Around 1000 BC, Indo-European languages were distributed over a wide area, from Xinjiang and India to Ireland and Anatolia (Map 1). Historical-comparative linguists generally assume that the original homeland of the languages must have been smaller and that the later distribution must have resulted from migrations. Early hypotheses, placing the original home in Southwest, South or Central Asia, were based on Bible-based historical perspectives that place the post-deluge cradle near the Iranian high plateau, or on preconceived notions such as the idea that Sanskrit was the ancestor of other Indo-European languages. From the mid 19th century, racial considerations led to a shift farther west, which culminated in the ’Nordic’ homeland proposed by people like Penka, Kossinna and Childe. The association of the Nordic homeland hypothesis with Nazi ideology was a factor in anthropologists’ questioning migration accounts in general, and some archaeologists have proposed that languages can spread through stimulus diffusion, just like various artifacts. Historical comparative linguists and archaeologists with linguistic training, by contrast, have continued to their quest for determining the Indo-European homeland. At present, two major theories compete with each other: The Eurasian Steppe hypothesis and the Anatolian hypothesis. Neither of these hypotheses, however, is acceptable to Indian/Hindu nationalists, who argue for a homeland in India (modern South Asia).
{"title":"The Steppes, Anatolia, India? Migration, Archaeology, Genomes, and Indo-European","authors":"H. H. Hock","doi":"10.47298/jala.v2-i4-a1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v2-i4-a1","url":null,"abstract":"Around 1000 BC, Indo-European languages were distributed over a wide area, from Xinjiang and India to Ireland and Anatolia (Map 1). Historical-comparative linguists generally assume that the original homeland of the languages must have been smaller and that the later distribution must have resulted from migrations. Early hypotheses, placing the original home in Southwest, South or Central Asia, were based on Bible-based historical perspectives that place the post-deluge cradle near the Iranian high plateau, or on preconceived notions such as the idea that Sanskrit was the ancestor of other Indo-European languages. From the mid 19th century, racial considerations led to a shift farther west, which culminated in the ’Nordic’ homeland proposed by people like Penka, Kossinna and Childe. The association of the Nordic homeland hypothesis with Nazi ideology was a factor in anthropologists’ questioning migration accounts in general, and some archaeologists have proposed that languages can spread through stimulus diffusion, just like various artifacts. Historical comparative linguists and archaeologists with linguistic training, by contrast, have continued to their quest for determining the Indo-European homeland. At present, two major theories compete with each other: The Eurasian Steppe hypothesis and the Anatolian hypothesis. Neither of these hypotheses, however, is acceptable to Indian/Hindu nationalists, who argue for a homeland in India (modern South Asia).","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76282220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A great deal has been said and researched on the role of Malay, as the lingua franca in commercial areas of insular Southeast Asia, and as the national language of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei Darussalam. Its present-day status reflects its rise for centuries as a language of governance of Malay kingdoms in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Borneo, and in the Moluccas. The presence of Malay in mainland Southeast Asia today extends its insular spread via the Malay Peninsula. These Malay kingdoms played as centres of dispersal of the use of Malay as the language was unrivalled in its sociolinguistic status in the whole of the Malay Archipelago, not just as the language of governance in those kingdoms, but also the language of diplomacy between them and those others within the archipelago itself, and even between those in the latter group. The widespread use of Malay in ancient times has been credited by historians to the hegemony of the Srivijaya Malay-speaking empire which lasted from the seventh to the 14th century C.E. Today the Malay language is known to have speakers of Malay outside of the archipelago, such as in Australia inclusive of the Christmas Islands and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean (Asmah 2006, 2008), the Holy Land of Mecca and Medina (Asmah et al. 2015), England, the Netherlands, France, and Germany. Away from the Malay world, Malay speech communities have taken shape in these places; small they may be, but they are ‘alive,’ as a home language of immigrant Malay native speakers who have settled in these places, as products of Malay world migration.
