Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-86-94
O. N. Zhigaleva, S. G. Mardanly, T. Yu. Gashenko, I. I. Ermolaev
Relevance. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common viral infections affecting people worldwide and can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently 3% of the world's population are infected with hepatitis B virus and are at risk of developing life-threatening liver disease. Immunological and molecular biological methods of detection of HBV are currently used in laboratory diagnostics. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is currently the most sensitive method for the detection and quantification of HBV. HBV DNA quantification is widely used to monitor the antiviral treatment of HBV infection. Aim. To develop a real-time PCR kit for the quantification of HBV DNA. Materials and methods. A total of 200 plasma and serum samples positive and negative for HBV were used in the development. The performance of the developed kit was compared with the use of other commercially registered HBV diagnostic kits in Russia. Additionally, the nucleotide sequences of all existing virus genotypes analysed for the selection of primers using GeneBank system. Results and discussion. Comparison analysis of the results of quantitative determination by real-time PCR in 200 clinical serum and blood plasma samples showed that the diagnostic sensitivity of the developed kit was 100% and specificity 100%. The primers developed specific to the POL gene region. The kit is capable of detecting all types of virus genotypes. Conclusions. The developed reagent kit allows detection of hepatitis B virus and determination of its quantity within 70 minutes. In addition to a large number of genotypes and subgenotypes, the virus is characterized by mutational changes in the genome, which complicates its diagnosis and, as a consequence, the ongoing therapy with drugs. Conservative regions for primer and probe selection taken into account in the development, and the sequencing results obtained are applicable to all HBV genotypes. The reagent kit is designed to monitor HBV infected patients and will allow the analysis of different HBV viral loads.
{"title":"Development of a Reagent Kit for the Quantitative Determination of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) DNA in Clinical Material by PCR with Hybridization-Fluorescence Detection","authors":"O. N. Zhigaleva, S. G. Mardanly, T. Yu. Gashenko, I. I. Ermolaev","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-86-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-86-94","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most common viral infections affecting people worldwide and can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently 3% of the world's population are infected with hepatitis B virus and are at risk of developing life-threatening liver disease. Immunological and molecular biological methods of detection of HBV are currently used in laboratory diagnostics. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is currently the most sensitive method for the detection and quantification of HBV. HBV DNA quantification is widely used to monitor the antiviral treatment of HBV infection. Aim. To develop a real-time PCR kit for the quantification of HBV DNA. Materials and methods. A total of 200 plasma and serum samples positive and negative for HBV were used in the development. The performance of the developed kit was compared with the use of other commercially registered HBV diagnostic kits in Russia. Additionally, the nucleotide sequences of all existing virus genotypes analysed for the selection of primers using GeneBank system. Results and discussion. Comparison analysis of the results of quantitative determination by real-time PCR in 200 clinical serum and blood plasma samples showed that the diagnostic sensitivity of the developed kit was 100% and specificity 100%. The primers developed specific to the POL gene region. The kit is capable of detecting all types of virus genotypes. Conclusions. The developed reagent kit allows detection of hepatitis B virus and determination of its quantity within 70 minutes. In addition to a large number of genotypes and subgenotypes, the virus is characterized by mutational changes in the genome, which complicates its diagnosis and, as a consequence, the ongoing therapy with drugs. Conservative regions for primer and probe selection taken into account in the development, and the sequencing results obtained are applicable to all HBV genotypes. The reagent kit is designed to monitor HBV infected patients and will allow the analysis of different HBV viral loads.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136237101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-95-105
A. V. Starshinin, T. N. Elagina, Yu. B. Novikova, G. N. Gribanovskaya, N. N. Kamynina, O. I. Nechaev
Relevance. Thanks to decisions taken at the national level, many countries have managed to significantly increase coverage with preventive vaccination and reduce mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has recaptured the relevance of organizing mass vaccination. Based on the current epidemiological situation, characteristics of the population, peculiar features of infrastructure, available resources in individual country, and individual city, various organizational vaccination solutions have been developed and implemented. The Moscow-based experience of vaccinating against influenza at mobile vaccination sites near the Moscow metro stations in 2016 became the starting point in the development of new organizational forms and technologies for mass vaccination in a megapolis, that have been successfully adapted to the new conditions of the COVID19 pandemic. Aims. is to summarize foreign and Russian (exemplified by Moscow) experience in organizing mass vaccination. Material and methods. The study is based on the publication search results in Google and PubMed. The authors selected materials published in 2017– 2023. The implemented analysis of the long-term dynamics in the influenza incidence in the Russian Federation, the Central Federal District (CFD) and Moscow was based on data of the Federal State Statistical Observation Form No. 2 «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases» for 2013–2019. Results and discussion. The analysis of foreign experience shows that the development and implementation of new forms of mass vaccination cannot become a "standard project". In each region of the world, it is organized with due regard to the local economic, legal, social, medical, organizational and even cultural conditions. Vaccination of the population against influenza at mobile vaccination sites near the Moscow metro stations contributed to a 42.3% decrease in the incidence of influenza (from 24.6 in 2016 to 14.2 per 100,000 population in 2017). In 2019, the incidence of influenza in Moscow was 28.8% lower than the CFD one and 62.2% lower than the Russian rate. The recognized successful experience of deploying mobile vaccination sites near the metro stations has been significantly expanded to control the COVID-19 pandemic with mobile teams, vaccination sites in shopping centers, etc. Conclusion. The conducted research and literature data substantiate the deployment of additional vaccination sites to ensure the necessary coverage with vaccination within a short period of time.
