Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/S2587-55662019269-84
P. Belyanin, П.С. Белянин, P. Anderson, П М Андерсон, N. Belyanina, А В Ложкин, A. Lozhkin, Н.И. Белянина, K. Arslanov, Хикматулла Адиевич Арсланов, F. E. Maximov, Ф. Е. Максимов, D. Gornov, Д А Горнов
The results of biostratigraphic analysis of bottom sediments of the Karas’e, Utinoe, Krugloe lakes as well as loose sediments of accumulative plains at the mouths of the Tumannaya and Poima rivers in the south of the Far East are presented. Natural conditions were recovered and periodicity of vegetation changes in the foothills of the East Manchurian Mountains and in the coastal plains of the Peter the Great Bay in the Middle and Late Holocene were reconstructed by the complex of data. The synchronicity of both the development of vegetation formations and changes of sedimentation conditions with global climatic variations were revealed. The first, Middle Holocene stage proceeded in the conditions of general planetary increase of average annual temperatures, accompanied by flooding of lowland plains of the coast of the Sea of Japan by sea waters. The distribution and species diversity of broad-leaved plants in spurs of the East Manchurian Mountains increased. In the Holocene Optimum, the polydominant forests with richer composition of species than that of the present time were formed and vegetation on the foothill accumulative plains was represented with sedge and mixed meadows. The second, Late Holocene stage was characterized by a decrease in average annual temperatures and series of climatic changes. Its beginning was marked by the cooling, during which the coastal lowlands were freed from sea waters. Climate deterioration caused expansion of dark coniferous and small-leaved plants in the East Manchurian Mountains, as well as reduction of polydominant forests. On the foothills near the coast of the Peter the Great Bay sedge meadows were developed, sometimes there were thickets of shrubby birch (Betula sect. Nanae) and sphagnum swamps. At the end of the Late Holocene the warming occurred again. On the slopes of the East Manchurian Mountains, the vegetation formations with the dominance of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.) and dentate oak (Quercus dentataThunb.), needle fir (Abies holophylla Maxim.), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siеbold et Zucc.) and with the presence of birches began to dominate. The dissemination of pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc.), elm (Ulmus sp.), hornbeam (Carpinus cordata Blume) and maple (Acer sp.) has increased. On the foothill lowlands the sedge-reed meadows with different grass dominated.
本文介绍了远东南部卡拉斯埃湖、乌提涅湖、克鲁格洛湖底部沉积物以及图曼纳亚河和波伊马河河口堆积平原松散沉积物的生物地层学分析结果。利用复合资料恢复了全新世中晚期东满山山麓和彼得大帝湾沿岸平原的自然条件和植被变化的周期性。揭示了植被地层发育和沉积条件变化与全球气候变化的同步性。全新世中期是在全球年平均气温普遍升高的条件下进行的，伴随着海水淹没日本海沿岸的低地平原。东满山林带阔叶植物的分布和物种多样性增加。在全新世最适期，形成了比现在物种组成更丰富的多优势林，山麓积原植被以莎草和混合草甸为代表。第二阶段为晚全新世，以年平均气温下降和一系列气候变化为特征。它开始的标志是降温，在此期间，沿海低地从海水中解放出来。气候恶化导致东满山暗针叶和小叶植物扩张，多优势林减少。在彼得大帝湾海岸附近的山麓上，生长着莎草草甸，有时还生长着灌木状的桦树(桦科)和泥炭沼泽。在晚全新世末期，气候变暖再次发生。在东满洲山斜坡上，以蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica Fisch)为优势的植被结构。有齿栎(Quercus dentataThunb.)、针杉(Abies holophylla Maxim.)、红松(Pinus koraiensis sinoveld et Zucc.)和桦树的存在开始占主导地位。松树(Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc.)、榆树(Ulmus sp.)、角木(Carpinus cordata Blume)和枫木(Acer sp.)的分布有所增加。在丘陵低地上，主要是长着各种草的芦苇草地。
{"title":"Vegetation changes in the south of the Russian Far East in the middle and late Holocene","authors":"P. Belyanin, П.С. Белянин, P. Anderson, П М Андерсон, N. Belyanina, А В Ложкин, A. Lozhkin, Н.И. Белянина, K. Arslanov, Хикматулла Адиевич Арсланов, F. E. Maximov, Ф. Е. Максимов, D. Gornov, Д А Горнов","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019269-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019269-84","url":null,"abstract":"The results of biostratigraphic analysis of bottom sediments of the Karas’e, Utinoe, Krugloe lakes as well as loose sediments of accumulative plains at the mouths of the Tumannaya and Poima rivers in the south of the Far East are presented. Natural conditions were recovered and periodicity of vegetation changes in the foothills of the East Manchurian Mountains and in the coastal plains of the Peter the Great Bay in the Middle and Late Holocene were reconstructed by the complex of data. The synchronicity of both the development of vegetation formations and changes of sedimentation conditions with global climatic variations were revealed. The first, Middle Holocene stage proceeded in the conditions of general planetary increase of average annual temperatures, accompanied by flooding of lowland plains of the coast of the Sea of Japan by sea waters. The distribution and species diversity of broad-leaved plants in spurs of the East Manchurian Mountains increased. In the Holocene Optimum, the polydominant forests with richer composition of species than that of the present time were formed and vegetation on the foothill accumulative plains was represented with sedge and mixed meadows. The second, Late Holocene stage was characterized by a decrease in average annual temperatures and series of climatic changes. Its beginning was marked by the cooling, during which the coastal lowlands were freed from sea waters. Climate deterioration caused expansion of dark coniferous and small-leaved plants in the East Manchurian Mountains, as well as reduction of polydominant forests. On the foothills near the coast of the Peter the Great Bay sedge meadows were developed, sometimes there were thickets of shrubby birch (Betula sect. Nanae) and sphagnum swamps. At the end of the Late Holocene the warming occurred again. On the slopes of the East Manchurian Mountains, the vegetation formations with the dominance of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.) and dentate oak (Quercus dentataThunb.), needle fir (Abies holophylla Maxim.), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siеbold et Zucc.) and with the presence of birches began to dominate. The dissemination of pine (Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc.), elm (Ulmus sp.), hornbeam (Carpinus cordata Blume) and maple (Acer sp.) has increased. On the foothill lowlands the sedge-reed meadows with different grass dominated.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80326908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/s2587-556620192100-108
