abortion","authors":"Mohammed Haider Hamad","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022106","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Rubella infection causes some health problems in pregnant women. Method: The current case-control study was suggested to detect the rubella infection level in women with recurrent abortion. The study was conducted on 65 patients who had suffered from abortion and 30 healthy women. Results: The results variables showed significant differences in birth numbers and in recurrent abortion percentages. All women in the current study suffered from abortion in the first trimester and about 60% of them suffered from abortion in the second trimester. Non-significant variations were seen in age in both groups and in age categories distribution. The rubella IgG levels according to study groups, occupation, smoking and age categories recorded non-significant differences between study groups (p=0.570). The rubella IgG levels showed non-significant differences (p=0.217) with abortion and birth numbers, significant differences in the number of births (p=0.000) and abortions in women with recurrent abortion (p=0.029). Rubella showed a weak positive correlation with the number of abortions in the first trimester and in the second trimester. Rubella IgG level didn’t affect all women in the current study who suffered from abortion in the first trimester and affected 60% of the women who suffered from abortion in the second trimester. This was non-significantly associated with the rubella IgG level (p=0.727). Conclusion: The present study concluded that rubella didn’t have any role in abortion and in recurrent abortion.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44189285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202296
Harsh Rajvanshi
The Asia Pacific has committed to the regional goal of malaria elimination by 2030. In the year 2021, India constituted 10% of the total malaria burden in the region, with more than 2/3rd malaria cases concentrated in tribal pockets. In 2017, a public-privatepartnership known as the Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project was initiated in the tribal district of Mandla in central India to demonstrate malaria elimination and share lessons withthe rest of the country and the region. The present study focused on understanding the complex stakeholder dynamics including the community of Mandla, local healthcare workers, programme managers, and technical experts. The study has revealed interesting findings related to the effect of vertical health programmes on existing health systems; gaps, challenges, and opportunities for core interventions, and the importance of community participation towards making malaria elimination a reality by 2030.
{"title":"A Qualitative Assessment of a Malaria Elimination Project in the Tribal District of Mandla, Madhya Pradesh","authors":"Harsh Rajvanshi","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202296","url":null,"abstract":"The Asia Pacific has committed to the regional goal of malaria elimination by 2030. In the year 2021, India constituted 10% of the total malaria burden in the region, with more than 2/3rd malaria cases concentrated in tribal pockets. In 2017, a public-privatepartnership known as the Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project was initiated in the tribal district of Mandla in central India to demonstrate malaria elimination and share lessons withthe rest of the country and the region. The present study focused on understanding the complex stakeholder dynamics including the community of Mandla, local healthcare workers, programme managers, and technical experts. The study has revealed interesting findings related to the effect of vertical health programmes on existing health systems; gaps, challenges, and opportunities for core interventions, and the importance of community participation towards making malaria elimination a reality by 2030.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43626566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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