{"title":"Organization of Mass Vaccine Prevention in the Conditions of a Modern Megapolis","authors":"A. V. Starshinin, T. N. Elagina, Yu. B. Novikova, G. N. Gribanovskaya, N. N. Kamynina, O. I. Nechaev","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-95-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-95-105","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Thanks to decisions taken at the national level, many countries have managed to significantly increase coverage with preventive vaccination and reduce mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has recaptured the relevance of organizing mass vaccination. Based on the current epidemiological situation, characteristics of the population, peculiar features of infrastructure, available resources in individual country, and individual city, various organizational vaccination solutions have been developed and implemented. The Moscow-based experience of vaccinating against influenza at mobile vaccination sites near the Moscow metro stations in 2016 became the starting point in the development of new organizational forms and technologies for mass vaccination in a megapolis, that have been successfully adapted to the new conditions of the COVID19 pandemic. Aims. is to summarize foreign and Russian (exemplified by Moscow) experience in organizing mass vaccination. Material and methods. The study is based on the publication search results in Google and PubMed. The authors selected materials published in 2017– 2023. The implemented analysis of the long-term dynamics in the influenza incidence in the Russian Federation, the Central Federal District (CFD) and Moscow was based on data of the Federal State Statistical Observation Form No. 2 «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases» for 2013–2019. Results and discussion. The analysis of foreign experience shows that the development and implementation of new forms of mass vaccination cannot become a \"standard project\". In each region of the world, it is organized with due regard to the local economic, legal, social, medical, organizational and even cultural conditions. Vaccination of the population against influenza at mobile vaccination sites near the Moscow metro stations contributed to a 42.3% decrease in the incidence of influenza (from 24.6 in 2016 to 14.2 per 100,000 population in 2017). In 2019, the incidence of influenza in Moscow was 28.8% lower than the CFD one and 62.2% lower than the Russian rate. The recognized successful experience of deploying mobile vaccination sites near the metro stations has been significantly expanded to control the COVID-19 pandemic with mobile teams, vaccination sites in shopping centers, etc. Conclusion. The conducted research and literature data substantiate the deployment of additional vaccination sites to ensure the necessary coverage with vaccination within a short period of time.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136237280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-56-66
M. P. Kostinov, N. Yu. Nastaeva, A. E. Vlasenko, A. M. Kostinova, K. V. Mashilov, E. G. Simonova
Background. Individuals who were vaccinated against seasonal influenza or had a history of pneumococcal vaccination were found to be less likely to become infected and tolerate COVID-19 more easily. However, it has not been sufficiently studied how vaccination against these infections, carried out during the pandemic period, can affect the incidence of COVID-19. Aims. The purpose of the investigation: to study the effect of vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infection carried out during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection on the susceptibility and course of COVID-19 in healthcare workers. Materials and methods. In August- Setempber 2020, after the first rise in the incidence of COVID-19, out of 547 employees (aged 18 to 70 years) of a medical organization (MO), 266 (49%) were vaccinated against influenza (group II, n = 98), pneumococcal infection (group III, n = 60) and combined vaccination (group IV, n = 108), while 281 (51%) remained unvaccinated (group 1). Follow-up period: from September 2020 to March 2021 with the registration of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) according to primary medical records and the use of PCR methods for SARS-CoV-2, epidemiological and statistical analysis. Results. Two months after the start of the study, the proportion of cases of COVID-19 in the 1st group (unvaccinated) was 5% versus 1% in the 4th group (persons vaccinated with two vaccines), after 4 months – 15% and 5%, respectively, and at the end of observation (166 days) – 16% and 8%, respectively. That is, among unvaccinated individuals, the risk of getting COVID-19 was higher by HR = 2.1 [95% CI: 1.0÷4.7] times. The time between the start of observation and a positive test for COVID-19 in study participants was significantly higher in the 4th group compared to the group I: 106 [60–136] days versus 47 [17–75] days. The distribution of patients with COVID-19 according to the severity of viral pneumonia showed that in unvaccinated patients in most (64%) cases, pneumonia had a moderate to severe course, while in the 4th group of patients with combined vaccination in 100% of cases, mild (p = 0.04 for the entire sample). Conclusions. During the COVID-19 epidemic rises, vaccination against respiratory infections remains relevant, reducing the number of cases, the severity of the coronavirus infection and preventing the occurrence of co-infections.
