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Survey of rural and urban happiness in Indonesia during the corona crisis 电晕危机期间印尼农村和城市幸福感调查
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00265-4
Yoko Mayuzumi
<div><p>The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed urban life, and it can be said that the time is at hand when cities and rural areas should promote symbiotic projects. These projects are diverse and include medical conditions, socioeconomic activities, working conditions, information technology, food conditions, culture as well as education. According to previous studies, medical conditions are excellent, but well-being of the mental health of people in developed countries is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Meanwhile, developing countries tend to have higher levels of well-being in urban life, while rural areas have lower levels of well-being and mental health, because of a focus on lagging economic activities and vulnerability in medical care. Preliminary interviews in Bali, Indonesia, the author's study area, revealed no livelihood change in subsistence farming villages during the COVID-19 disaster indicating no effects by the pandemic. Meanwhile, urban residents faced difficulties obtaining food due to the government curfew and halt in economic activities. Most workers lost their jobs and suffered hardships in the tourism industry. With this situation, the conditions are slightly different from the previous studies in developing countries mentioned above. Previous studies did not reveal any mental health and well-being assessment for life in the rural areas of developing countries during the corona disaster. This study aimed to clarify the reality of urban and rural well-being during the Corona Disaster in a developing country, namely Bali. The hypothesis is that in Bali, Indonesia, a developing country, the level of well-being under the corona disaster is higher for rural residents than for urban residents. Six groups were surveyed with 71 questions from the survey items of previous studies including the World Happiness Report conducted worldwide, WHR2020, AHI and The Oxford Happiness Survey. Face Sheet, Mental Health, Anxiety, Happiness, Good things due to corona, and Corona infection control behaviors were included. The questionnaire was categorical to allow for a quantitative analysis and began in September 2021. I collected 280 samples from two villages, each in rural and urban areas of Bali, and analyzed the results with simple cross-tabulations and a difference of means, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and structural analysis of covariance. The analyses revealed a tendency toward inward self-loneliness in the urban areas and outward anxiety about one's surroundings in the rural areas. Under the corona disaster, subjects in rural areas stayed optimistic about external stress, in contrast to those in urban areas, who became inwardly oriented and negative. This point does not imply that well-being is higher among rural people, but it suggests that they are more mentally stress-tolerant because they are more likely to positively view the situation. Although the hypothesis was not proven, life in rural areas, wh
新冠肺炎疫情给城市生活带来了巨大变化,城乡共建共生的时代已经到来。这些项目多种多样,包括医疗条件、社会经济活动、工作条件、信息技术、食品条件、文化和教育。根据以往的研究,医疗条件很好,但发达国家农村地区人民的心理健康水平高于城市地区。与此同时,发展中国家的城市生活往往幸福水平较高,而农村地区的幸福和心理健康水平较低,因为发展中国家注重落后的经济活动和医疗保健方面的脆弱性。在作者的研究地区印度尼西亚巴厘岛进行的初步访谈显示,在COVID-19灾难期间,自给自足的农业村庄的生计没有变化,这表明大流行没有影响。与此同时,由于政府的宵禁和经济活动的停止,城市居民面临着获取食物的困难。大部分工人失去了工作,在旅游业中遭受了苦难。在这种情况下,情况与前面提到的发展中国家的研究略有不同。以前的研究没有揭示在冠状病毒灾难期间发展中国家农村地区生活的任何心理健康和福祉评估。本研究旨在澄清发展中国家,即巴厘岛在冠状病毒灾害期间城市和农村福祉的现实。假设在发展中国家印度尼西亚巴厘岛,农村居民在冠状病毒灾难下的幸福水平高于城市居民。六组人接受了71个问题的调查,这些问题来自于之前的研究,包括全球范围内进行的世界幸福报告、WHR2020、AHI和牛津幸福调查。包括面部表情、心理健康、焦虑、幸福、因冠状病毒引起的好事和冠状病毒感染控制行为。为了进行定量分析,调查问卷是明确的,从2021年9月开始。我从巴厘岛的农村和城市地区的两个村庄收集了280个样本,并对结果进行了简单的交叉表和均数差异分析,因子分析,多元回归分析和协方差结构分析。分析表明,城市地区的人有内向的自我孤独倾向,农村地区的人有外向的对周围环境的焦虑倾向。在冠状病毒灾害下,农村地区的被试对外部压力保持乐观,而城市地区的被试则变得内向和消极。这一点并不意味着农村人的幸福感更高,但它表明他们在精神上更能承受压力,因为他们更有可能积极地看待形势。虽然这一假设没有得到证实,但在人们情绪乐观、不孤独的农村生活,可以被认为是相对人道和心理健康的。这可能表明生活在农村地区的人的幸福水平高于生活在城市地区的人。这项研究的结果不同于之前的研究,即发展中国家农村地区的人们幸福感和心理健康水平较低。然而,这项研究通过调查农村和城市居民的福祉,为发展中国家的冠状病毒灾害情况提供了新的知识。
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引用次数: 1
Impacts of climate change on paddy yields in different climatic zones of Sri Lanka: a panel data approach 气候变化对斯里兰卡不同气气带水稻产量的影响:面板数据方法
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-10-12 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00264-5
Chamila Kumari Chandrasiri, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Tien D. N. Ho, Farhad Zulfiqar, Avishek Datta