作为东南亚岛屿商业地区的通用语，以及马来西亚、印度尼西亚和文莱达鲁萨兰国的国语，关于马来语的作用已经有了大量的说法和研究。它现在的地位反映了几个世纪以来它作为马来半岛、苏门答腊、婆罗洲和摩鹿加群岛的马来王国的统治语言的崛起。今天，马来语在东南亚大陆的存在通过马来半岛扩展了它的岛屿传播。这些马来王国是马来语的传播中心，因为马来语在整个马来群岛的社会语言学地位是无与伦比的，不仅是这些王国的统治语言，而且是它们与群岛内其他国家之间的外交语言，甚至是后者之间的语言。马来语的广泛使用在古代已经被历史学家认为霸权的Srivijaya从第七讲国语帝国持续到公元14世纪的今天,马来语言是已知扬声器的马来群岛以外的,如在澳大利亚圣诞岛的包容性和可可(Keeling)在印度洋群岛(Asmah 2006、2008)的圣地麦加和麦地那(Asmah et al . 2015年),英国,荷兰,法国,和德国。远离马来世界，马来语社区已经在这些地方形成;它们可能很小，但作为在这些地方定居的以马来语为母语的移民的母语，作为马来世界移民的产物，它们是“活着的”。
{"title":"A Typology of the Spread of Malay","authors":"A. Omar","doi":"10.47298/jala.v2-i4-a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v2-i4-a2","url":null,"abstract":"A great deal has been said and researched on the role of Malay, as the lingua franca in commercial areas of insular Southeast Asia, and as the national language of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei Darussalam. Its present-day status reflects its rise for centuries as a language of governance of Malay kingdoms in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatera, Borneo, and in the Moluccas. The presence of Malay in mainland Southeast Asia today extends its insular spread via the Malay Peninsula. These Malay kingdoms played as centres of dispersal of the use of Malay as the language was unrivalled in its sociolinguistic status in the whole of the Malay Archipelago, not just as the language of governance in those kingdoms, but also the language of diplomacy between them and those others within the archipelago itself, and even between those in the latter group. The widespread use of Malay in ancient times has been credited by historians to the hegemony of the Srivijaya Malay-speaking empire which lasted from the seventh to the 14th century C.E. Today the Malay language is known to have speakers of Malay outside of the archipelago, such as in Australia inclusive of the Christmas Islands and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean (Asmah 2006, 2008), the Holy Land of Mecca and Medina (Asmah et al. 2015), England, the Netherlands, France, and Germany. Away from the Malay world, Malay speech communities have taken shape in these places; small they may be, but they are ‘alive,’ as a home language of immigrant Malay native speakers who have settled in these places, as products of Malay world migration.","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82118177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, I discuss self presentation in online dating, specifically, online dating in Japan. I give particular attention to the question of how the design affordances of particular online dating apps help to partially structure how users construct their own profiles. Profile construction depends in part on what sort of fields have been provided for the user to fill in, as well as on which are mandatory, and which are optional. To some extent, norms of what a dating site is, or can be, or should be, structures the kinds of fields that designers add to the app, so that some are universal and inevitable (a name, age), while others are specific to particular sites and apps, and flexibility in filling out these fields varies. Profile construction also depends on what kinds of guidance are given to users when they create their profiles, upload pictures, or write profile text, whether in the form of rules or suggestions. Guidelines for acceptable pictures or measures of profile completion have an effect on the extent to which users fill out profiles, and what they put in them when they do. We can fruitfully analyze this as a kind of social “animation,” (Silvio 2010), wherein multiple parties collaborate to produce the illusion of a single person or character. Here, users fill out profiles in collaboration with the site and its different constraints, affordances, and display options; the technology mediates and animates the users’ self-presentations.