{"title":"Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination of Healthcare Workers during a Pandemic Reduces the Risk and Severity of COVID-19 in Vaccinated","authors":"M. P. Kostinov, N. Yu. Nastaeva, A. E. Vlasenko, A. M. Kostinova, K. V. Mashilov, E. G. Simonova","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-56-66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-56-66","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Individuals who were vaccinated against seasonal influenza or had a history of pneumococcal vaccination were found to be less likely to become infected and tolerate COVID-19 more easily. However, it has not been sufficiently studied how vaccination against these infections, carried out during the pandemic period, can affect the incidence of COVID-19. Aims. The purpose of the investigation: to study the effect of vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infection carried out during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection on the susceptibility and course of COVID-19 in healthcare workers. Materials and methods. In August- Setempber 2020, after the first rise in the incidence of COVID-19, out of 547 employees (aged 18 to 70 years) of a medical organization (MO), 266 (49%) were vaccinated against influenza (group II, n = 98), pneumococcal infection (group III, n = 60) and combined vaccination (group IV, n = 108), while 281 (51%) remained unvaccinated (group 1). Follow-up period: from September 2020 to March 2021 with the registration of the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) according to primary medical records and the use of PCR methods for SARS-CoV-2, epidemiological and statistical analysis. Results. Two months after the start of the study, the proportion of cases of COVID-19 in the 1st group (unvaccinated) was 5% versus 1% in the 4th group (persons vaccinated with two vaccines), after 4 months – 15% and 5%, respectively, and at the end of observation (166 days) – 16% and 8%, respectively. That is, among unvaccinated individuals, the risk of getting COVID-19 was higher by HR = 2.1 [95% CI: 1.0÷4.7] times. The time between the start of observation and a positive test for COVID-19 in study participants was significantly higher in the 4th group compared to the group I: 106 [60–136] days versus 47 [17–75] days. The distribution of patients with COVID-19 according to the severity of viral pneumonia showed that in unvaccinated patients in most (64%) cases, pneumonia had a moderate to severe course, while in the 4th group of patients with combined vaccination in 100% of cases, mild (p = 0.04 for the entire sample). Conclusions. During the COVID-19 epidemic rises, vaccination against respiratory infections remains relevant, reducing the number of cases, the severity of the coronavirus infection and preventing the occurrence of co-infections.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136237282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-24-34
E. V. Chekrygina, A. S. Volynkina, O. A. Zaitseva, Ya. V. Lisitskaya, I. V. Tishchenko, O. A. Gnusareva, D. V. Rostovtseva, E. I. Vasilenko, N. O. Tkachenko, O. V. Vasilyeva, K. A. Purmak, N. I. Solomashchenko, A. N. Kulichenko
Relevance. Molecular surveillance, aimed at obtaining up-to-date information on the genetic variants of pathogens circulating in the studied region, is an important element of the surveillance of natural focal infections (NFIs). The Stavropol Territory is one of the main recreational regions in the Russian Federation; it is endemic for a number of NFIs, including: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Q fever, tularemia, Lime disease, etc. The aim of the work is is genomic profiling of NFIs causative agents circulating in the Stavropol Territory in 2016-2021. Materials and methods. Microbial strains and samples of field and clinical material containing genomic DNA/RNA of pathogens were used as material for the study. Genetic typing of strains and isolates of DNA/RNA NFIs causative agents was performed by MLVA (Francisella tularensis and Coxiella burnetii) and genome fragment sequencing (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, orthohantaviruses, Borrelia burgdorferii s.l., Ricckettsia sp.). Results. As a result of molecular genetic typing in the ST in 2016-2021 confirmed circulation of strains of F. tularensis of genetic subgroups B.I, B.III, B.VI, genetically identical strains of C. burnetii (VNTR-профиль 4-6-6-4-7-6-3-12-3-11), rickettsia belonging to 5 species: R. raoultii, R. aeschlimannii, R. slovaca, R. massiliae, R. helvetica , Borrelia belonging to the species: B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. miyamotoi, B. bavariensis, B. lusitaniae, B. valaisiana, RNA isolates of the CCHF virus of the Europe-1 and Europe-3 genetic lines, Tula orthohantaviruses, West Nile virus genotype 2. For the first time on the territory of the CT, in insectivore lung samples, RNA isolates of orthohantavirus genetically close to Camp Ripley virus (RLPV) were detected. Conclusions. New data have been obtained on the distribution of genetic variants of NFIs causative agents in the S, also in the recreation areas. Genetic structure of the population of NFIs causative agents in the ST in 2016-2021 did not change significantly, which indicates the relative stability of the natural foci of NFIs in the region.