While climate change affects agricultural production globally, scarce literature has quantified the impacts of climatic factors on paddy yields with attention to specific water regimes, climatic zones, growth periods, and crop seasons. This study aimed to identify the effects of various climatic variables at different plant growth phases (growing and harvesting), crop seasons (Maha and Yala) [In Sri Lanka, there are two main crop seasons. Maha is the major cultivation season covering the months of October to March, and Yala is the minor cultivation season covering the months of April to September], and water regimes (major irrigation, minor irrigation, and rainfed) in three climatic zones (dry zone, intermediate zone, and wet zone) of Sri Lanka. A district-wise annual panel dataset was constructed for a 39-year period (1981 to 2019) covering 18 districts and analyzed by panel regression methods. The results showed that temperature had significant non-linear effects on yields in the dry and intermediate zones. Variation in temperature decreased yields more in the dry zone than in other zones. Rainfall significantly reduced yields in the dry and wet zones, whereas it increased yields in the intermediate zone. Rainfall fluctuations decreased yields in the wet zone more than in other zones. These findings suggest a need for dissemination of climate-smart agriculture practices by considering the characteristics of each water regime, particularly in the dry zone. For rainfed paddies, a crop insurance scheme should be introduced to reduce crop losses due to harsh climatic events. Complementary policies, such as improvement of irrigation systems and provision of timely weather forecasts, can support smallholder paddy farming.

虽然气候变化影响着全球农业生产,但缺乏文献量化了气候因素对水稻产量的影响,并关注了特定的水分状况、气候带、生长期和作物季节。这项研究旨在确定各种气候变量对不同植物生长阶段(生长和收获)、作物季节(Maha和Yala)的影响[在斯里兰卡,有两个主要的作物季节。Maha是主要的种植季节,覆盖10月至3月,Yala是次要的种植季节,覆盖4月至9月,以及斯里兰卡三个气候带(干旱区,中间区和湿区)的水制度(主要灌溉,次要灌溉和雨养)。构建了覆盖18个地区的39年(1981 - 2019)年度面板数据集,并采用面板回归方法进行了分析。结果表明,温度对干旱区和中间区产量有显著的非线性影响。温度变化对干旱地区产量的影响比对其他地区更大。降雨显著降低了干湿带的产量,而增加了中间带的产量。降雨波动对湿区产量的影响大于其他地区。这些发现表明,需要通过考虑每种水系的特征,特别是在干旱地区,来传播气候智能型农业实践。对于雨养稻田,应该引入作物保险计划,以减少恶劣气候事件造成的作物损失。配套政策,如改善灌溉系统和提供及时的天气预报,可以支持小农的水田种植。
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引用次数: 3
Stochastic demand frontier analysis of residential electricity demands in Japan 日本居民用电需求的随机需求前沿分析
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-10-08 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00267-2
Akihiro Otsuka

