Most of the food transport trucks in Sothern Africa are equipped with refrigeration and air conditioning systems filled with fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A to facilitate the heat transfer process. These refrigerants are synthetic chemicals and have high potential to cause global warming and damage to the ozone layer. Currently, natural refrigerants are considered as alternatives to these man-made refrigerants to mitigate some of the environmental risks. The natural refrigerants are the substances that occur in nature such as hydrocarbons (HC), ammonia, and carbon dioxide. These type of refrigerants have been in the market for many years, but in some applications such as domestic refrigerators, heat pumps, chillers, and air conditioners, whereas fluorocarbons are the mostly used in the food transport refrigeration systems. Natural refrigerants such as propane (HC – 290) are now penetrating the market in food transport refrigeration systems where previously fluorocarbons were the favoured option. Therefore, this work reports the possibilities of using non-fluorinated hydrocarbon/natural refrigerant (propane – R290) in the food transport refrigerated systems in Southern Africa; a case study of South Africa. R290 has the potential to lower greenhouse gases emissions compared to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which are widely used in most of the existing food transport refrigeration systems in South Africa. R290 has negligible Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 3 which is well below the global threshold value of 150. The review revealed that refrigeration capacity of R290 is in the average of 10 – 30% higher than commonly used fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A and R134A. Since R290 is labeled as a flammable refrigerant, the present study also reviews its flammability safety measures.
{"title":"Propane (HC – 290) as an Alternative Refrigerant in the Food Transport Refrigeration Sector in Southern Africa – a Review","authors":"T. Kivevele","doi":"10.31603/ae.5994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.5994","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the food transport trucks in Sothern Africa are equipped with refrigeration and air conditioning systems filled with fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A to facilitate the heat transfer process. These refrigerants are synthetic chemicals and have high potential to cause global warming and damage to the ozone layer. Currently, natural refrigerants are considered as alternatives to these man-made refrigerants to mitigate some of the environmental risks. The natural refrigerants are the substances that occur in nature such as hydrocarbons (HC), ammonia, and carbon dioxide. These type of refrigerants have been in the market for many years, but in some applications such as domestic refrigerators, heat pumps, chillers, and air conditioners, whereas fluorocarbons are the mostly used in the food transport refrigeration systems. Natural refrigerants such as propane (HC – 290) are now penetrating the market in food transport refrigeration systems where previously fluorocarbons were the favoured option. Therefore, this work reports the possibilities of using non-fluorinated hydrocarbon/natural refrigerant (propane – R290) in the food transport refrigerated systems in Southern Africa; a case study of South Africa. R290 has the potential to lower greenhouse gases emissions compared to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which are widely used in most of the existing food transport refrigeration systems in South Africa. R290 has negligible Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 3 which is well below the global threshold value of 150. The review revealed that refrigeration capacity of R290 is in the average of 10 – 30% higher than commonly used fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A and R134A. Since R290 is labeled as a flammable refrigerant, the present study also reviews its flammability safety measures.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44247247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the strong candidates for biodiesel is Crude Coconut Oil (CCO) but its high viscosity cannot be applied directly without treatment. Therefore, nanocarbon is added to reduce the viscosity of CCO. Nanocarbon is a natural material with semiconductor properties, a good heat conductor, and can attract other molecules. By adding nanocarbon, it is expected to reduce the viscosity of CCO. This study aimed to determine the combustion characteristics of droplets on CCO by adding nanocarbon by 1% and 5%. The method used was a true experiment with droplets, which dripped on the thermocouple with activation energy from the heater. The results showed that CCO burned 0.933s with a droplet diameter of 4.307mm, droplet diameter of 5.472 mm. By adding 5% nanocarbon to CCO, the CCO burned faster, more reactive, and the ignition was shorter than the pure CCO and 1% CCO.
