Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202276
Margret Chandira Rajappa
One of the most captivating mythical tales in the realm of medicine is Ondine’s curse. Ondine was an eternal water spirit who became human after falling in love, marrying, and having a child with a man. When she saw her husband sleeping with another woman, she cursed him to stay awake to control his breathing, according to one version of the story. The unusual illness marked by loss of autonomic breath control while voluntary breathing remains intact was cleverly called “Ondine’s curse” during the nineteenth century. Nowadays, Ondine’s curse is most commonly connected with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome; nevertheless, it is also used to describe a variety of respiratory illnesses in the medical literature.
{"title":"An Overview of Ondine’s Curse and its Diagnostic Options in the Medical Field","authors":"Margret Chandira Rajappa","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202276","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most captivating mythical tales in the realm of medicine is Ondine’s curse. Ondine was an eternal water spirit who became human after falling in love, marrying, and having a child with a man. When she saw her husband sleeping with another woman, she cursed him to stay awake to control his breathing, according to one version of the story. The unusual illness marked by loss of autonomic breath control while voluntary breathing remains intact was cleverly called “Ondine’s curse” during the nineteenth century. Nowadays, Ondine’s curse is most commonly connected with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome; nevertheless, it is also used to describe a variety of respiratory illnesses in the medical literature.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43455380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202267
Ahmed Fadhil Idan
Background: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of both inpatient and outpatient pneumonia. Objective: To describe the effect of COVID-19 virus on patients with kidney disease and renal transplants and analyse the outcomes of patients at the time of the study. Patients and Method: This is a descriptive study conducted in Baghdad Medical City, Al Shifa Center (single centre study). The study included 13 RTPCR-positive patients who were screened in the inpatient and outpatient departments. All patients received treatment according to the Iraq Ministry of Health protocol with dose adjusted as per the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Result: The mean age of participants was 51.46 years with males more than females. Among the positive cases, 2 had acute kidney injury (15.4%), 3 had chronic kidney diseases (23.1%), 5 had end-stage renal disease (38.5%), and 3 had had renal transplants (23.1%). 6 patients out of 13 were diabetic, 11 were hypertensive, and 1 patient had heart failure. 7 (53.8%) patients were given conservative treatment, 4 were given isolated conventional haemodialysis, and only 2 patients were kept in an intensive care unit on continuous renal replacement therapy. 2 male patients died during the treatment. Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for COVID-19 infection and more mortality and infection were found in male patients as compared to female patients in our study.
{"title":"Effect of Coronavirus among Kidney Disease Patients","authors":"Ahmed Fadhil Idan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202267","url":null,"abstract":"Background: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk of both inpatient and outpatient pneumonia. Objective: To describe the effect of COVID-19 virus on patients with kidney disease and renal transplants and analyse the outcomes of patients at the time of the study. Patients and Method: This is a descriptive study conducted in Baghdad Medical City, Al Shifa Center (single centre study). The study included 13 RTPCR-positive patients who were screened in the inpatient and outpatient departments. All patients received treatment according to the Iraq Ministry of Health protocol with dose adjusted as per the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Result: The mean age of participants was 51.46 years with males more than females. Among the positive cases, 2 had acute kidney injury (15.4%), 3 had chronic kidney diseases (23.1%), 5 had end-stage renal disease (38.5%), and 3 had had renal transplants (23.1%). 6 patients out of 13 were diabetic, 11 were hypertensive, and 1 patient had heart failure. 7 (53.8%) patients were given conservative treatment, 4 were given isolated conventional haemodialysis, and only 2 patients were kept in an intensive care unit on continuous renal replacement therapy. 2 male patients died during the treatment. Conclusion: Chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for COVID-19 infection and more mortality and infection were found in male patients as compared to female patients in our study.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44929023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202270
SN Sharma
Surveillance tools measure and help to predict the possibility of the onset of any disease including vector-borne diseases during some specific situations likemass gatherings (MGs) that are closely related tothe disease epidemiology (why, what, who, where, when, and how)concerningthe transmission of infectious diseases including vector-borne diseases. Some situations ofmass gatherings may bring closely large and diverse population groups coming from different endemic zones/areas leading tothe transmission of communicable diseases including vector-borne diseases. Mass gatherings (MGs) may have the potential to enhance the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseasesowing to different geographical, social, and climatic factors. Usually, MGs have been thought to have enhanced risks of disease transmission.Theyalso have the potential to increase the opportunities for other types of mechanical injuriesfrom accidents, stampedes, alcohol use, internal group fights etc. that may result in morbidity or mortality.Besides, they are potential breeding places for the proliferation of vector species, capable of transmitting malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and JE including ticks and mites-borne diseases. It is a well-known fact there area large number of asymptomatic cases which act as sub-clinical cases, hence, chances of local transmission through vectors during such mass gatherings can not be ruled out.There is always a need for well-structured, intensified real-time disease and vector surveillance and reporting systems in place which is essential for efficient MG planning, to ensure disease prevention and control. In the present context of the ongoing COVIDpandemic, such surveillance systems havebecome a vital component of such events of mass gatherings and large-scale movement of people.