This study analyzed the efficiency of residential electricity demands from 1990 to 2015 across the electrical supply regions of Japan. Specifically, I utilized a stochastic frontier analysis to statistically identify the determinants of the efficiency of residential electricity demands. The analysis revealed that a decline in average household size improves the efficiency of electricity demands, whereas a rise in the aging of household members worsens it. Furthermore, this study showed that the efficiency of electricity demands improves in warmer regions because of increased cost consciousness in cooling demands, whereas it deteriorates in colder regions because of the complementary use of various heating devices. A shift in Japan’s energy policy following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake has not significantly affected the efficiency of residential electricity demands. In other words, no structural changes have occurred in the efficiency of electricity demands during the observation period. As such, long-term trends within this sector in Japan include a decline in the average household size and a rise in population aging. Therefore, these findings provide important insights into Japan’s future trends in terms of energy demands.

本研究分析了1990年至2015年日本电力供应地区的住宅电力需求效率。具体来说,我利用随机前沿分析来统计识别居民电力需求效率的决定因素。分析结果显示,平均家庭规模的减少会提高用电效率,而家庭成员老龄化的增加则会恶化用电效率。此外,本研究表明,由于制冷需求的成本意识增强,温暖地区的电力需求效率有所提高,而在寒冷地区,由于各种供暖设备的补充使用,电力需求效率下降。2011年东日本大地震后,日本能源政策的转变并未显著影响居民用电需求的效率。换句话说,在观察期内,电力需求效率没有发生结构性变化。因此,日本该行业的长期趋势包括平均家庭规模的下降和人口老龄化的加剧。因此,这些发现为了解日本未来的能源需求趋势提供了重要的见解。
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引用次数: 1
Impacts and risks of borrowing on corporate performance: evidence from Japan and Sub-Saharan Africa 借款对公司绩效的影响和风险:来自日本和撒哈拉以南非洲的证据
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00263-6
Ekote Nelson Nnoko, Yuji Maeda

Borrowing constitutes the capital structure of a firm. Also, impacts of borrowing on corporate performance differ from one nation to another. This study used data and multiple regression analysis to determine the impacts and sensitivity of borrowing on related risks in corporate performance. Data included a sample of manufacturing companies from the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) and manufacturing companies from some top stock exchanges in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 2016 to 2019. The results showed that borrowing affects corporate performance. Due to differences in interest rate, inflation rate, governance and fluctuating economic conditions, impacts and risks of borrowing in SSA are higher than in Japan. The results also indicated that financial performance can be optimized by mitigating interest rate risk, exchange rate risk, market risk and fluctuations in economic conditions. In conclusion, the negative impacts of borrowing on corporate performance are more substantial in SSA than in Japan.

借款构成了公司的资本结构。此外,借款对公司绩效的影响也因国家而异。本研究运用数据和多元回归分析来确定借款对企业绩效相关风险的影响和敏感性。数据包括2016年至2019年东京证券交易所(TSE)的制造业公司和撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)一些顶级证券交易所的制造业公司样本。结果表明,借款影响企业绩效。由于利率、通货膨胀率、治理和波动的经济状况的差异,SSA借款的影响和风险高于日本。结果还表明,通过降低利率风险、汇率风险、市场风险和经济条件波动,可以优化财务绩效。综上所述,借贷对企业绩效的负面影响在SSA比在日本更为显著。
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引用次数: 0
Special Feature on social, economic, and spatial impacts of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey 关于2019冠状病毒病大流行对土耳其社会、经济和空间影响的专题报道
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00261-8
Tüzin Baycan, Suat Tuysuz