{"title":"The Role of Dating Site Design in Gendered Self-Representation and Self-Animation in Online Japan","authors":"Erika R. Alpert","doi":"10.47298/JALA.V2-I4-A4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/JALA.V2-I4-A4","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, I discuss self presentation in online dating, specifically, online dating in Japan. I give particular attention to the question of how the design affordances of particular online dating apps help to partially structure how users construct their own profiles. Profile construction depends in part on what sort of fields have been provided for the user to fill in, as well as on which are mandatory, and which are optional. To some extent, norms of what a dating site is, or can be, or should be, structures the kinds of fields that designers add to the app, so that some are universal and inevitable (a name, age), while others are specific to particular sites and apps, and flexibility in filling out these fields varies. Profile construction also depends on what kinds of guidance are given to users when they create their profiles, upload pictures, or write profile text, whether in the form of rules or suggestions. Guidelines for acceptable pictures or measures of profile completion have an effect on the extent to which users fill out profiles, and what they put in them when they do. We can fruitfully analyze this as a kind of social “animation,” (Silvio 2010), wherein multiple parties collaborate to produce the illusion of a single person or character. Here, users fill out profiles in collaboration with the site and its different constraints, affordances, and display options; the technology mediates and animates the users’ self-presentations.","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":"249 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79610571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Digital tools designed for linguistic analysis offer new ways of approaching old tasks, and they now routinely enable tasks which were formerly impossible. The work for this paper is based on MaLex, which is a collection of data tables and procedures designed to represent the intuitive knowledge of speakers of Malay, and provides the infrastructure for the solution of problems in linguistic analysis. This paper reports the use of the MaLex parser to investigate the adjectival system of Malay, including superlatives and the formation of manner adverbials. Although linguists have always been able to identify possible syntactic rules and try them out on small datasets, the automatic parser is able to extract examples from a large corpus, and it is much more effective than a linguist in ascertaining the ordering of rules, and tracing their interaction. Since the examples in this paper are also syntactic constituents, they are the appropriate units for translation, and in this case they are translated into English. The phonological component concatenates the phonological representations of constituents to form higher level structures, and an extension to Malex which is planned but not yet completed is intended to increase the range of waveform annotations that can be used as input for linguistic analysis. Malay is a suitable language for this research, because although it is under-investigated in relation to its importance as one of the main languages of ASEAN, it has extensive written records which make it possible to compile large corpora for research. A human linguist can get started on a very small amount of data, and the same is true of the approach pioneered by MaLex. For this reason, MaLex could prove to be a suitable model for the digital investigation of insufficiently researched languages.
{"title":"New Tools for Old Tasks: A Digital Approach to the Investigation of the Malay Language","authors":"Z. M. Don, G. Knowles","doi":"10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a2","url":null,"abstract":"Digital tools designed for linguistic analysis offer new ways of approaching old tasks, and they now routinely enable tasks which were formerly impossible. The work for this paper is based on MaLex, which is a collection of data tables and procedures designed to represent the intuitive knowledge of speakers of Malay, and provides the infrastructure for the solution of problems in linguistic analysis. This paper reports the use of the MaLex parser to investigate the adjectival system of Malay, including superlatives and the formation of manner adverbials. Although linguists have always been able to identify possible syntactic rules and try them out on small datasets, the automatic parser is able to extract examples from a large corpus, and it is much more effective than a linguist in ascertaining the ordering of rules, and tracing their interaction. Since the examples in this paper are also syntactic constituents, they are the appropriate units for translation, and in this case they are translated into English. The phonological component concatenates the phonological representations of constituents to form higher level structures, and an extension to Malex which is planned but not yet completed is intended to increase the range of waveform annotations that can be used as input for linguistic analysis. Malay is a suitable language for this research, because although it is under-investigated in relation to its importance as one of the main languages of ASEAN, it has extensive written records which make it possible to compile large corpora for research. A human linguist can get started on a very small amount of data, and the same is true of the approach pioneered by MaLex. For this reason, MaLex could prove to be a suitable model for the digital investigation of insufficiently researched languages.","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48971644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Japanese courtroom, an adversarial orientation is often manifested in the ways in which prosecution and defence counsels each utilize discourse strategies to construct competing narratives, for example, by asking coercive negative questions in cross-examination. Alternatively, counsel’s attempt at building a convincing narrative is at times thwarted by the judge’s inquisitorial orientation to attempt to elicit ‘the truth.’ This paper aims to explore the discourse of Japanese criminal trials, drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in courtroom settings in Japan. The paper specifically focuses on how the hybridity of adversarial and inquisitorial orientations to the justice process are realized in courtroom discourse. Drawing on courtroom observation notes, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials as data, I analyze Japan’s ‘hybrid’ legal system through observing its trial genre structure, narrative construction processes and courtroom discourse strategies. Analysis suggests that blame, moral preaching and attribution of collective responsibility are sometimes incorporated into the process of questioning the defendant and witnesses in a court of law. Within this paper, the analysis of trial discourses reveals that while operating in the framework of adversarial principles, Japanese criminal trials also allow for a discursive practice particular to these courtroom settings which seeks to maintain moral and social order in Japan as a society that is structured on a hierarchical institutional power structure. The paper concludes that specifically designed language powerfully conveys the delivery and attainment of justice, where further research anthropological linguistic work can advance our understandings of the legal process, in Japan and beyond.
