Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202301
Dhiraj Saha
Introduction: The emergence of resistance development in mosquitoes is a huge challenge for successful vector control programmes. Insecticides used in vector control mainly target the eradication of the vector population but often neglect their residual and long-time effect on the surviving population. Methods: In this study, Aedes albopictus were selected with sublethal doses of lambda-cyhalothrin and its effects on their life parameters and major detoxifying enzymes were analysed. Results: In the twelfth generation of the resistant population, there was a 101-fold increase in resistance ratio values of LC50. In addition, larval development time prolonged for 2 days and hatchability and fecundity were reduced by 52% and 93%, respectively when compared to the control group. Moreover, longevity was shortened by 9.43 days in females and 2.18 days in males. Significant changes in the activity of major detoxifying enzymes were observed where monooxygenase level was highest which indicates its role in lambda-cyhalothrin degradation leading to resistance, followed by both β-esterase and GST. Conclusion: The findings of the current study can be helpful in integrated mosquito management (IMM), where based on their life history traits, the vulnerable stage of vectors can be targeted for effective resistance management.
{"title":"Assessment of Lambda-cyhalothrin Toxicity on the Developmental and Reproductive Fitness of Dengue Vector, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and the Associated Changes in the Activity of Insecticide Detoxifying Enzymes","authors":"Dhiraj Saha","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202301","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The emergence of resistance development in mosquitoes is a huge challenge for successful vector control programmes. Insecticides used in vector control mainly target the eradication of the vector population but often neglect their residual and long-time effect on the surviving population. Methods: In this study, Aedes albopictus were selected with sublethal doses of lambda-cyhalothrin and its effects on their life parameters and major detoxifying enzymes were analysed. Results: In the twelfth generation of the resistant population, there was a 101-fold increase in resistance ratio values of LC50. In addition, larval development time prolonged for 2 days and hatchability and fecundity were reduced by 52% and 93%, respectively when compared to the control group. Moreover, longevity was shortened by 9.43 days in females and 2.18 days in males. Significant changes in the activity of major detoxifying enzymes were observed where monooxygenase level was highest which indicates its role in lambda-cyhalothrin degradation leading to resistance, followed by both β-esterase and GST. Conclusion: The findings of the current study can be helpful in integrated mosquito management (IMM), where based on their life history traits, the vulnerable stage of vectors can be targeted for effective resistance management.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42168027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202314
A. K
National Filaria Control Programme has been running in the country since the year 1955 with the strategy of parasite detection, treatment and vector control mainly in urban areas. In the year 1997, the fiftieth World Health Assembly Resolution listed Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) for elimination by 2020 which now has been aligned with Sustainable Development Goal to be achieved by 2030. India also started its campaign to eliminate LF in 2004. The main strategy of the elimination programme is the Annual Mass Drug Administration (MDA) to progressively reduce and ultimately interrupt LF transmission. The other pillar of the strategy is morbidity management and disability prevention. Kerala state also started its LF elimination campaign in 11 endemic districts out of a total of 14 districts. The average population coverage during MDA in Kerala was reported to be more than 90% from 2004 to 2013, however, drug compliance during independent assessment was reported to be 40%-60% which improved in subsequent years due to a multipronged approach. The main reason of low consumption was the fear of side effects and the same was resolved through massive IEC activities highlighting its benefits compared to side effects, which are mostly self-limiting. The innovative strategic approach of extending the MDA period from 3 days to 3 weeks was undertaken to ensure that all the target population was covered. The results have been encouraging as compliance improved to above 65% and many districts have been validated for having achieved the elimination threshold through successfully clearing transmission assessment survey (TAS).