This Special Feature investigates the social, economic, and spatial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and highlights the factors differentiating Turkey from the other countries. The articles contributing to this Special Feature are classified into three main parts. The first group of articles addresses spatial implications of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey with a specific focus on the place-based factors affecting the spread of the pandemic, the determinants of pandemic-induced changes in intracity mobility, and the use of social media to forecast commercial real estate figures during COVID-19. The second group of articles investigates the social and economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic and diversely affected economic sectors in Turkey. These articles analyze the vulnerability and resilience of regions and diversely affected economic sectors with a specific focus on the housing market that displays an opposite trend to international tendencies regarding transaction volumes and private rental housing prices. The third group of articles considers the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic from an international perspective. These articles analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international trade with a specific focus on exports and the fragility of the global trade structure and network in the framework of global value chains. Analyzing the impacts of COVID-19 from different perspectives, the articles in this Special Feature reveal the factors differentiating Turkey from the other countries and highlight the challenges.

本专题调查了2019冠状病毒病大流行对土耳其的社会、经济和空间影响,并强调了土耳其与其他国家不同的因素。本专题的文章主要分为三个部分。第一组文章讨论了2019冠状病毒病大流行对土耳其的空间影响,特别关注影响大流行传播的基于地点的因素、大流行引起的城市流动性变化的决定因素,以及在2019冠状病毒病期间使用社交媒体预测商业房地产数据的情况。第二组文章调查了2019冠状病毒病大流行对土耳其的社会和经济影响以及受到不同影响的经济部门。这些文章分析了地区和受不同影响的经济部门的脆弱性和弹性,并特别关注房地产市场,该市场在交易量和私人租赁住房价格方面表现出与国际趋势相反的趋势。第三组文章从国际视角考虑新冠肺炎大流行的经济影响。这些文章分析了2019冠状病毒病大流行对国际贸易的影响,特别关注出口以及全球价值链框架下全球贸易结构和网络的脆弱性。本专题文章从不同角度分析了新冠肺炎的影响,揭示了土耳其与其他国家不同的因素,并强调了挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Productivity analysis of Sri Lankan cooperative banks: input distance function approach 斯里兰卡合作银行生产率分析:输入距离函数法
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-23 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00260-9
Arandarage Mayura Prasad Arandara, Shingo Takahashi

This study examined how Sri Lankan cooperative banks performed in changing markets and environmental conditions, including the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed quarterly financial data for 103 cooperative rural banks (CRBs) between 2016 and 2020 to estimate technical efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) using the input distance function with multiple outputs. The technical efficiency (TE) of CRBs declined from 99 to 85% over the period and differences in TE between banks increased substantially. TFP decreased substantially, by 38%, so for further analysis, TFP change was separated into a three component-scale change, technical change, and technical efficiency change. According to TFP decomposition, the dominant factor contributing to this decline was the scale change. The loan relief program enacted during the COVID-19 crisis, as well as increased competition in the market, may have reduced the size of operations, thus possibly contributing to this decline. The second component, technical change was overall positive, but minute likely due to the reluctance of cooperative banks’ to adopt new technologies. The third component technical efficiency change was negative throughout the period, likely due to increased operating expenses and non-performing loans. These findings suggest the need for a more market-sensitive government intervention, adaptation of modern technology, and comprehensive human resource development to enhance the performance of CRB operations.

本研究考察了斯里兰卡合作银行在不断变化的市场和环境条件(包括COVID-19大流行)中的表现。本文对103家农村合作银行2016 - 2020年季度财务数据进行分析,利用多产出投入距离函数估算技术效率和全要素生产率。crb的技术效率(TE)在此期间从99%下降到85%,银行之间的技术效率差异大幅增加。TFP大幅度下降了38%,因此为了进一步分析,TFP的变化分为规模变化、技术变化和技术效率变化三个组成部分。根据TFP的分解,导致这种下降的主要因素是规模变化。新冠肺炎危机期间制定的贷款减免计划,以及市场竞争加剧,可能缩小了业务规模,从而可能导致这种下降。第二部分,技术变革总体上是积极的,但由于合作银行不愿采用新技术,这种可能性很小。第三部分技术效率变化在整个期间为负,可能是由于营业费用和不良贷款的增加。这些研究结果表明,政府干预需要对市场更加敏感,适应现代技术和全面的人力资源开发,以提高CRB业务的绩效。
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引用次数: 2
Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on private rental housing prices in Turkey 新冠肺炎疫情对土耳其私人租赁住房价格的影响
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-22 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00262-7
Safiye Özge Subaşı, Tüzin Baycan