{"title":"The Response of Adding Nanocarbon to the Combustion Characteristic of Crude Coconut Oil (CCO) Droplets","authors":"Ena Marlina, M. Basjir, R. Purwati","doi":"10.31603/ae.4954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.4954","url":null,"abstract":"One of the strong candidates for biodiesel is Crude Coconut Oil (CCO) but its high viscosity cannot be applied directly without treatment. Therefore, nanocarbon is added to reduce the viscosity of CCO. Nanocarbon is a natural material with semiconductor properties, a good heat conductor, and can attract other molecules. By adding nanocarbon, it is expected to reduce the viscosity of CCO. This study aimed to determine the combustion characteristics of droplets on CCO by adding nanocarbon by 1% and 5%. The method used was a true experiment with droplets, which dripped on the thermocouple with activation energy from the heater. The results showed that CCO burned 0.933s with a droplet diameter of 4.307mm, droplet diameter of 5.472 mm. By adding 5% nanocarbon to CCO, the CCO burned faster, more reactive, and the ignition was shorter than the pure CCO and 1% CCO.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43594896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Supriyadi, P. Purwanto, D. Anggoro, H. Hermawan
Philippine Tung (Reutealis trisperma) is an indigenous nut that is a relatively new feedstock for producing biodiesel in Indonesia. The nature of NaOH base catalyst and reaction temperature plays an important role in the method of biodiesel production. This study aimed to assess the effects of different percentages of NaOH base catalyst and reaction temperature on physicochemical properties of Philippine Tung biodiesel. Transesterification process was carried out by reacting Philippine Tung oil with methanol and NaOH catalyst. NaOH weight to oil weight was at 0.25%, 0.5%,0.75% and 1%, the reaction temperature set up were at 60°C and 70°C, while methanol-oil molar ratio was set at 6:1. Yield, acid value, saponification value, density, and viscosity of biodiesel were significantly influenced by NaOH catalyst concentrations. Meanwhile reaction temperature had no effect on the yield and viscosity. Philippine Tung biodiesel produced using 0.25% NaOH catalyst met the SNI 04-7182-2015 biodiesel standard of the properties investigated in this study (yield: 96.18%, acid value: 0.466 mg KOH/g, saponification value: 200.083 mg KOH/g, density: 0.889 g/mL, viscosity: 5.276 cSt).
{"title":"The Effects of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Concentration and Reaction Temperature on The Properties of Biodiesel from Philippine Tung (Reutealis Trisperma) Seeds","authors":"S. Supriyadi, P. Purwanto, D. Anggoro, H. Hermawan","doi":"10.31603/ae.5986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.5986","url":null,"abstract":"Philippine Tung (Reutealis trisperma) is an indigenous nut that is a relatively new feedstock for producing biodiesel in Indonesia. The nature of NaOH base catalyst and reaction temperature plays an important role in the method of biodiesel production. This study aimed to assess the effects of different percentages of NaOH base catalyst and reaction temperature on physicochemical properties of Philippine Tung biodiesel. Transesterification process was carried out by reacting Philippine Tung oil with methanol and NaOH catalyst. NaOH weight to oil weight was at 0.25%, 0.5%,0.75% and 1%, the reaction temperature set up were at 60°C and 70°C, while methanol-oil molar ratio was set at 6:1. Yield, acid value, saponification value, density, and viscosity of biodiesel were significantly influenced by NaOH catalyst concentrations. Meanwhile reaction temperature had no effect on the yield and viscosity. Philippine Tung biodiesel produced using 0.25% NaOH catalyst met the SNI 04-7182-2015 biodiesel standard of the properties investigated in this study (yield: 96.18%, acid value: 0.466 mg KOH/g, saponification value: 200.083 mg KOH/g, density: 0.889 g/mL, viscosity: 5.276 cSt).","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44188766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The development of technology on the 2-stroke direct-injection spark-ignition engine is expected to be a solution to optimize engine performance and reduce exhaust pollution. The fuel injection system in the operation of the spark-ignition engine is controlled by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), so this study aims to design and experiment with a prototype of an Arduino-based direct injection fuel injection electronic control unit for 2-stroke spark-ignition engines. This research method begins with the design of an electronic control unit prototype that is selected for easy setup and low cost. Then, experiments were conducted on variations in injection timing and injection duration, which are the two main parameters of the fuel system to determine their effect on engine performance. This data is then used as a basis for setting the amount of fuel injected. The results show that there is an optimal performance under certain conditions from setting the injection timing and injection duration which is easily applied to the open-source code setting of this electronic control unit.