{"title":"Mass Gathering and Population Movement in India: Possible Risk of Vector-Borne Diseases","authors":"SN Sharma","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202270","url":null,"abstract":"Surveillance tools measure and help to predict the possibility of the onset of any disease including vector-borne diseases during some specific situations likemass gatherings (MGs) that are closely related tothe disease epidemiology (why, what, who, where, when, and how)concerningthe transmission of infectious diseases including vector-borne diseases. Some situations ofmass gatherings may bring closely large and diverse population groups coming from different endemic zones/areas leading tothe transmission of communicable diseases including vector-borne diseases. Mass gatherings (MGs) may have the potential to enhance the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseasesowing to different geographical, social, and climatic factors. Usually, MGs have been thought to have enhanced risks of disease transmission.Theyalso have the potential to increase the opportunities for other types of mechanical injuriesfrom accidents, stampedes, alcohol use, internal group fights etc. that may result in morbidity or mortality.Besides, they are potential breeding places for the proliferation of vector species, capable of transmitting malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and JE including ticks and mites-borne diseases. It is a well-known fact there area large number of asymptomatic cases which act as sub-clinical cases, hence, chances of local transmission through vectors during such mass gatherings can not be ruled out.There is always a need for well-structured, intensified real-time disease and vector surveillance and reporting systems in place which is essential for efficient MG planning, to ensure disease prevention and control. In the present context of the ongoing COVIDpandemic, such surveillance systems havebecome a vital component of such events of mass gatherings and large-scale movement of people.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42164555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202258
SN Sharma
Entomological surveillance is an integral component of surveillance activities for any vector-borne disease. The vector surveillance in a given area shall depend on the laid down objective and keeping in view of the expected outcome. The sampling strategy for vector surveillance shall depend on routine entomological surveillance, outbreak situation and insecticide resistance monitoring. The selection of any sampling strategy and technique should always be kept in mind for its appropriate application depending on the target species. The sampling strategy shall imply that vector surveillance teams are supposed to select different options depending on the short or long term study at hand. The present ongoing operational vector sampling methods usually lack standardisation, quantitative comparisons across different situations in case of outbreak situations and one time measurements, and it makes it difficult to assess the real situation. The sampling strategy should always meet the requirement of the laid objectives to fulfil the desired outcome. The present document is an attempt to act as a guiding principle for use as appropriate sampling strategy for any vector-borne diseases in the country.