Rent prices have a strong relationship with economic factors in addition to the structural and environmental characteristics of housing stocks. Previous research demonstrated that impacts of unexpected and sudden circumstances such as war and epidemics on urban housing markets relate to their effects on the economy. Following the first COVID-19 case in Turkey, which was officially announced on 11 March 2020, changes in both housing preferences and economic structure have significantly affected the rental housing market due to the pandemic conditions. To highlight challenges in the rental housing market, this study addressed how the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced rental housing prices in 81 provinces of Turkey using the big data set of Endeksa, a private real-estate platform in Turkey. The data set was descriptively analyzed through four main periods identified on the basis of changing COVID-19 pandemic regulations and implementations in Turkey. Average rent prices of Turkish provinces during the identified periods were compared using ArcGIS 10.6. to show how private rent prices changed during the pandemic. The findings demonstrated that the unit rent prices generally increased from March 2020 to December 2021 throughout the whole country. Furthermore, the findings highlighted that while metropolitan cities have the highest unit rent price, the highest rent price rise occurred in provinces located in Central and Eastern Anatolia. This study contributes to the literature on how sudden shocks such as pandemics affect rent prices in free rental markets. In addition, it shows how the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rental housing market differ from country to country by revealing the increasing trends in Turkey.

除了住房存量的结构和环境特征外,租金价格还与经济因素有很强的关系。以前的研究表明,战争和流行病等突发情况对城市住房市场的影响与其对经济的影响有关。自2020年3月11日正式宣布土耳其出现首例COVID-19病例以来,由于疫情的影响,住房偏好和经济结构的变化对租赁住房市场产生了重大影响。为了突出租赁住房市场面临的挑战,本研究利用土耳其私人房地产平台Endeksa的大数据集,分析了2019冠状病毒病大流行如何影响土耳其81个省的租赁住房价格。根据土耳其不断变化的COVID-19大流行法规和实施情况确定的四个主要时期,对数据集进行了描述性分析。使用ArcGIS 10.6对确定期间土耳其各省的平均租金进行了比较。以显示大流行期间私人租金价格的变化。调查结果表明,从2020年3月到2021年12月,全国单位租金价格普遍上涨。此外,调查结果强调,虽然大城市的单位租金价格最高,但租金价格涨幅最高的省份位于安纳托利亚中部和东部。这项研究有助于研究流行病等突发事件如何影响自由租赁市场的租金价格。此外,它还通过揭示土耳其的增长趋势,展示了COVID-19大流行对各国租赁住房市场的影响。
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引用次数: 7
Correction: Global supply and demand of medical goods in the fight against Covid-19: a network analysis 更正:全球抗击新冠肺炎医疗用品供需情况:网络分析
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00259-2
Semanur Soyyiğit, Ercan Eren
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引用次数: 0
Pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve of Bangladesh: an empirical investigation 污染天堂假说与孟加拉国环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-19 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00258-3
Mahamuda Firoj, Nair Sultana, Sharmina Khanom, Md Harun Ur Rashid, Abeda Sultana

This study investigated pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) validation and existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Bangladesh. The study used CO2 emissions as the key indicator of environmental pollution. Moreover, we considered relevant explanatory variables such as foreign direct investments, trade openness, financial development, gross fixed capital formation, energy consumption and urbanization to achieve our goals. Covering the time series data from 1986 to 2018, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach was applied. The findings revealed a long-run cointegration between the considered variables, and the ARDL results cannot validate the PHH in Bangladesh. These results contribute to the existing literature by concentrating on the EKC hypothesis for financial development purposes. Furthermore, we found that urbanization, gross fixed capital formation and trade openness positively influence CO2 emissions, while energy use reduces CO2 emissions. These findings suggest that Bangladesh should take advantage of the invalidity of the PHH and introduce eco-friendly urbanization planning to mitigate detrimental effects of environmental pollution.