{"title":"Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in Kerala: A Success Story","authors":"A. K","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202314","url":null,"abstract":"National Filaria Control Programme has been running in the country since the year 1955 with the strategy of parasite detection, treatment and vector control mainly in urban areas. In the year 1997, the fiftieth World Health Assembly Resolution listed Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) for elimination by 2020 which now has been aligned with Sustainable Development Goal to be achieved by 2030. India also started its campaign to eliminate LF in 2004. The main strategy of the elimination programme is the Annual Mass Drug Administration (MDA) to progressively reduce and ultimately interrupt LF transmission. The other pillar of the strategy is morbidity management and disability prevention. Kerala state also started its LF elimination campaign in 11 endemic districts out of a total of 14 districts. The average population coverage during MDA in Kerala was reported to be more than 90% from 2004 to 2013, however, drug compliance during independent assessment was reported to be 40%-60% which improved in subsequent years due to a multipronged approach. The main reason of low consumption was the fear of side effects and the same was resolved through massive IEC activities highlighting its benefits compared to side effects, which are mostly self-limiting. The innovative strategic approach of extending the MDA period from 3 days to 3 weeks was undertaken to ensure that all the target population was covered. The results have been encouraging as compliance improved to above 65% and many districts have been validated for having achieved the elimination threshold through successfully clearing transmission assessment survey (TAS).","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47716419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202307
R. Hestiningsih
Introduction: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the Leptospira bacteria and is transmitted from animals to humans. Leptospirosis can be spread by rodents. In the health aspects, rats play a role as carriers or reservoirs of various diseases transmitted to humans. Apart from leptospirosis, many other infectious diseases can be transmitted through rodents. One of the places where rodents are found in high numbers is the traditional market. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the density of rats and ectoparasites in the market and settlements around it. Method: In the area of the market building, 50 traps were installed, while in the settlements surrounding the market, 64 traps were installed. This was a descriptive research study with survey method and cross-sectional approach. Also, the research was based on Geographical Information System (GIS). Results: The relative density of rats in the one traditional market was found to be 7%, while it was 11.8% in the surrounding settlements. Conclusion: The conclusion is that all the places had a possibility of vector-borne diseases despite the low density of rodents.
{"title":"Population of Rodent and Leptospirosis in Humans: Spatial Aspect of Epidemiology","authors":"R. Hestiningsih","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202307","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the Leptospira bacteria and is transmitted from animals to humans. Leptospirosis can be spread by rodents. In the health aspects, rats play a role as carriers or reservoirs of various diseases transmitted to humans. Apart from leptospirosis, many other infectious diseases can be transmitted through rodents. One of the places where rodents are found in high numbers is the traditional market. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the density of rats and ectoparasites in the market and settlements around it. Method: In the area of the market building, 50 traps were installed, while in the settlements surrounding the market, 64 traps were installed. This was a descriptive research study with survey method and cross-sectional approach. Also, the research was based on Geographical Information System (GIS). Results: The relative density of rats in the one traditional market was found to be 7%, while it was 11.8% in the surrounding settlements. Conclusion: The conclusion is that all the places had a possibility of vector-borne diseases despite the low density of rodents.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47577896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202310
A. Radhakrishnan
The COVID-19 pandemic situation demands the discovery of newer drugs and/ or repurposing of the existing drugs. The anti-viral drugs approved for COVID-19 are remdesivir and favipiravir. Two more directly acting oral anti-viral drugs have been granted Emergency Use Authorization by US-FDA, molnupiravir on December 23, 2021, and nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (PaxlovidTM) on December 22, 2021. Molnupiravir, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor, has also been approved in the UK and is under review with other regulatory agencies. PaxlovidTM (a combination of the new anti-viral drugs nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) has been developed and approved by US-FDA and CDSCO, India. Nirmatrelvir acts by inhibiting 3CL (chymotrypsin-like) protease enzyme and it is combined with ritonavir to slow down its breakdown by cytochrome P450 enzymes and to increase the bioavailability. Both molnupiravir and PaxlovidTM have been approved for mild and moderate COVID-19 and in patients who have a higher risk of disease progression to severe disease including hospitalisation and death. This article systematically reviews the clinical trials of molnupiravir and PaxlovidTM that evaluated their efficacy and safety against COVID-19 in both published and unpublished literature.