{"title":"Entomological Sampling Strategy, Sampling Tools and Analytical Techniques with regard to Vector-Borne Diseases: Indian Perspective","authors":"SN Sharma","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202258","url":null,"abstract":"Entomological surveillance is an integral component of surveillance activities for any vector-borne disease. The vector surveillance in a given area shall depend on the laid down objective and keeping in view of the expected outcome. The sampling strategy for vector surveillance shall depend on routine entomological surveillance, outbreak situation and insecticide resistance monitoring. The selection of any sampling strategy and technique should always be kept in mind for its appropriate application depending on the target species. The sampling strategy shall imply that vector surveillance teams are supposed to select different options depending on the short or long term study at hand. The present ongoing operational vector sampling methods usually lack standardisation, quantitative comparisons across different situations in case of outbreak situations and one time measurements, and it makes it difficult to assess the real situation. The sampling strategy should always meet the requirement of the laid objectives to fulfil the desired outcome. The present document is an attempt to act as a guiding principle for use as appropriate sampling strategy for any vector-borne diseases in the country.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45758658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202252
Ashraf I Khasawneh
Background: The daily cases and fatalities in the COVID-19 pandemic are still on the rise. This study aimed to examine the epidemiological trends of the COVID-19 patients at an early stage in the pandemic. Methods: This study included all COVID-19 positive patients who were admitted to the Prince Hamza Hospital between the 2nd and 31st of March 2020. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the COVID-19 positive patients were reviewed and analysed.Results: Of the 132 patients admitted during the period of study, 81 were males, with a mean age of 38.9 years (SD ± 19 yrs). Of those, 55 (41.7%) had comorbidities, 9% required oxygen supplementation, and 3 (2.2%) died. The most common clinical manifestations on admission were fever (36.4%), dry cough (17.4%), shortness of breath (12.9%), and anosmia (10.6%). CRP was elevated in 45.4%, and ESR was also high in 22.7% of patients with CRP elevation and was statistically significant in symptomatic patients (p = 0.004). Likewise, D-dimer was markedly elevated in 42.1% of the symptomatic patients (p = 0.025). Chest CT scans in symptomatic patients showed statistically significant bilateral lung infection (17.2%) as compared to non-symptomatic patients (p = 0.049). Conclusion: The COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan at the beginning of the pandemic had presented clinically significant symptoms associated with higher values of CRP and CT chest findings.
{"title":"An Analytical Study of the Early COVID-19 Cases in Jordan","authors":"Ashraf I Khasawneh","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202252","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The daily cases and fatalities in the COVID-19 pandemic are still on the rise. This study aimed to examine the epidemiological trends of the COVID-19 patients at an early stage in the pandemic. Methods: This study included all COVID-19 positive patients who were admitted to the Prince Hamza Hospital between the 2nd and 31st of March 2020. The demographic, clinical, and laboratory data of the COVID-19 positive patients were reviewed and analysed.Results: Of the 132 patients admitted during the period of study, 81 were males, with a mean age of 38.9 years (SD ± 19 yrs). Of those, 55 (41.7%) had comorbidities, 9% required oxygen supplementation, and 3 (2.2%) died. The most common clinical manifestations on admission were fever (36.4%), dry cough (17.4%), shortness of breath (12.9%), and anosmia (10.6%). CRP was elevated in 45.4%, and ESR was also high in 22.7% of patients with CRP elevation and was statistically significant in symptomatic patients (p = 0.004). Likewise, D-dimer was markedly elevated in 42.1% of the symptomatic patients (p = 0.025). Chest CT scans in symptomatic patients showed statistically significant bilateral lung infection (17.2%) as compared to non-symptomatic patients (p = 0.049). Conclusion: The COVID-19 outbreak in Jordan at the beginning of the pandemic had presented clinically significant symptoms associated with higher values of CRP and CT chest findings.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47239123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202254
J. F. Al-Musawi
Introduction: COVID-19, the life-threatening disease caused by the pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus, has limited treatment or measures for curing the infected persons. However, many antibiotics have been tried with varied results. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of anti-tubercular medicines in treating patients who are experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.Methods: The present research work included nearly 2885 patients experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, who were categorised into two groups. The first group comprised nearly 1399 patients who were injected with 1 gm/day of streptomycin dose for a period of 10 days and 600 mg/day dosage of rifampicin was administered for a period of 10 days depending on the clinical symptoms. The second group (1486 patients) received 1 gm ceftriaxonein 100 ml saline solution for a continuous period of 12 hours continued for 10 days and 500 mg oral azithromycin continued for treatment for 5 days.Results: The use of ceftriaxone 1 gm twice daily for 10 days and azithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 5 days improved 1486 (51.51%) patients, and streptomycin 1 gm twice daily for 10 days made nearly 1399 (48.49%) patients respond well, considering the significant level for improving the total number of patients confirmed with COVID-19. Additionally, the researchers have proved that patients treated with both streptomycin and rifampicin had higher percentages of recovery from COVID-19 signs and symptoms, with 304 patients (21.72%) aged between 46 years and 55 years old and 305 patients (21.80%) aged between 56 years and 65 years. Individuals treated with both ceftriaxone and azithromycin showed good improvement [374 (25.16%) and 339 (22.81%) patients aged 36-55 years]. The present study also confirmed that the treatment using a combined form of rifampicin and streptomycin was more successful in 78% of males and 61% of females. Also, considering the treatment using both azithromycin and ceftriaxone, there was no change of improvement among the patients. Conclusions: The combined form of rifampicin and streptomycin is seen to have a significant effect with a good immune response for treating COVID-19 patients.