{"title":"Design and Experiment of a Prototype Electronic Control Unit Direct Injection Fuel System Arduino-Based for 2-stroke Spark Ignition Engine","authors":"D. Syaka, Ade Tiya Purwoko, S. Sopiyan","doi":"10.31603/ae.5472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.5472","url":null,"abstract":"The development of technology on the 2-stroke direct-injection spark-ignition engine is expected to be a solution to optimize engine performance and reduce exhaust pollution. The fuel injection system in the operation of the spark-ignition engine is controlled by the Electronic Control Unit (ECU), so this study aims to design and experiment with a prototype of an Arduino-based direct injection fuel injection electronic control unit for 2-stroke spark-ignition engines. This research method begins with the design of an electronic control unit prototype that is selected for easy setup and low cost. Then, experiments were conducted on variations in injection timing and injection duration, which are the two main parameters of the fuel system to determine their effect on engine performance. This data is then used as a basis for setting the amount of fuel injected. The results show that there is an optimal performance under certain conditions from setting the injection timing and injection duration which is easily applied to the open-source code setting of this electronic control unit.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45464703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Y. Nanlohy, Helen Riupassa, Marthina Mini, Herman Tjolleng Taba, Basri Katjo, Nevada JM Nanulaitta, Masaki Yamaguchi
This study aims to reveal the performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition (SI) engine fueled by a gasoline-bioethanol mixture. The main performance characteristics of the SI engine tested are torque, power output; thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and brake mean effective pressure. Meanwhile, the exhaust emissions seen are carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The test is carried out by comparing the performance of the SI engine under standard conditions without modification with gasoline fuel, with the SI engine with modification with 85% bioethanol fuel. The mass flow of fuel is regulated by modifying the carburetor choke at 3/4 and 7/8. The results show that although slightly lower than gasoline, in general, it can be seen that bioethanol can improve SI engine performance and produce environmentally friendly exhaust emissions.
{"title":"Performance and Emissions Analysis of BE85-Gasoline Blends on Spark Ignition Engine","authors":"H. Y. Nanlohy, Helen Riupassa, Marthina Mini, Herman Tjolleng Taba, Basri Katjo, Nevada JM Nanulaitta, Masaki Yamaguchi","doi":"10.31603/ae.6116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.6116","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to reveal the performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition (SI) engine fueled by a gasoline-bioethanol mixture. The main performance characteristics of the SI engine tested are torque, power output; thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and brake mean effective pressure. Meanwhile, the exhaust emissions seen are carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. The test is carried out by comparing the performance of the SI engine under standard conditions without modification with gasoline fuel, with the SI engine with modification with 85% bioethanol fuel. The mass flow of fuel is regulated by modifying the carburetor choke at 3/4 and 7/8. The results show that although slightly lower than gasoline, in general, it can be seen that bioethanol can improve SI engine performance and produce environmentally friendly exhaust emissions.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46905235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. I. Ramadhan, W. Azmi, R. Mamat, Ery Diniardi, T. Hendrawati
The use of nanoparticle coolant fluid in the car radiator increases the rate of heat transfer and facilitates the reduction of the overall radiator size. In this study, heat transfer characteristics of tri-hybrid nanofluids-based water/EG (60:40) were analyzed experimental and compared with water/EG (60:40). Four different nanofluids concentrations were prepared by adding 0.05 to 0.3 vol.% of tri-hybrid nanofluids dispersed a mixture of water/ethylene glycol (60:40). Experiments were carried out by varying the flow rate of coolant between 2 to 12 LPM for working temperature of 70 °C, the velocity of airflow remained at an average of 4 m/s, to understand the effect of coolant flow rate on heat transfer. The results showed that the thermal performance of tri-hybrid nanofluids in a water/EG (60:40) mixture has been investigated for volume concentrations of up to 0.3% and working temperature of 70 °C. The maximum enhancement of heat transfer coefficient for air side is observed up to 23.8% at 0.05% volume concentration meanwhile for coolant side is observed at 39.7% at 0.3% volume concentration. The pressure drop and pumping power have the same pattern which increasing in volume concentrations.