COVID-19大流行的形势要求发现新药和/或重新利用现有药物。批准用于COVID-19的抗病毒药物是瑞德西韦和法匹拉韦。另外两种直接作用口服抗病毒药物已于2021年12月23日和2021年12月22日获得US-FDA的紧急使用授权，分别是molnupiravir和nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (PaxlovidTM)。Molnupiravir是一种RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶(RdRp)抑制剂，也已在英国获得批准，并正在与其他监管机构进行审查。PaxlovidTM(一种新型抗病毒药物nirmatrelvir和ritonavir的组合)已被美国fda和印度CDSCO开发并批准。Nirmatrelvir通过抑制3CL(凝乳胰蛋白酶样)蛋白酶起作用，并与利托那韦联合使用以减缓其被细胞色素P450酶分解并提高生物利用度。molnupiravir和PaxlovidTM已被批准用于轻度和中度COVID-19以及疾病进展为严重疾病(包括住院和死亡)风险较高的患者。本文系统回顾了molnupiravir和PaxlovidTM在已发表和未发表的文献中评估其抗COVID-19疗效和安全性的临床试验。
{"title":"Molnupiravir and Combination of Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir (PaxlovidTM) - Oral Anti-viral Drugs in COVID-19: A Systematic Review","authors":"A. Radhakrishnan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202310","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic situation demands the discovery of newer drugs and/ or repurposing of the existing drugs. The anti-viral drugs approved for COVID-19 are remdesivir and favipiravir. Two more directly acting oral anti-viral drugs have been granted Emergency Use Authorization by US-FDA, molnupiravir on December 23, 2021, and nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (PaxlovidTM) on December 22, 2021. Molnupiravir, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor, has also been approved in the UK and is under review with other regulatory agencies. PaxlovidTM (a combination of the new anti-viral drugs nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) has been developed and approved by US-FDA and CDSCO, India. Nirmatrelvir acts by inhibiting 3CL (chymotrypsin-like) protease enzyme and it is combined with ritonavir to slow down its breakdown by cytochrome P450 enzymes and to increase the bioavailability. Both molnupiravir and PaxlovidTM have been approved for mild and moderate COVID-19 and in patients who have a higher risk of disease progression to severe disease including hospitalisation and death. This article systematically reviews the clinical trials of molnupiravir and PaxlovidTM that evaluated their efficacy and safety against COVID-19 in both published and unpublished literature.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45311107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202316
Mohammad J Al-Jassani
Introduction: Tonsillitis is the most common infectious condition after viral nose and throat infections. Millions of new infections every year are recorded globally. Young people under the age of 15 are disproportionately affected by acute tonsillitis. This study aimed to isolate the bacteria causing tonsilitis in children. Methods: One hundred thirty throat swabs were taken from a variety of individuals who were clinically determined to have tonsillitis with purulent discharges at the ENT clinic at Kuthospital. Isolates were tested for their gram stain response and biochemical features after being promptly transported to the laboratory and streaked directly on blood agar, which was incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37°C. The following antibiotics were tested on all isolates using the disc diffusion technique: penicillin (10 units), gentamicin (10 mcg), vancomycin (30 mcg), erythromycin (15 mcg), ciprofloxacin (10 mcg), cephalothin (30 mcg), and chloramphenicol (30 mcg). Isolates were classified as sensitive or resistant based on the widths of zones of inhibition. Results: Thirty-four strains of Streptococci, 14 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 32 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 15 strains of another Staphylococcus spp., and 9 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae were detected. The current results showed that most isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin, while most isolates showed resistance to penicillin and gentamycin. Conclusion: Streptococci and S. aureus showed to be the most common bacterial causes of tonsilitis in children who were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin.
{"title":"Identification of the Bacteria that causes Childhood Tonsillitis","authors":"Mohammad J Al-Jassani","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202316","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Tonsillitis is the most common infectious condition after viral nose and throat infections. Millions of new infections every year are recorded globally. Young people under the age of 15 are disproportionately affected by acute tonsillitis. This study aimed to isolate the bacteria causing tonsilitis in children. Methods: One hundred thirty throat swabs were taken from a variety of individuals who were clinically determined to have tonsillitis with purulent discharges at the ENT clinic at Kuthospital. Isolates were tested for their gram stain response and biochemical features after being promptly transported to the laboratory and streaked directly on blood agar, which was incubated aerobically for 24 hours at 37°C. The following antibiotics were tested on all isolates using the disc diffusion technique: penicillin (10 units), gentamicin (10 mcg), vancomycin (30 mcg), erythromycin (15 mcg), ciprofloxacin (10 mcg), cephalothin (30 mcg), and chloramphenicol (30 mcg). Isolates were classified as sensitive or resistant based on the widths of zones of inhibition. Results: Thirty-four strains of Streptococci, 14 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 32 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 15 strains of another Staphylococcus spp., and 9 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae were detected. The current results showed that most isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin, while most isolates showed resistance to penicillin and gentamycin. Conclusion: Streptococci and S. aureus showed to be the most common bacterial causes of tonsilitis in children who were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and vancomycin.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48611912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202304
S. Kaira
Introduction:Salmonella typhi and paratyphi - related enteric fever still poses serious health risks to people all over the world. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin were recommended as the preferred treatments for enteric fever following the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance. Several reports of ceftriaxone resistance have also been reported, hence accurate medication susceptibility tracking is essential to maintain the empiric management of enteric fever. This study’s objective is to determine the MIC of ceftriaxone in order to help clinicians prescribe the right dosage and stop the emergence of resistance. Material and Methods: The investigation was carried out in 800 bedded hospital in Ghaziabad using a cross-sectional prospective design. A total of 228 Salmonella isolates were included in this investigation. The isolates’ antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, and the ceftriaxone MIC was calculated using the Broth Micro-Dilution (BMD) method. Result: Of the 228 Salmonella species that were isolated, 64 (28.07%) were Salmonella paratyphi A, and 164 (71.92%) were Salmonellatyphi. Ceftriaxone resistance was found in 33 (20.12%) Salmonellatyphi strains while it was found in 14 (21.87%) S. paratyphi A strains. 0.125 μg/ml was the ceftriaxone MIC50 value for S. typhi as well as for paratyphi A but the MIC90 value was 8 μg/ml in S. typhi and 4 μg/ml in S. paratyphi A isolates. Conclusion: This investigation revealed a concerning rise in the MIC to ceftriaxone and the reemergence of sensitivity to first-line medications.