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Anti-TB Medicines in Treating Patients Experiencing COVID-19 Symptoms","authors":"J. F. Al-Musawi","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202254","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: COVID-19, the life-threatening disease caused by the pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 virus, has limited treatment or measures for curing the infected persons. However, many antibiotics have been tried with varied results. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of anti-tubercular medicines in treating patients who are experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.Methods: The present research work included nearly 2885 patients experiencing COVID-19 symptoms, who were categorised into two groups. The first group comprised nearly 1399 patients who were injected with 1 gm/day of streptomycin dose for a period of 10 days and 600 mg/day dosage of rifampicin was administered for a period of 10 days depending on the clinical symptoms. The second group (1486 patients) received 1 gm ceftriaxonein 100 ml saline solution for a continuous period of 12 hours continued for 10 days and 500 mg oral azithromycin continued for treatment for 5 days.Results: The use of ceftriaxone 1 gm twice daily for 10 days and azithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 5 days improved 1486 (51.51%) patients, and streptomycin 1 gm twice daily for 10 days made nearly 1399 (48.49%) patients respond well, considering the significant level for improving the total number of patients confirmed with COVID-19. Additionally, the researchers have proved that patients treated with both streptomycin and rifampicin had higher percentages of recovery from COVID-19 signs and symptoms, with 304 patients (21.72%) aged between 46 years and 55 years old and 305 patients (21.80%) aged between 56 years and 65 years. Individuals treated with both ceftriaxone and azithromycin showed good improvement [374 (25.16%) and 339 (22.81%) patients aged 36-55 years]. The present study also confirmed that the treatment using a combined form of rifampicin and streptomycin was more successful in 78% of males and 61% of females. Also, considering the treatment using both azithromycin and ceftriaxone, there was no change of improvement among the patients. Conclusions: The combined form of rifampicin and streptomycin is seen to have a significant effect with a good immune response for treating COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41664131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202263
P. Rajagopalan
As a biologist and a non-medical epidemiologist, it has now become necessary to talk about the plight of the present day entomologists. Without entomologists, malaria, or for that matter any vector-borne disease would never have been controlled anywhere else in the world, including India
{"title":"Medical Entomologists - A Disappearing Profession in Public Health System: Indian Perspective","authors":"P. Rajagopalan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202263","url":null,"abstract":"As a biologist and a non-medical epidemiologist, it has now become necessary to talk about the plight of the present day entomologists. Without entomologists, malaria, or for that matter any vector-borne disease would never have been controlled anywhere else in the world, including India","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44534736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202259
R. Kumari
India achieved spectacular gains in malaria control during the ‘Eradication Era’ in the 1950s till the mid-1960s. The Global Malaria Eradication Programme of WHO launched in the 1950s was a huge success in India with the incidence dropping from an estimated 75 million cases and 8,00,000 deaths in 1947 to just 49,151 cases and no deaths in 1961 and malaria was thought to be on the verge of eradication. Thus, since the early 1950s, the malaria program in India has produced a number of successes, and has faced some setbacks also which have led to malaria resurgences. Recently, India envisages eliminating malaria by 2030 in line with the Global Technical Strategy (2016-2030). The National Framework for Malaria Elimination was launched in 2016 and National Strategic Plan 2017-2022 in 2017, provide a phased approach to elimination and outline priority areas and activities required to be implemented based on district-level stratification of burden. Malaria program is now moving away from “One Fit Size to All”. States and districts are classified in four categories to eliminate malaria in a phased manner. In 2019, India recorded a 60% reduction in reported cases compared with 2017 and a 46% reduction compared with 2018. India’s progress for drastic reduction of malaria incidences have also mentioned in World Malaria Report 2018, 2019 and 2020. However, there are challenges for the country to sustain the progress made so far and to accelerate further malaria activities to achieve the goal for malaria elimination by 2030. Since the discovery of malaria transmission was made in India by Sir Ronald Ross in 1897, an intensive works was carried on malaria control in India. There were different phases for malaria control in the country to moving from control towards eradication and elimination. The paper gives a brief history of malaria control in India and analyses the present malaria situation.