{"title":"Experimental Investigation of Cooling Performance in Automotive Radiator using Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 Nanofluids","authors":"A. I. Ramadhan, W. Azmi, R. Mamat, Ery Diniardi, T. Hendrawati","doi":"10.31603/ae.6111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.6111","url":null,"abstract":"The use of nanoparticle coolant fluid in the car radiator increases the rate of heat transfer and facilitates the reduction of the overall radiator size. In this study, heat transfer characteristics of tri-hybrid nanofluids-based water/EG (60:40) were analyzed experimental and compared with water/EG (60:40). Four different nanofluids concentrations were prepared by adding 0.05 to 0.3 vol.% of tri-hybrid nanofluids dispersed a mixture of water/ethylene glycol (60:40). Experiments were carried out by varying the flow rate of coolant between 2 to 12 LPM for working temperature of 70 °C, the velocity of airflow remained at an average of 4 m/s, to understand the effect of coolant flow rate on heat transfer. The results showed that the thermal performance of tri-hybrid nanofluids in a water/EG (60:40) mixture has been investigated for volume concentrations of up to 0.3% and working temperature of 70 °C. The maximum enhancement of heat transfer coefficient for air side is observed up to 23.8% at 0.05% volume concentration meanwhile for coolant side is observed at 39.7% at 0.3% volume concentration. The pressure drop and pumping power have the same pattern which increasing in volume concentrations.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43635951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Anggono, Soen Peter Stanley, Ferdinand Ronaldo, G. J. Gotama, B. Guo, Emir Yilmaz, M. Ichiyanagi, Takashi Suzuki
Due to the difficulty to directly study ammonia, the present work investigated the engine performance of lean iso-octane/air mixture to approximate ammonia combustion behaviour. The study was conducted using a single cylinder modified diesel engine that features a spark plug and glow plug in the sub-chamber. The investigations varied the engine speeds (1000 and 1500 RPM), glow plug voltages (6 and 10 volts), excess air ratios (1.4 to 1.8), and ignition timings (-2 to -5 °BTDC). The results suggested improved engine performances with a lower excess ratio and higher glow plug voltage due to more complete and stable combustion. By increasing the engine speed, the lean burn limit was extended and improved the engine performances. Because of the sub-chamber feature, delaying the ignition timing improved the engine performances. A larger excess air ratio was found to increase the sensitivity of the engine performances with the ignition timing. The brake mean effective pressure for all conditions has a coefficient of variation of less than 7%, indicating stable combustion. The results suggested that the current setup can be used to investigate ammonia blended fuel and direct ammonia combustion in future works.