{"title":"Concerning Trend in Ceftriaxone Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): Implications for the Treatment of Enteric Fever","authors":"S. Kaira","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202304","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:Salmonella typhi and paratyphi - related enteric fever still poses serious health risks to people all over the world. Ceftriaxone and azithromycin were recommended as the preferred treatments for enteric fever following the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance. Several reports of ceftriaxone resistance have also been reported, hence accurate medication susceptibility tracking is essential to maintain the empiric management of enteric fever. This study’s objective is to determine the MIC of ceftriaxone in order to help clinicians prescribe the right dosage and stop the emergence of resistance. Material and Methods: The investigation was carried out in 800 bedded hospital in Ghaziabad using a cross-sectional prospective design. A total of 228 Salmonella isolates were included in this investigation. The isolates’ antibiotic susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method, and the ceftriaxone MIC was calculated using the Broth Micro-Dilution (BMD) method. Result: Of the 228 Salmonella species that were isolated, 64 (28.07%) were Salmonella paratyphi A, and 164 (71.92%) were Salmonellatyphi. Ceftriaxone resistance was found in 33 (20.12%) Salmonellatyphi strains while it was found in 14 (21.87%) S. paratyphi A strains. 0.125 μg/ml was the ceftriaxone MIC50 value for S. typhi as well as for paratyphi A but the MIC90 value was 8 μg/ml in S. typhi and 4 μg/ml in S. paratyphi A isolates. Conclusion: This investigation revealed a concerning rise in the MIC to ceftriaxone and the reemergence of sensitivity to first-line medications.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43330666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022108
H. L. Wiraswati
Background: Due to the prevalence of malaria worldwide and cases of resistance to malaria drugs, finding new drug candidates is important in malaria control. Due to its traditional use and phytochemical content, this review was conducted on the medicinal plant Mimosa pudica and its family, Fabaceae. Method: This review collected original articles in online databases using several keywords combined with boolean operators. The articles about the antimalarial and insecticidal effects of Mimosa pudica and other Fabaceae species were included in the study. Results: Forty-two articles described 45 species from the Fabaceaefamily exhibiting antimalarial and/ or insecticidal potential including Mimosa pudica. The studies showed that crude extract of M. pudica showed activity against P. falciparum or P. berghei and insecticidal activity against Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles stephensi. More advanced studies were carried out on other Fabaceae species, evaluating their activity with crude extracts and fractions, isolated compounds, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Conclusions: The most promising antiplasmodial activity of M. pudica was shown by aqueous, methanol, and water/ methanol extracts from the aerial part against P. falciparum FCR-3 strain. In addition, aqueous or ethanolic extracts from the leaves of M. pudica revealed their potential against A. subpictus and A. stephensi.
{"title":"The Potential of Plants of Family Fabaceaewith Emphasis on Putri Malu Medicinal Plant ‘Mimosa Pudica’ (Fabaceae) as an Antimalarial & an Insecticide for Malaria Vectors: A Review","authors":"H. L. Wiraswati","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022108","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Due to the prevalence of malaria worldwide and cases of resistance to malaria drugs, finding new drug candidates is important in malaria control. Due to its traditional use and phytochemical content, this review was conducted on the medicinal plant Mimosa pudica and its family, Fabaceae. Method: This review collected original articles in online databases using several keywords combined with boolean operators. The articles about the antimalarial and insecticidal effects of Mimosa pudica and other Fabaceae species were included in the study. Results: Forty-two articles described 45 species from the Fabaceaefamily exhibiting antimalarial and/ or insecticidal potential including Mimosa pudica. The studies showed that crude extract of M. pudica showed activity against P. falciparum or P. berghei and insecticidal activity against Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles stephensi. More advanced studies were carried out on other Fabaceae species, evaluating their activity with crude extracts and fractions, isolated compounds, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Conclusions: The most promising antiplasmodial activity of M. pudica was shown by aqueous, methanol, and water/ methanol extracts from the aerial part against P. falciparum FCR-3 strain. In addition, aqueous or ethanolic extracts from the leaves of M. pudica revealed their potential against A. subpictus and A. stephensi.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41515832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022111
O. Bharti
{"title":"Snake-o-Pathy or Snakebite Syndrome","authors":"O. Bharti","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46223412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.2022107
M. Martini
The high mobility of migrants and their prevention practice was associated with a high incidence of imported malarial diseases. This study was undertaken to analyze the relationship between the mobility factor of migrants and their prevention practices of malaria. This study used a case control study and chi-square statistical test with a co-efficient level of 95%. The sampling technique that was used was purposive sampling, that determine respondents based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample size in this study was 200 respondents. The results show that there was a relationship between the the type of migration area (p=0.001), the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (p=0.047) and the use of chemoprophylaxis (p=0.023) with malaria. There was no relationship between the frequency of mobility (p=0.118), length of stay in the migration area (p=0.130), use of mosquito repellent (p=<1.000), use of long clothes at night (p=0.128) and use of wire gauze (p=<1.000) with malaria. It can be concluded that there is no relationship between the frequency of mobility, the use of mosquito repellent, the use of long clothes and the use of wire gauze with malaria.