{"title":"Transition of Malaria Control to Malaria Elimination in India","authors":"R. Kumari","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202259","url":null,"abstract":"India achieved spectacular gains in malaria control during the ‘Eradication Era’ in the 1950s till the mid-1960s. The Global Malaria Eradication Programme of WHO launched in the 1950s was a huge success in India with the incidence dropping from an estimated 75 million cases and 8,00,000 deaths in 1947 to just 49,151 cases and no deaths in 1961 and malaria was thought to be on the verge of eradication. Thus, since the early 1950s, the malaria program in India has produced a number of successes, and has faced some setbacks also which have led to malaria resurgences. Recently, India envisages eliminating malaria by 2030 in line with the Global Technical Strategy (2016-2030). The National Framework for Malaria Elimination was launched in 2016 and National Strategic Plan 2017-2022 in 2017, provide a phased approach to elimination and outline priority areas and activities required to be implemented based on district-level stratification of burden. Malaria program is now moving away from “One Fit Size to All”. States and districts are classified in four categories to eliminate malaria in a phased manner. In 2019, India recorded a 60% reduction in reported cases compared with 2017 and a 46% reduction compared with 2018. India’s progress for drastic reduction of malaria incidences have also mentioned in World Malaria Report 2018, 2019 and 2020. However, there are challenges for the country to sustain the progress made so far and to accelerate further malaria activities to achieve the goal for malaria elimination by 2030. Since the discovery of malaria transmission was made in India by Sir Ronald Ross in 1897, an intensive works was carried on malaria control in India. There were different phases for malaria control in the country to moving from control towards eradication and elimination. The paper gives a brief history of malaria control in India and analyses the present malaria situation.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45935878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202251
R. Dhiman
Background: Vector-borne diseases are climate-sensitive as vectors are poikilothermic. Among climatic factors, temperature is of prime importance as it affects vectors’ development and pathogen transmission as well. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to understand the impact of constant variable temperatures, and indoor versus outdoor temperatures on the survival of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti and its implication on the transmission of malaria and dengue respectively.Method: Two to three days old laboratory-bred An. stephensi and Ae. Aaegypti female mosquitoes were kept individually in environmental chambers at different temperatures ranging from 32-42 °C and relative humidity i.e. 65-75 ± 5%. Control experiment was set up at 26 °C and 65-75% RH. Kaplan-Meier method was employed for estimation of survival probabilities and log-rank (Mantel-Cox test) for comparison, and Chi-square was determined. The daily recorded temperature was used to calculate extrinsic incubation periods of malaria parasites and dengue virus using Indirect Moshkovsky’s and Oganov-Rayevsky methods, respectively.Results: The Kaplan Meier plots of adult survival revealed that the overall survival of exposed groups significantly decreased with increasing temperature in both the vectors. The median days of survival were found higher in Ae. aegypti than An. stephensi. EIP was shorter in dengue as compared to malaria parasites. Indoor temperature was found to be more conducive for both the pathogens’ transmission. Ae. aegyptiappears more sturdy in terms of thermal tolerance.Conclusion: The potential increase in the faster rate of development of dengue at a higher temperature indicates that with a projected rise in temperatures due to climate change, the transmission of dengue would expand temporally. Further prospective studies are needed in real-time monitoring of temperature and RH in field conditions, vis-a-vis survival of vectors for refinement of the projected scenario of vectors’ survival and/ or disease transmission.