{"title":"Courtroom Discourse of the ‘Hybrid’ Japanese Criminal Justice System","authors":"Ikuko Nakane","doi":"10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a5","url":null,"abstract":"In the Japanese courtroom, an adversarial orientation is often manifested in the ways in which prosecution and defence counsels each utilize discourse strategies to construct competing narratives, for example, by asking coercive negative questions in cross-examination. Alternatively, counsel’s attempt at building a convincing narrative is at times thwarted by the judge’s inquisitorial orientation to attempt to elicit ‘the truth.’ This paper aims to explore the discourse of Japanese criminal trials, drawing on an ethnographic study of communication in courtroom settings in Japan. The paper specifically focuses on how the hybridity of adversarial and inquisitorial orientations to the justice process are realized in courtroom discourse. Drawing on courtroom observation notes, lawyer interviews and other relevant materials as data, I analyze Japan’s ‘hybrid’ legal system through observing its trial genre structure, narrative construction processes and courtroom discourse strategies. Analysis suggests that blame, moral preaching and attribution of collective responsibility are sometimes incorporated into the process of questioning the defendant and witnesses in a court of law. Within this paper, the analysis of trial discourses reveals that while operating in the framework of adversarial principles, Japanese criminal trials also allow for a discursive practice particular to these courtroom settings which seeks to maintain moral and social order in Japan as a society that is structured on a hierarchical institutional power structure. The paper concludes that specifically designed language powerfully conveys the delivery and attainment of justice, where further research anthropological linguistic work can advance our understandings of the legal process, in Japan and beyond.","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43429900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a vast and diverse linguistic grouping, Tibeto-Burman languages vary in their usage of time constructs, both morphologically and semantically. Even between genetically related languages within the Tibeto-Burman language family, approaches to elements such as suffixation vary widely, while vocabulary from Indo-Aryan and distantly related Sinitic languages is differently incorporated and borrowed. In this article, we identify trends that only become apparent through the process of data collation and the careful comparison of numerous grammatical sketches and dictionaries. We further expand this rich, if understudied, area through the incorporation of original fieldwork data from the Thangmi/Thami-speaking communities of Nepal undertaken by one of the co-authors, and supplemented by the researcher’s residence in the Himalayan region from 1996 to 2009. The literature review and linguistic scope of this survey includes multiple grammars of languages spoken across the Greater Himalayan region, with specific emphasis on the Rāī-Kiranti sub-branch of languages autochthonous to eastern Nepal. In our comparative analysis, we focus on apparent cognates and shared paradigms with an emphasis on systems of segmental time measurement (e.g. ‘two days hence,’ ‘this year’) rather than on relative ones (e.g. ‘now,’ ‘then’). Through this compilation, the relationship between Tibeto-Burman languages and their often-dominant regional Indo-Aryan counterparts becomes more visible, mediated by a better understanding of the shared yet conflicting epistemological, astrological, and organizational views of time held by the communities who speak Tibeto-Burman languages. Features of note include the assimilation of Chinese and Indian religious and spiritual systems, as well as imported vocabulary that does not always replace—but is in fact sometimes incorporated into—the lexicon of a given language by the speech community. It is our observation that in Tibeto-Burman languages, Indigenous concepts, categories and classifications of time are usually grammatically encoded in adverbial forms, while the influential Indo-Aryan languages of the region mostly make use of nominal morphology in order to express temporal concepts. In addition, reflexes of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (hereafter PTB) nouns are still evident across the language family. To conclude, we position this survey as a comparative and analytical contribution which focuses attention on the region’s rich linguistic variation and the importance of rigorous documentation, conservation and revitalisation programs for Indigenous languages of the Tibeto-Burman family, as the communities who speak these languages continue to grapple with severe socio-political challenges and face the hegemonic pressures of linguistic assimilation.