{"title":"The Relationship between Mobility and Prevention Practices with Malaria Incidence in Purworejo District","authors":"M. Martini","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.2022107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.2022107","url":null,"abstract":"The high mobility of migrants and their prevention practice was associated with a high incidence of imported malarial diseases. This study was undertaken to analyze the relationship between the mobility factor of migrants and their prevention practices of malaria. This study used a case control study and chi-square statistical test with a co-efficient level of 95%. The sampling technique that was used was purposive sampling, that determine respondents based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample size in this study was 200 respondents. The results show that there was a relationship between the the type of migration area (p=0.001), the use of insecticide-treated bed nets (p=0.047) and the use of chemoprophylaxis (p=0.023) with malaria. There was no relationship between the frequency of mobility (p=0.118), length of stay in the migration area (p=0.130), use of mosquito repellent (p=<1.000), use of long clothes at night (p=0.128) and use of wire gauze (p=<1.000) with malaria. It can be concluded that there is no relationship between the frequency of mobility, the use of mosquito repellent, the use of long clothes and the use of wire gauze with malaria.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45770737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202298
G. Grover
Background: As the state of Punjab has become endemic for dengue, this study was planned to determine the susceptibility status for two different classes of adulticides and the VGSC gene polymorphism in domain II of Aedes aegypti. Methodology: Adult bioassays were performed with pyrethrum, deltamethrin and malathion as per the WHO protocol. AS-PCR and sequencing of VGSC gene were carried out to detect V1016G and Kdr (Knockdown resistance) mutations. Results:Ae. aegypti from the districts of Ludhiana and Patiala were found to be resistant to pyrethrum. The V/ V genotype frequency was found to be higher in all districts. Three known polymorphisms in VGSC gene were not recorded but one synonymous and non-synonymous mutation was found. Group B intron was found in domain II of the VGSC gene. For deltamethrin and malathion, 100% susceptibility was recorded for all four districts. Conclusion: Thus, the present findings indicate 100% susceptibility towards deltamethrin and malathion whereas, moderate resistance towards pyrethrum was recorded. Therefore, more studies should be planned to study polymorphisms in the various domains of the VGSC gene.
{"title":"Detection of Insecticide Susceptibility Status and KDR Mutation in Field-Collected Aedes Aegypti from Different Districts of Punjab, India","authors":"G. Grover","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202298","url":null,"abstract":"Background: As the state of Punjab has become endemic for dengue, this study was planned to determine the susceptibility status for two different classes of adulticides and the VGSC gene polymorphism in domain II of Aedes aegypti. Methodology: Adult bioassays were performed with pyrethrum, deltamethrin and malathion as per the WHO protocol. AS-PCR and sequencing of VGSC gene were carried out to detect V1016G and Kdr (Knockdown resistance) mutations. Results:Ae. aegypti from the districts of Ludhiana and Patiala were found to be resistant to pyrethrum. The V/ V genotype frequency was found to be higher in all districts. Three known polymorphisms in VGSC gene were not recorded but one synonymous and non-synonymous mutation was found. Group B intron was found in domain II of the VGSC gene. For deltamethrin and malathion, 100% susceptibility was recorded for all four districts. Conclusion: Thus, the present findings indicate 100% susceptibility towards deltamethrin and malathion whereas, moderate resistance towards pyrethrum was recorded. Therefore, more studies should be planned to study polymorphisms in the various domains of the VGSC gene.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42444304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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