{"title":"Molecular Surveillance of Natural Focal Diseases Causative Agents in the Stavropol Territory in 2016–2021","authors":"E. V. Chekrygina, A. S. Volynkina, O. A. Zaitseva, Ya. V. Lisitskaya, I. V. Tishchenko, O. A. Gnusareva, D. V. Rostovtseva, E. I. Vasilenko, N. O. Tkachenko, O. V. Vasilyeva, K. A. Purmak, N. I. Solomashchenko, A. N. Kulichenko","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-24-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-24-34","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Molecular surveillance, aimed at obtaining up-to-date information on the genetic variants of pathogens circulating in the studied region, is an important element of the surveillance of natural focal infections (NFIs). The Stavropol Territory is one of the main recreational regions in the Russian Federation; it is endemic for a number of NFIs, including: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Q fever, tularemia, Lime disease, etc. The aim of the work is is genomic profiling of NFIs causative agents circulating in the Stavropol Territory in 2016-2021. Materials and methods. Microbial strains and samples of field and clinical material containing genomic DNA/RNA of pathogens were used as material for the study. Genetic typing of strains and isolates of DNA/RNA NFIs causative agents was performed by MLVA (Francisella tularensis and Coxiella burnetii) and genome fragment sequencing (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, orthohantaviruses, Borrelia burgdorferii s.l., Ricckettsia sp.). Results. As a result of molecular genetic typing in the ST in 2016-2021 confirmed circulation of strains of F. tularensis of genetic subgroups B.I, B.III, B.VI, genetically identical strains of C. burnetii (VNTR-профиль 4-6-6-4-7-6-3-12-3-11), rickettsia belonging to 5 species: R. raoultii, R. aeschlimannii, R. slovaca, R. massiliae, R. helvetica , Borrelia belonging to the species: B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. miyamotoi, B. bavariensis, B. lusitaniae, B. valaisiana, RNA isolates of the CCHF virus of the Europe-1 and Europe-3 genetic lines, Tula orthohantaviruses, West Nile virus genotype 2. For the first time on the territory of the CT, in insectivore lung samples, RNA isolates of orthohantavirus genetically close to Camp Ripley virus (RLPV) were detected. Conclusions. New data have been obtained on the distribution of genetic variants of NFIs causative agents in the S, also in the recreation areas. Genetic structure of the population of NFIs causative agents in the ST in 2016-2021 did not change significantly, which indicates the relative stability of the natural foci of NFIs in the region.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136376054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-44-48
T. S. Skachkova, E. V. Kniazeva, E. N. Goloveshkina, T. V. Tronza, E. I. Kondratyeva, A. Y. Voronkova, V. G. Akimkin
Relevance. Antibiotic resistance of microorganisms can contribute to the chronicity of the inflammatory process, lead to an increase in the cost of treating patients and make it difficult to eradicate the pathogen. Patients with cystic fibrosis constantly require medical supervision, regular visits to medical institutions, and therefore there is a high risk of infection with nosocomial antibiotic- resistant strains. In addition, the necessary intake of antibacterial drugs provides an advantage for the reproduction of resistant microorganisms. Aim. Comparison of the frequency of detection of antibiotic resistance determinants in oropharyngeal swabs in children with cystic fibrosis and conditionally healthy children using molecular biological methods. Materials and methods. A PCR study of oropharyngeal discharge from 100 children with cystic fibrosis and 100 children from the control (healthy comparison subject) group was performed. Genetic antibiotic resistance locus: metallo-b-lactamases of the VIM, IMP and NDM groups; carbapenemase genes of the KPC and OXA-48 groups; extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes of the CTX-M group and the mecA gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescence detection. Results and discussion. As a result of the analysis, a statistically significant increase in the frequency of detection of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in the microbiota of the oropharyngeal discharge in children with cystic fibrosis was found compared with healthy children (p<0.001). The chances of detecting antibiotic resistance loci in the discharge of the oropharynx among children with cystic fibrosis are 38.5 times higher than among healthy children (95% CI: 5.1-289.5). In 28% of children with cystic fibrosis, DNA of the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance was detected in the microbiome of the discharge of the oropharynx. A high percentage of the presence of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance may be the reason for the ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Conclusion. Due to the high occurrence in the microbiome of the oropharyngeal discharge of patients with cystic fibrosis of genetic antibiotic resistance locus that are of particular clinical and/or epidemiological significance, and the high risk of the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains outside medical institutions, it is necessary to include this group of patients in regular epidemiological monitoring.