{"title":"Engine Performances of Lean Iso-Octane Mixtures in a Glow Plug Heated Sub-Chamber SI Engine","authors":"W. Anggono, Soen Peter Stanley, Ferdinand Ronaldo, G. J. Gotama, B. Guo, Emir Yilmaz, M. Ichiyanagi, Takashi Suzuki","doi":"10.31603/ae.5118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.5118","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the difficulty to directly study ammonia, the present work investigated the engine performance of lean iso-octane/air mixture to approximate ammonia combustion behaviour. The study was conducted using a single cylinder modified diesel engine that features a spark plug and glow plug in the sub-chamber. The investigations varied the engine speeds (1000 and 1500 RPM), glow plug voltages (6 and 10 volts), excess air ratios (1.4 to 1.8), and ignition timings (-2 to -5 °BTDC). The results suggested improved engine performances with a lower excess ratio and higher glow plug voltage due to more complete and stable combustion. By increasing the engine speed, the lean burn limit was extended and improved the engine performances. Because of the sub-chamber feature, delaying the ignition timing improved the engine performances. A larger excess air ratio was found to increase the sensitivity of the engine performances with the ignition timing. The brake mean effective pressure for all conditions has a coefficient of variation of less than 7%, indicating stable combustion. The results suggested that the current setup can be used to investigate ammonia blended fuel and direct ammonia combustion in future works.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47646549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aditya Kolakoti, B. Prasadarao, K. Satyanarayana, M. Setiyo, Hasan Köten, Metta Raghu
In this study, an unexplored oil from the wodyetia bifurcata fruit was used for biodiesel production. The transesterification process was implemented to convert the raw oil into wodyetia bifurcata methyl ester (WBME) and the influence of process variables on WBME yield was examined with the response surface method (RSM) assisted Box-Behnken optimization. The results of RSM show that a maximum biodiesel yield of 94.67% was achieved and reaction time was identified as an influencing process variable. The fatty acid composition (FAC) from chromatography reveals the presence of highly unsaturated in WBME and the significant fuel properties of thermal and molecular meet the required fuel standards (ASTM). The obtained fuel properties of WBME are compared with other popularly used biodiesels and observed low kinematic viscosity (3.87mm2/sec) and moderated cetane number (53) for WBME. Furthermore, artificial neural network (ANN) tools are used for the prediction of WBME yield and show an improvement of 0.4% than RSM and low mean square error and a high coefficient of correlation was observed for ANN.
{"title":"Elemental, Thermal and Physicochemical Investigation of Novel Biodiesel from Wodyetia Bifurcata and Its Properties Optimization using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)","authors":"Aditya Kolakoti, B. Prasadarao, K. Satyanarayana, M. Setiyo, Hasan Köten, Metta Raghu","doi":"10.31603/ae.6171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/ae.6171","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an unexplored oil from the wodyetia bifurcata fruit was used for biodiesel production. The transesterification process was implemented to convert the raw oil into wodyetia bifurcata methyl ester (WBME) and the influence of process variables on WBME yield was examined with the response surface method (RSM) assisted Box-Behnken optimization. The results of RSM show that a maximum biodiesel yield of 94.67% was achieved and reaction time was identified as an influencing process variable. The fatty acid composition (FAC) from chromatography reveals the presence of highly unsaturated in WBME and the significant fuel properties of thermal and molecular meet the required fuel standards (ASTM). The obtained fuel properties of WBME are compared with other popularly used biodiesels and observed low kinematic viscosity (3.87mm2/sec) and moderated cetane number (53) for WBME. Furthermore, artificial neural network (ANN) tools are used for the prediction of WBME yield and show an improvement of 0.4% than RSM and low mean square error and a high coefficient of correlation was observed for ANN.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48333377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Zetra, Sovia Masfuri Walidatus Sholihah, R. Burhan, R. Firmansyah
Desulphurization of diesel fuel is necessary to be done to reduce sulphur content in the air. However, the desulphurization process will reduce the lubrication properties of diesel fuel. In order to overcome the problem, it needs bioadditive to improve the lubricity. Lubricity of diesel fuel can be improved by the subsistence of chemical compound that is hydroxyethyl esther (HEE). HEE is synthesized through the transesterification reaction of palm oil (triglycerides) and 1,2 ethanediol at 150 °C for 5 hours and K2CO3 catalyst as well. The conversion of TG into the products is 72.90%. The characterization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) indicates that the chemical compound in synthesis products comprise free fatty acids, hydroxyethyl esters and by-products. The obtained products can be used as bioadditives to improve the lubricity of diesel fuel.