{"title":"Temporal Concepts and Formulations of Time in Tibeto-Burman Languages","authors":"Benjamin Chung, Mark Turin","doi":"10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a3","url":null,"abstract":"As a vast and diverse linguistic grouping, Tibeto-Burman languages vary in their usage of time constructs, both morphologically and semantically. Even between genetically related languages within the Tibeto-Burman language family, approaches to elements such as suffixation vary widely, while vocabulary from Indo-Aryan and distantly related Sinitic languages is differently incorporated and borrowed. In this article, we identify trends that only become apparent through the process of data collation and the careful comparison of numerous grammatical sketches and dictionaries. We further expand this rich, if understudied, area through the incorporation of original fieldwork data from the Thangmi/Thami-speaking communities of Nepal undertaken by one of the co-authors, and supplemented by the researcher’s residence in the Himalayan region from 1996 to 2009. The literature review and linguistic scope of this survey includes multiple grammars of languages spoken across the Greater Himalayan region, with specific emphasis on the Rāī-Kiranti sub-branch of languages autochthonous to eastern Nepal. In our comparative analysis, we focus on apparent cognates and shared paradigms with an emphasis on systems of segmental time measurement (e.g. ‘two days hence,’ ‘this year’) rather than on relative ones (e.g. ‘now,’ ‘then’). Through this compilation, the relationship between Tibeto-Burman languages and their often-dominant regional Indo-Aryan counterparts becomes more visible, mediated by a better understanding of the shared yet conflicting epistemological, astrological, and organizational views of time held by the communities who speak Tibeto-Burman languages. Features of note include the assimilation of Chinese and Indian religious and spiritual systems, as well as imported vocabulary that does not always replace—but is in fact sometimes incorporated into—the lexicon of a given language by the speech community. It is our observation that in Tibeto-Burman languages, Indigenous concepts, categories and classifications of time are usually grammatically encoded in adverbial forms, while the influential Indo-Aryan languages of the region mostly make use of nominal morphology in order to express temporal concepts. In addition, reflexes of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (hereafter PTB) nouns are still evident across the language family. To conclude, we position this survey as a comparative and analytical contribution which focuses attention on the region’s rich linguistic variation and the importance of rigorous documentation, conservation and revitalisation programs for Indigenous languages of the Tibeto-Burman family, as the communities who speak these languages continue to grapple with severe socio-political challenges and face the hegemonic pressures of linguistic assimilation.","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42346908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review of Registers of Communication: (Agha, Asif and Frog)","authors":"","doi":"10.47298/jala.v1-i1-r1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v1-i1-r1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41695724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of honorific pronouns largely grew out of work on European languages (Brown and Gilman 1960; Friedrich 1966; Paulston 1976; Slobin 1963) and has developed into a prodigious, and in many ways, fertile literature on so-called ‘address systems’ (Brown & Ford 1961; Braun 1988). Nevertheless, some 60 years after the publication of Brown and Gilman’s (1960) foundational essay, “The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity,” it is perhaps time to imagine how the same discursive phenomena would have been framed with a different empirical point of departure. Here we reconceptualize this domain by focusing on the social pragmatics of speaker- and addressee-reference in Southeast Asian, as well as some East Asian, languages. Reimagined from this vantage point, pronominal address emerges as but one half of a more encompassing domain – the social pragmatics of interlocutor reference. Southeast Asian languages provide speakers with a much wider range of formal resources and functional mechanisms for signaling the relationship between speech act participants (and between these participants and third parties) than do European languages. Formally, Southeast Asian languages are notable for the range of non-pronominal, open-class nouns which can be employed in speaker- and addressee-reference. Functionally, the social indexing of the relationship between speaker and addressee is not only grammaticalized in forms that are employed to refer to the addressee. On the contrary, these languages are notable for elaborating social pragmatic distinctions in speaker-reference as well as addressee-reference. Because Southeast Asian languages recruit a much more expansive range of forms in denoting speech act participants, and because they are not functionally restricted to addressee-reference in activating social pragmatic alternations, they offer the kind of maximally differentiated systems which enable the construction of typological generalizations and implicational universals.