本研究在孟加拉调查污染港假说(PHH)的验证和环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)假说的存在性。本研究将CO2排放量作为环境污染的关键指标。此外,为了实现我们的目标,我们考虑了相关的解释变量,如外国直接投资、贸易开放、金融发展、固定资本形成总额、能源消耗和城市化。对1986 - 2018年的时间序列数据采用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)方法。研究结果揭示了所考虑的变量之间的长期协整,并且ARDL结果不能验证孟加拉国的PHH。这些结果有助于现有的文献集中在金融发展目的的EKC假设。城镇化、固定资本形成总量和贸易开放正向影响CO2排放,而能源使用降低CO2排放。这些发现表明,孟加拉国应该利用PHH的无效,引入生态友好型城市化规划,以减轻环境污染的有害影响。
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引用次数: 9
Place-based factors affecting COVID-19 incidences in Turkey 影响土耳其COVID-19发病率的地方因素
IF 1.4 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-09-10 DOI: 10.1007/s41685-022-00257-4
Mehmet Ronael, Tüzin Baycan

In December 2019, COVID-19 infections first occurred in Wuhan City, China, after which it rapidly spread throughout the world. Today, COVID-19 has become a major disaster affecting countries physically, socially, and especially economically. However, reasons behind the spread of COVID-19 are still unclear. Therefore, many scholars from different disciplines try to understand the various leading indicators. Our study aimed to reveal place-based factors affecting COVID-19 incidences in Turkey while addressing and analyzing a set of indicators (physical, natural, economic, demographic, and mobility based) within the scope of the recent research findings in the literature on the COVID-19 Pandemic. Following this purpose, we addressed 81 provinces of Turkey using city-level data obtained from the Ministry of Health, and employed global and local regression methods through ArcGIS and GeoDa: Ordinary Least Square, Spatial Lag Model, Spatial Error Model, and Geographically Affected Weighted Regression to highlight place-based factors affecting the spread of the Pandemic. The results of our analyses demonstrated that three factors: (1) population density, (2) annual temperature, and (3) health capacity; are related to the COVID-19 incidences in Turkey. Our results also demonstrated that the impact of these factors causes varying spatial effects within the country, especially in the West–East direction. Although these results provide a base for future studies, COVID-19 is still spreading with several mutations. Therefore, the reliability of produced models and the effectiveness of factors should be retested using new and updated data for cities and at other geographical scales.

2019年12月,COVID-19感染首先发生在中国武汉市,随后迅速蔓延到世界各地。今天,COVID-19已成为影响各国物质、社会、特别是经济的重大灾难。然而,新冠病毒传播的原因尚不清楚。因此,许多不同学科的学者试图了解各种领先指标。我们的研究旨在揭示影响土耳其COVID-19发病率的地方因素,同时在有关COVID-19大流行的文献中最近的研究成果范围内处理和分析一组指标(基于物理、自然、经济、人口和流动性)。基于这一目的,我们使用从卫生部获得的城市级数据对土耳其的81个省进行了分析,并通过ArcGIS和GeoDa采用全球和局部回归方法:普通最小二乘法、空间滞后模型、空间误差模型和地理影响加权回归,以突出影响大流行传播的基于地点的因素。分析结果表明:(1)人口密度、(2)年气温、(3)卫生能力是主要影响因素;都与土耳其的COVID-19发病率有关。研究结果还表明,这些因素的影响在全国范围内产生了不同的空间效应,特别是在东西方向上。尽管这些结果为未来的研究提供了基础,但COVID-19仍在以几种突变传播。因此,应使用新的和更新的城市和其他地理尺度的数据,重新检验所产生的模型的可靠性和因素的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Asia-Pacific Journal of Regional Science
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