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Genetic Determinants of Antibiotic Resistance, which are of Particular Epidemiological Consequences, in the Microbiota of the Oropharyngeal Swabs in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis","authors":"T. S. Skachkova, E. V. Kniazeva, E. N. Goloveshkina, T. V. Tronza, E. I. Kondratyeva, A. Y. Voronkova, V. G. Akimkin","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-44-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-44-48","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Antibiotic resistance of microorganisms can contribute to the chronicity of the inflammatory process, lead to an increase in the cost of treating patients and make it difficult to eradicate the pathogen. Patients with cystic fibrosis constantly require medical supervision, regular visits to medical institutions, and therefore there is a high risk of infection with nosocomial antibiotic- resistant strains. In addition, the necessary intake of antibacterial drugs provides an advantage for the reproduction of resistant microorganisms. Aim. Comparison of the frequency of detection of antibiotic resistance determinants in oropharyngeal swabs in children with cystic fibrosis and conditionally healthy children using molecular biological methods. Materials and methods. A PCR study of oropharyngeal discharge from 100 children with cystic fibrosis and 100 children from the control (healthy comparison subject) group was performed. Genetic antibiotic resistance locus: metallo-b-lactamases of the VIM, IMP and NDM groups; carbapenemase genes of the KPC and OXA-48 groups; extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes of the CTX-M group and the mecA gene were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescence detection. Results and discussion. As a result of the analysis, a statistically significant increase in the frequency of detection of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in the microbiota of the oropharyngeal discharge in children with cystic fibrosis was found compared with healthy children (p<0.001). The chances of detecting antibiotic resistance loci in the discharge of the oropharynx among children with cystic fibrosis are 38.5 times higher than among healthy children (95% CI: 5.1-289.5). In 28% of children with cystic fibrosis, DNA of the genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance was detected in the microbiome of the discharge of the oropharynx. A high percentage of the presence of genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance may be the reason for the ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy. Conclusion. Due to the high occurrence in the microbiome of the oropharyngeal discharge of patients with cystic fibrosis of genetic antibiotic resistance locus that are of particular clinical and/or epidemiological significance, and the high risk of the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains outside medical institutions, it is necessary to include this group of patients in regular epidemiological monitoring.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136375875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-35-43
S. M. Kharit, Yu. E. Konstantinova, O. V. Goleva, A. A. Ruleva, K. K. Tikhomirova, O. V. Iozefovich, I. V. Fridman
Relevance. Cancer therapy forms a temporary immunosuppressive state, which determines an increase in the frequency and severity of infectious diseases. Vaccination is a highly effective and safe way to protect against infection, but people with immunodeficiency have risks of inefficiency and complications. To substantiate the need for immunoprophylaxis in cancer patients after therapy, it is important to understand the preservation of their specific response after previous vaccinations.The aim of the study was to assess the safety of antibodies to vaccine–controlled infections in children with oncological diseases after therapyMaterials and methods. The safety of antibodies to vaccine-controlled infections was studied in 3 groups: 1 -in patients with oncological (n=62); 2-in the group (n=43) withoutoncological diseases, but who received immunosuppressive (IST) and/or polychemotherapy (PCT) and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and 3– in healthy children (n=31 – comparison group). The concentration of antibodies was determined by the ELISA method. The minimum protective level was considered to be the amount for measles ³0.18 IU/ml, rubella - ³25 IU/ml; hepatitis B - ³10 IU/ml; diphtheria – 0.03 IU/ml and higher. The coefficient of positivity, estimated as protective against mumps, was ³1.0.Results. It was found that from 41.7% to 93.7% of children with cancer lose post-vaccination immunity to the studied vaccine antigens. The number of children who retained the protective level of antibodies in groups 1 and 2 was significantly less than in the comparison group. There were no significant differences in the level of those protected from diphtheria and rubella. The maximum effect on the loss of antibodies is provided by the performed HSCT. For diphtheria and rubella antibodies, the differences are not pronounced. The possible connection of genetic breakdowns in 35 examined children with oncological diseases and the safety of antibodies was analyzed. It turned out that in the presence of chromosomal deletions, antibodies to measles were lost in 100% of cases and to diphtheria in 75%, which was different from other chromosomal abnormalities.Conclusion. The safety of antibodies in patients with a history of cancer is influenced by the presence of HSCT in therapy, the type of genetic breakdown, as well as the peculiarity of the vaccine antigen. Children with oncological diseases, as well as with non-oncological ones, but who have received HSCT therapy, should be vaccinated again against vaccine-controlled infections, despite the indication of the presence of vaccinations before therapy.