对敬语代词的研究很大程度上源于对欧洲语言的研究(Brown and Gilman 1960;弗里德里希·1966;Paulston 1976;Slobin 1963)，并在许多方面发展成为一个惊人的，肥沃的所谓的“地址系统”的文献(Brown & Ford 1961;布劳恩1988)。然而，在布朗和吉尔曼(1960)的基础论文《权力与团结的代名词》发表约60年后，也许是时候想象一下，同样的话语现象将如何以不同的经验出发点被框定。在这里，我们通过关注东南亚以及一些东亚语言的说话人和收件人指称的社会语用学来重新定义这一领域。从这个有利的角度重新想象，代词称呼只是一个更广泛的领域的一半-对话者参考的社会语用学。与欧洲语言相比，东南亚语言为说话者提供了更广泛的正式资源和功能机制，以表明言语行为参与者之间(以及这些参与者和第三方之间)的关系。在形式上，东南亚语言以非代词、开放类名词的广泛使用而著称，这些名词可以用于说话人和收件人的指称。从功能上看，说话人与受话人之间关系的社会标引不仅仅是以指受话人的形式被语法化的。相反，这两种语言在讲话者指称和收件人指称方面的社会语用差异是显著的。由于东南亚语言在表示言语行为参与者时采用了更广泛的形式，并且由于它们在激活社会语用替代时不受功能限制于称呼参考，因此它们提供了一种最大程度上分化的系统，使类型学概括和隐含共相的构建成为可能。
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The interplay of language, cognition, and culture has attracted the utmost attention of linguistic anthropologists since the inception of their discipline. By locating a research juncture for these three themes, this study focuses on both verbal and nonverbal elements employed in an interview with victims of the Fukushima disaster. More specifically, this study explores a scale of ‘relevance’ of these individuals to this disaster at four levels; the linguistic, interactional, schematic, and poetic. I closely examine the third and the fourth levels, the schematic and poetic, by exploring binaries (e.g., ‘depart-return’ and ‘action-thought’) and the poetic configurations emerging online through these binaries during the interview regarding the Great East Japan Earthquake. I also consider corporeal actions by the interviewer that support and mediate listenership whereby individuals coordinate gaze and reactive tokens, effectively involving interlocutors in the poetic construction of multimodal texts during the interviews. Grounded on the multiple levels of complementarity addressed throughout this study, I conclude that subsequent scholarship should examine the holistic orchestration of multi-layered achievements in greater depth, in order to elaborate on ways in which such an orchestration takes shape through a preferred ‘fashion of speaking.’
{"title":"Scale of ‘Relevance’ and Complementarity: Focusing on Schematic and Poetic Formations of Interaction","authors":"Kuniyoshi Kataoka","doi":"10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v1-i1-a4","url":null,"abstract":"The interplay of language, cognition, and culture has attracted the utmost attention of linguistic anthropologists since the inception of their discipline. By locating a research juncture for these three themes, this study focuses on both verbal and nonverbal elements employed in an interview with victims of the Fukushima disaster. More specifically, this study explores a scale of ‘relevance’ of these individuals to this disaster at four levels; the linguistic, interactional, schematic, and poetic. I closely examine the third and the fourth levels, the schematic and poetic, by exploring binaries (e.g., ‘depart-return’ and ‘action-thought’) and the poetic configurations emerging online through these binaries during the interview regarding the Great East Japan Earthquake. I also consider corporeal actions by the interviewer that support and mediate listenership whereby individuals coordinate gaze and reactive tokens, effectively involving interlocutors in the poetic construction of multimodal texts during the interviews. Grounded on the multiple levels of complementarity addressed throughout this study, I conclude that subsequent scholarship should examine the holistic orchestration of multi-layered achievements in greater depth, in order to elaborate on ways in which such an orchestration takes shape through a preferred ‘fashion of speaking.’","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45433868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Tay people represent an ethnic minority in the mountainous north of Vietnam. As do Shaman rituals in all regions, the Shaman of the Tay people in Vietnam exhibit uniqueness in their languages and accommodation