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Diesel Lubricity Enhancer through Transesterification Reaction of Palm Oil with 1,2-Ethanediol","authors":"Y. Zetra, Sovia Masfuri Walidatus Sholihah, R. Burhan, R. Firmansyah","doi":"10.31603/AE.4664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/AE.4664","url":null,"abstract":"Desulphurization of diesel fuel is necessary to be done to reduce sulphur content in the air. However, the desulphurization process will reduce the lubrication properties of diesel fuel. In order to overcome the problem, it needs bioadditive to improve the lubricity. Lubricity of diesel fuel can be improved by the subsistence of chemical compound that is hydroxyethyl esther (HEE). HEE is synthesized through the transesterification reaction of palm oil (triglycerides) and 1,2 ethanediol at 150 °C for 5 hours and K2CO3 catalyst as well. The conversion of TG into the products is 72.90%. The characterization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) indicates that the chemical compound in synthesis products comprise free fatty acids, hydroxyethyl esters and by-products. The obtained products can be used as bioadditives to improve the lubricity of diesel fuel.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":"4 1","pages":"104-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46932375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Nandiyanto, S. N. Hofifah, G. C. S. Girsang, S. R. Putri, B. Budiman, F. Triawan, A. Al-Obaidi
This study aims to investigate the effect of rice husks’ particle size on resin-based brake pad performance (i.e. compressive strength, puncture strength, mass loss, wear rate, friction coefficient, and heat resistance). Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and cycloaliphatic amine were mixed to form resin and used as the brake pad's base material. In the experiment, rice husk with a specific particle size (i.e., 250, 500, dan 1000 μm) was added to the resin. Rice husk has received considerable interest due to its lignin, cellulose, and silica content, making it suitable as friction material due to its ceramic-like behavior. The experimental results showed small rice husk particles improved compressive strength, puncture strength, and bulk density. This can be obtained from the analysis of the maximum compressive strength for brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 μm having values of 0.238; 0.173; and 0.144 MPa, respectively. In contrast, large particles formed coarse surfaces and pores, decreased mass loss rate, and improve friction properties (i.e. wear rate, friction coefficient). The friction coefficient values of brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 µm were, respectively, 0.2075; 0.2070; and 0.3379. Particle size affected interpacking, interfacial bonding, pores number and size, thermal softening, mechanical properties, and friction properties of the brake pad. Comparison between the prepared resin-based and commercial brake pad was also done, confirming the utilization of agro-waste as a potential alternative for friction material in the brake pad.
{"title":"The Effects of Rice Husk Particles Size as A Reinforcement Component on Resin-Based Brake Pad Performance: From Literature Review on the Use of Agricultural Waste as A Reinforcement Material, Chemical Polymerization Reaction of Epoxy Resin, to Experiments","authors":"A. Nandiyanto, S. N. Hofifah, G. C. S. Girsang, S. R. Putri, B. Budiman, F. Triawan, A. Al-Obaidi","doi":"10.31603/AE.4815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31603/AE.4815","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the effect of rice husks’ particle size on resin-based brake pad performance (i.e. compressive strength, puncture strength, mass loss, wear rate, friction coefficient, and heat resistance). Bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin and cycloaliphatic amine were mixed to form resin and used as the brake pad's base material. In the experiment, rice husk with a specific particle size (i.e., 250, 500, dan 1000 μm) was added to the resin. Rice husk has received considerable interest due to its lignin, cellulose, and silica content, making it suitable as friction material due to its ceramic-like behavior. The experimental results showed small rice husk particles improved compressive strength, puncture strength, and bulk density. This can be obtained from the analysis of the maximum compressive strength for brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 μm having values of 0.238; 0.173; and 0.144 MPa, respectively. In contrast, large particles formed coarse surfaces and pores, decreased mass loss rate, and improve friction properties (i.e. wear rate, friction coefficient). The friction coefficient values of brake pad supported by particles with sizes of 250, 500, and 1000 µm were, respectively, 0.2075; 0.2070; and 0.3379. Particle size affected interpacking, interfacial bonding, pores number and size, thermal softening, mechanical properties, and friction properties of the brake pad. Comparison between the prepared resin-based and commercial brake pad was also done, confirming the utilization of agro-waste as a potential alternative for friction material in the brake pad.","PeriodicalId":36133,"journal":{"name":"Automotive Experiences","volume":"4 1","pages":"68-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44932740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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