{"title":"Revisiting the Impact of Temperature on Survival of Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti and Implications on Extrinsic Incubation Period","authors":"R. Dhiman","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202251","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vector-borne diseases are climate-sensitive as vectors are poikilothermic. Among climatic factors, temperature is of prime importance as it affects vectors’ development and pathogen transmission as well. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to understand the impact of constant variable temperatures, and indoor versus outdoor temperatures on the survival of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti and its implication on the transmission of malaria and dengue respectively.Method: Two to three days old laboratory-bred An. stephensi and Ae. Aaegypti female mosquitoes were kept individually in environmental chambers at different temperatures ranging from 32-42 °C and relative humidity i.e. 65-75 ± 5%. Control experiment was set up at 26 °C and 65-75% RH. Kaplan-Meier method was employed for estimation of survival probabilities and log-rank (Mantel-Cox test) for comparison, and Chi-square was determined. The daily recorded temperature was used to calculate extrinsic incubation periods of malaria parasites and dengue virus using Indirect Moshkovsky’s and Oganov-Rayevsky methods, respectively.Results: The Kaplan Meier plots of adult survival revealed that the overall survival of exposed groups significantly decreased with increasing temperature in both the vectors. The median days of survival were found higher in Ae. aegypti than An. stephensi. EIP was shorter in dengue as compared to malaria parasites. Indoor temperature was found to be more conducive for both the pathogens’ transmission. Ae. aegyptiappears more sturdy in terms of thermal tolerance.Conclusion: The potential increase in the faster rate of development of dengue at a higher temperature indicates that with a projected rise in temperatures due to climate change, the transmission of dengue would expand temporally. Further prospective studies are needed in real-time monitoring of temperature and RH in field conditions, vis-a-vis survival of vectors for refinement of the projected scenario of vectors’ survival and/ or disease transmission.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48679727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-31DOI: 10.24321/0019.5138.202242
F. Prakoeswa
Background: Leprosy is one of the neglected tropical infectious diseases in developing countries caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Various morbidity and stigma associated with leprosy infection which affects women more than men have led to its late diagnosis and treatment. Gender status, the role of a person in the household, and parenting are some of the factors that greatly influence the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae to children. This increase in the number of cases will also affect the number of new cases of leprosy in children.Aim: To analyse the immune profile in the maternal-children population in leprosy endemic areas in East Java, Indonesia.Method: We investigated the activities of four subsets of T cells, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg by measuring the circulated cytokines (IFN-γ for Th1, IL-4 for Th2, IL-17 for Th17) or marker levels (FOXP3+ for Treg) by using ELISA.Results: The comparison analysis of this study showed a significant difference in FOXP3+ level of maternal leprosy compared with a healthy maternal population and IL-17 level of children leprosy compared with a healthy children population. A negative correlation was found between maternal FOXP3+ levels and children IL-17 levels.Conclusion: The immune profile of the maternal-paediatrics population could be beneficial in planning an intervention to eradicate leprosy.
{"title":"Immune Profile (Th1, Th2, Th17, T-reg) of Maternal-Paediatrics Population in Leprosy Endemic Areas in East Java, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"F. Prakoeswa","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202242","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Leprosy is one of the neglected tropical infectious diseases in developing countries caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Various morbidity and stigma associated with leprosy infection which affects women more than men have led to its late diagnosis and treatment. Gender status, the role of a person in the household, and parenting are some of the factors that greatly influence the transmission of Mycobacterium leprae to children. This increase in the number of cases will also affect the number of new cases of leprosy in children.Aim: To analyse the immune profile in the maternal-children population in leprosy endemic areas in East Java, Indonesia.Method: We investigated the activities of four subsets of T cells, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg by measuring the circulated cytokines (IFN-γ for Th1, IL-4 for Th2, IL-17 for Th17) or marker levels (FOXP3+ for Treg) by using ELISA.Results: The comparison analysis of this study showed a significant difference in FOXP3+ level of maternal leprosy compared with a healthy maternal population and IL-17 level of children leprosy compared with a healthy children population. A negative correlation was found between maternal FOXP3+ levels and children IL-17 levels.Conclusion: The immune profile of the maternal-paediatrics population could be beneficial in planning an intervention to eradicate leprosy.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42957635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：