of their society’s world view through their ‘Then’ rituals. The Then rituals require an integration of many artistically positioned and framed elements, including language (poetry, vows, chanting, the dialogue in the ritual), music (singing, accompaniment), and dance. This paper investigates The Art of Speaking of the Tay Shaman, through their Then rituals, which include use of language to describe the imaginary journey of the Shaman into the three- tiered world (Muong fa - Heaven region (Thien phu); Muong Din - Mountain region (Nhac phu); Muong Nam - Water region (combination of Thuy phu and Dia phu) to describe dealings with deities and demons, and to describe the phenomenon of possession. The methodic framework of the paper thus includes discussions of in the comparison between the concept of the three-storey world in the Then ritual of the Tay people with the concept of Tam Tu phu in the Len dong ceremony of the Kinh in Vietnam. Thereby, it clearly shows the concept of Tay people of the universe, the world of gods, demons, the existence of the soul and the body, and theexistence of human soul after death. The study contributes to Linguistics and Anthropology in that it observes and describes the world views of a Northern Vietnamese ethnicity, and their negotiation with spirituality, through languages of both a spiritualistic medium and society.
泰族是越南北部山区的一个少数民族。就像所有地区的萨满仪式一样，越南Tay人的萨满通过他们的“Then”仪式在他们的语言和对他们社会世界观的适应方面表现出独特性。然后的仪式需要整合许多艺术定位和框架元素，包括语言(诗歌，誓言，诵经，仪式中的对话)，音乐(唱歌，伴奏)和舞蹈。本文探讨了泰萨满的语言艺术，通过他们的仪式，其中包括使用语言来描述萨满进入三层世界(Muong fa - Heaven region (tien phu))的想象旅程;Muong Din -山区(芽府);Muong Nam - Water地区(tuy phu和Dia phu的组合)用来描述与神灵和恶魔的交易，以及描述附身的现象。因此，本文的方法框架包括讨论在Tay人的Then仪式中的三层世界概念与越南京的Len dong仪式中的Tam Tu phu概念之间的比较。从而清晰地展现了泰人的宇宙观念，神与魔的世界，灵魂与肉体的存在，人死后灵魂的存在。这项研究对语言学和人类学有贡献，因为它观察并描述了北越民族的世界观，以及他们通过灵性媒介和社会的语言与灵性的谈判。
{"title":"The Three-Tiered World of the Tay People in Vietnam through the Performance of Then Rituals","authors":"Thi Yen Nguyen","doi":"10.47298/jala.v2-i2-a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47298/jala.v2-i2-a2","url":null,"abstract":"The Tay people represent an ethnic minority in the mountainous north of Vietnam. As do Shaman rituals in all regions, the Shaman of the Tay people in Vietnam exhibit uniqueness in their languages and accommodation of their society’s world view through their ‘Then’ rituals. The Then rituals require an integration of many artistically positioned and framed elements, including language (poetry, vows, chanting, the dialogue in the ritual), music (singing, accompaniment), and dance. This paper investigates The Art of Speaking of the Tay Shaman, through their Then rituals, which include use of language to describe the imaginary journey of the Shaman into the three- tiered world (Muong fa - Heaven region (Thien phu); Muong Din - Mountain region (Nhac phu); Muong Nam - Water region (combination of Thuy phu and Dia phu) to describe dealings with deities and demons, and to describe the phenomenon of possession. The methodic framework of the paper thus includes discussions of in the comparison between the concept of the three-storey world in the Then ritual of the Tay people with the concept of Tam Tu phu in the Len dong ceremony of the Kinh in Vietnam. Thereby, it clearly shows the concept of Tay people of the universe, the world of gods, demons, the existence of the soul and the body, and theexistence of human soul after death. The study contributes to Linguistics and Anthropology in that it observes and describes the world views of a Northern Vietnamese ethnicity, and their negotiation with spirituality, through languages of both a spiritualistic medium and society.","PeriodicalId":36068,"journal":{"name":"Journal on Asian Linguistic Anthropology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74560276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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