{"title":"Preservation of Antibodies to Vaccine-Controlled Infections in Children WITH Oncological Diseases","authors":"S. M. Kharit, Yu. E. Konstantinova, O. V. Goleva, A. A. Ruleva, K. K. Tikhomirova, O. V. Iozefovich, I. V. Fridman","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-35-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-35-43","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Cancer therapy forms a temporary immunosuppressive state, which determines an increase in the frequency and severity of infectious diseases. Vaccination is a highly effective and safe way to protect against infection, but people with immunodeficiency have risks of inefficiency and complications. To substantiate the need for immunoprophylaxis in cancer patients after therapy, it is important to understand the preservation of their specific response after previous vaccinations.The aim of the study was to assess the safety of antibodies to vaccine–controlled infections in children with oncological diseases after therapyMaterials and methods. The safety of antibodies to vaccine-controlled infections was studied in 3 groups: 1 -in patients with oncological (n=62); 2-in the group (n=43) withoutoncological diseases, but who received immunosuppressive (IST) and/or polychemotherapy (PCT) and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and 3– in healthy children (n=31 – comparison group). The concentration of antibodies was determined by the ELISA method. The minimum protective level was considered to be the amount for measles ³0.18 IU/ml, rubella - ³25 IU/ml; hepatitis B - ³10 IU/ml; diphtheria – 0.03 IU/ml and higher. The coefficient of positivity, estimated as protective against mumps, was ³1.0.Results. It was found that from 41.7% to 93.7% of children with cancer lose post-vaccination immunity to the studied vaccine antigens. The number of children who retained the protective level of antibodies in groups 1 and 2 was significantly less than in the comparison group. There were no significant differences in the level of those protected from diphtheria and rubella. The maximum effect on the loss of antibodies is provided by the performed HSCT. For diphtheria and rubella antibodies, the differences are not pronounced. The possible connection of genetic breakdowns in 35 examined children with oncological diseases and the safety of antibodies was analyzed. It turned out that in the presence of chromosomal deletions, antibodies to measles were lost in 100% of cases and to diphtheria in 75%, which was different from other chromosomal abnormalities.Conclusion. The safety of antibodies in patients with a history of cancer is influenced by the presence of HSCT in therapy, the type of genetic breakdown, as well as the peculiarity of the vaccine antigen. Children with oncological diseases, as well as with non-oncological ones, but who have received HSCT therapy, should be vaccinated again against vaccine-controlled infections, despite the indication of the presence of vaccinations before therapy.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136374899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-12-23
E. I. Komarovskaya, О. V. Perelygyna
Relevance. Modern identifying potency (immunogenicity) of diphtheria toxoid tests are based on determining immunized animals resistance for administration challenge toxin or evaluation of protective antibodies level in serum. In Russia to assess the potency of diphtheria toxoid (DT) the challenge lethal method has been used for more than 60 years, challenge is based on determination of potency via its possibility to defend immunized animals from lethal doses of diphtheria toxin. This method is used as «golden standard». Last decade European Union Regulatory politic is headed to reduce of using animals in pharmaceutical practice, "The Three Rs" approach. In frameworks of this approach alternative methods of evaluating immunogenicity DT were purposed, particularly, intradermal challenge method. Within this test the potency of diphtheria toxoid is evaluated by its possibility to protect immunized animals from intradermal administration of diphtheria toxin. In the production of a number of foreign vaccines intradermal challenge test is used for assessing potency. Aim. Comparative characteristics of methods of lethal challenge test and intradermal challenge tests to determine the potency of diphtheria toxoid in combined vaccines and toxoids made in Russia. Materials and methods. Materials of domestic and foreign manufacturers were used in the work: combined vaccines for diphtheria prevention, diphtheria toxins, reference-vaccine. The determination of the potency of diphtheria toxoid was carried out on guinea pigs by pharmacopoeias methods: lethal challenge test and intradermal challenge tests. Results. To assess the potency of diphtheria toxoid using, a technique was used in accordance with WHO recommendations; for this, guinea pigs similar in sensitivity to diphtheria toxin to Dunkin Hartley pigs were selected. The suitability of the diphtheria toxin used in Russia for determining the potency of diphtheria toxoid by the method of intradermal challenge test was assessed when evaluating the effectiveness of vaccines for the prevention of diphtheria. Comparative tests of the intradermal challenge tests and lethal challenge tests were carried out to determine the potency of diphtheria toxoid. Conclusions. The conducted studies have demonstrated the fundamental possibility of using the intradermal challenge tests to assess the potency of diphtheria toxoid. However, for a number of factors, such as the variability of results, the number of animals, etc., the intradermal challenge tests is inferior to the method of lethal challenge tests in assessing the potency of diphtheria vaccines in routine practice.
{"title":"Assay of Diphtheria Vaccine Potency by Intradermal Challenge Test","authors":"E. I. Komarovskaya, О. V. Perelygyna","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-12-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-12-23","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance. Modern identifying potency (immunogenicity) of diphtheria toxoid tests are based on determining immunized animals resistance for administration challenge toxin or evaluation of protective antibodies level in serum. In Russia to assess the potency of diphtheria toxoid (DT) the challenge lethal method has been used for more than 60 years, challenge is based on determination of potency via its possibility to defend immunized animals from lethal doses of diphtheria toxin. This method is used as «golden standard». Last decade European Union Regulatory politic is headed to reduce of using animals in pharmaceutical practice, \"The Three Rs\" approach. In frameworks of this approach alternative methods of evaluating immunogenicity DT were purposed, particularly, intradermal challenge method. Within this test the potency of diphtheria toxoid is evaluated by its possibility to protect immunized animals from intradermal administration of diphtheria toxin. In the production of a number of foreign vaccines intradermal challenge test is used for assessing potency. Aim. Comparative characteristics of methods of lethal challenge test and intradermal challenge tests to determine the potency of diphtheria toxoid in combined vaccines and toxoids made in Russia. Materials and methods. Materials of domestic and foreign manufacturers were used in the work: combined vaccines for diphtheria prevention, diphtheria toxins, reference-vaccine. The determination of the potency of diphtheria toxoid was carried out on guinea pigs by pharmacopoeias methods: lethal challenge test and intradermal challenge tests. Results. To assess the potency of diphtheria toxoid using, a technique was used in accordance with WHO recommendations; for this, guinea pigs similar in sensitivity to diphtheria toxin to Dunkin Hartley pigs were selected. The suitability of the diphtheria toxin used in Russia for determining the potency of diphtheria toxoid by the method of intradermal challenge test was assessed when evaluating the effectiveness of vaccines for the prevention of diphtheria. Comparative tests of the intradermal challenge tests and lethal challenge tests were carried out to determine the potency of diphtheria toxoid. Conclusions. The conducted studies have demonstrated the fundamental possibility of using the intradermal challenge tests to assess the potency of diphtheria toxoid. However, for a number of factors, such as the variability of results, the number of animals, etc., the intradermal challenge tests is inferior to the method of lethal challenge tests in assessing the potency of diphtheria vaccines in routine practice.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136376056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-4-11
A. N. Suvorov, Т. A. Kramskaya, T. V. Gupalova, Yu. A. Desheva, G. F. Leontieva
The mucosal membranes of the human body play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and regulation of barrier functions and immune homeostasis, representing an integral component of the overall immune system. Mucosal vaccines elicit immune processes in the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucosal membranes. A critical objective of mucosal immunization is the identification of an antigen delivery vector capable of ensuring optimal vaccine efficacy. The authors of this article have conducted extensive research on the probiotic properties of enterococci over an extended period. They employ a safe and beneficial probiotic strain, Enterococcus faecium L3, as a delivery vector for vaccine antigens. Initially, the gene encoding the pathogenicity factor Bac, derived from group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae), was successfully integrated into the genome of the probiotic strain E. faecium L3. Intravaginal, oral, and intranasal mucosal immunization methods utilizing the L3-Bac+ probiotic, which expresses antigenic determinants of pathogenic streptococci, were found to confer protection against bacterial infection in laboratory animals. Subsequently, recombinant technologies were refined, leading to the development of a universal method for incorporating a region of interest from the gene into the structure of the major pili protein gene of E. faecium L3. Using this technology, candidate vaccines against various infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza A virus, and SARS-CoV-2 following the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, have been obtained and tested. In this study, alongside the presentation of our own data, the challenges associated with utilizing recombinant probiotic bacteria as vectors for vaccine antigen delivery are discussed.
{"title":"Mucosal Vaccines against Bacterial and Viral Pathogens","authors":"A. N. Suvorov, Т. A. Kramskaya, T. V. Gupalova, Yu. A. Desheva, G. F. Leontieva","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-4-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-4-4-11","url":null,"abstract":"The mucosal membranes of the human body play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and regulation of barrier functions and immune homeostasis, representing an integral component of the overall immune system. Mucosal vaccines elicit immune processes in the lymphoid tissue associated with the mucosal membranes. A critical objective of mucosal immunization is the identification of an antigen delivery vector capable of ensuring optimal vaccine efficacy. The authors of this article have conducted extensive research on the probiotic properties of enterococci over an extended period. They employ a safe and beneficial probiotic strain, Enterococcus faecium L3, as a delivery vector for vaccine antigens. Initially, the gene encoding the pathogenicity factor Bac, derived from group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae), was successfully integrated into the genome of the probiotic strain E. faecium L3. Intravaginal, oral, and intranasal mucosal immunization methods utilizing the L3-Bac+ probiotic, which expresses antigenic determinants of pathogenic streptococci, were found to confer protection against bacterial infection in laboratory animals. Subsequently, recombinant technologies were refined, leading to the development of a universal method for incorporating a region of interest from the gene into the structure of the major pili protein gene of E. faecium L3. Using this technology, candidate vaccines against various infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza A virus, and SARS-CoV-2 following the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, have been obtained and tested. In this study, alongside the presentation of our own data, the challenges associated with utilizing recombinant probiotic bacteria as vectors for vaccine antigen delivery are discussed.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136376053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-03DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-6-70-75
В. И. Сергевнин, М. А. Трясолобова
Relevance .The urgency of the problem of non-polio enterovirus infection is determined by the wide spread of pathogens, the occurrence of outbreak of morbidity, polymorphism of clinical manifestations and the lack of specific prophylaxis. Most often non-polio enterovirus infection is asymptomatic. Clinically expressed forms can be serous meningitis, herpetic sore throat, eczematous fever, vesicular pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, epidemic myalgia (pleurodynia), tonsillitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, uveitis, etc. The aim of the work is a comparative evaluation of the epidemic process manifestations and the leading factors of serous meningitis (SM) pathogens, enterovirus etiology herpetic angina (HA) transmission and enterovirus etiology gastroenteritis (GE). Materials and methods . Manifestations of the epidemic process of SM and HA were studied according to the official registration of the incidence of the population of Perm for the 2010–2017. In conditions of analytical «case-control» method the epidemiological survey of 350 epidemiological focuses of SM and 142 focuses of HA and 61 focuses of GE were conducted. Results . According to official registration data, the incidence rates of NEVI in the population of Perm during the last 7 years (2010–2017) ranged from 0.3 to 21.5, averaging 5.4 per 100 thousand population. There were mainly three clinical forms registered - serous meningitis, herpetic sore throat, gastroenteritis, the proportion of which was 45.3; 36.6 and 12.4%, respectively. The findings clearly demonstrate that it is similarity between epidemic process manifestations of SM, HA and enterovirus etiology gastroenteritis. Conclusion . In both clinical variants of enterovirus infection the priority role is the water way of transmission of the pathogen by drinking water from centralized and decentralized sources of water system, as well as swimming in surface water.
{"title":"Epidemic Process Manifestations and Leading Factors of Transmission of The Pathogenes of the Enterovirus Infection Basic Clinical Forms","authors":"В. И. Сергевнин, М. А. Трясолобова","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-6-70-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-6-70-75","url":null,"abstract":"Relevance .The urgency of the problem of non-polio enterovirus infection is determined by the wide spread of pathogens, the occurrence of outbreak of morbidity, polymorphism of clinical manifestations and the lack of specific prophylaxis. Most often non-polio enterovirus infection is asymptomatic. Clinically expressed forms can be serous meningitis, herpetic sore throat, eczematous fever, vesicular pharyngitis, gastroenteritis, epidemic myalgia (pleurodynia), tonsillitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, uveitis, etc. The aim of the work is a comparative evaluation of the epidemic process manifestations and the leading factors of serous meningitis (SM) pathogens, enterovirus etiology herpetic angina (HA) transmission and enterovirus etiology gastroenteritis (GE). Materials and methods . Manifestations of the epidemic process of SM and HA were studied according to the official registration of the incidence of the population of Perm for the 2010–2017. In conditions of analytical «case-control» method the epidemiological survey of 350 epidemiological focuses of SM and 142 focuses of HA and 61 focuses of GE were conducted. Results . According to official registration data, the incidence rates of NEVI in the population of Perm during the last 7 years (2010–2017) ranged from 0.3 to 21.5, averaging 5.4 per 100 thousand population. There were mainly three clinical forms registered - serous meningitis, herpetic sore throat, gastroenteritis, the proportion of which was 45.3; 36.6 and 12.4%, respectively. The findings clearly demonstrate that it is similarity between epidemic process manifestations of SM, HA and enterovirus etiology gastroenteritis. Conclusion . In both clinical variants of enterovirus infection the priority role is the water way of transmission of the pathogen by drinking water from centralized and decentralized sources of water system, as well as swimming in surface water.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46534304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-23DOI: 10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-31-37
E. G. Simonova, V. I. Sergevnin
This article is devoted to both theoretical and practical aspects of modern epidemiology of infectious diseases associated with the improvement of pre-epidemic diagnostics and the need for its implementation in the system of risk-based surveillance. The authors summarized and systematized the current data on the factors of epidemiological risk as well as suggested methodological approaches to identify and assess the prerequisites and precursors of complication of the epidemiological situation. In addition, they took into consideration the existing problems of pre-epidemic diagnosis and ways to solve them.
{"title":"Pre-Epidemic Diagnosis in the System Risk-Oriented Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases","authors":"E. G. Simonova, V. I. Sergevnin","doi":"10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-31-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-31-37","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to both theoretical and practical aspects of modern epidemiology of infectious diseases associated with the improvement of pre-epidemic diagnostics and the need for its implementation in the system of risk-based surveillance. The authors summarized and systematized the current data on the factors of epidemiological risk as well as suggested methodological approaches to identify and assess the prerequisites and precursors of complication of the epidemiological situation. In addition, they took into consideration the existing problems of pre-epidemic diagnosis and ways to solve them.","PeriodicalId":36064,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiologiya i Vaktsinoprofilaktika","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69348905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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