B. Morgunov, A. A. Terentiev, M. Kozeltsev
Contemporary challenges and threats to sustainable development including safe use of transboundary resources of rivers and Arctic seas in condition of climate change are connected with cumulative impact of numerous factors. Ongoing environmental changes have transboundary nature and will have significant impact in international scale. In case of overlapping of factors of impact their nature and synergetic effect, mechanisms of their interrelated influence and possible negative consequences for global economy, environment and human health are not adequately known. Among the main obstacles to mitigation of climate change impact on the state of big river basins in the Arctic and Arctic seas are: the lack of critically important information and data, absence of modern concepts of climate change mitigation measures connected with impact on Arctic seas, uncoordinated and inefficient regulation and management, absence of unified interstate tools of marine spatial planning. The article contains the analysis of risks and global consequences of the ongoing climate change for water resources; characteristic of priority issues and their underlying root causes. It also contains the results of the analysis of risks connected with melting of permafrost and increase in thermal coast erosion, assessment of the role of transboundary cooperation in the Arctic for sustainable regional development. The authors also propose some measures for addressing the above issues based on the Strategic Program of Actions on the Protection of the Russian Part of the Arctic developed by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia.
{"title":"Assessment of transboundary risks and global effects of climate change and economic activities in the basins of the arctic seas","authors":"B. Morgunov, A. A. Terentiev, M. Kozeltsev","doi":"10.31857/s2587-556620192100-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-556620192100-108","url":null,"abstract":"Contemporary challenges and threats to sustainable development including safe use of transboundary resources of rivers and Arctic seas in condition of climate change are connected with cumulative impact of numerous factors. Ongoing environmental changes have transboundary nature and will have significant impact in international scale. In case of overlapping of factors of impact their nature and synergetic effect, mechanisms of their interrelated influence and possible negative consequences for global economy, environment and human health are not adequately known. Among the main obstacles to mitigation of climate change impact on the state of big river basins in the Arctic and Arctic seas are: the lack of critically important information and data, absence of modern concepts of climate change mitigation measures connected with impact on Arctic seas, uncoordinated and inefficient regulation and management, absence of unified interstate tools of marine spatial planning. The article contains the analysis of risks and global consequences of the ongoing climate change for water resources; characteristic of priority issues and their underlying root causes. It also contains the results of the analysis of risks connected with melting of permafrost and increase in thermal coast erosion, assessment of the role of transboundary cooperation in the Arctic for sustainable regional development. The authors also propose some measures for addressing the above issues based on the Strategic Program of Actions on the Protection of the Russian Part of the Arctic developed by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79138550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/S2587-55662019241-50
E. Dolgova, Е. А. Долгова, O. Solomina, О. Н. Соломина, Vladimir Matskovsky, В. В. Мацковский, A. Dobryansky, А С Добрянский, N. Semenyak, Н А Семеняк, S. S. Shpunt, С С Шпунт
The paper presents the results of an analysis of the spatial variability of pine tree-ring growth in the Solovetsky Islands. As a result of the field work, tree-ring network containing 14 dendrochronological pine sites in various habitats were developed. For each site, a local tree-ring width pine chronology (from 472 to 271 years) is obtained, representing pine growth features in different habitat conditions. A comparison between chronologies revealed synchronious growth of pine in various habitats in the late 17th, in the first half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries. The use of cluster analysis allowed to identify several groups of chronologies with similar characteristics. So, trees growing on swamps, on a sandy substrate and in a green-moss pine forest or in a mixed forest are allocated in separate clusters. This clustering is also confirmed by the results of a dendroclimatic analysis of local chronologies. It turned out that the increase in the pine’s growth in the mixed forest and in the green-moss pine forest depends on the July air temperature variation. Inside this group, samples from pine forests have a common feature – a positive relationship of growth with the precipitation of September. The only site located on the sands showed a different climatic signal than the other chronologies, namely, the dependence on the temperature of August.
{"title":"Spatial variation of pine tree-ring growth in the Solovetsky Islands","authors":"E. Dolgova, Е. А. Долгова, O. Solomina, О. Н. Соломина, Vladimir Matskovsky, В. В. Мацковский, A. Dobryansky, А С Добрянский, N. Semenyak, Н А Семеняк, S. S. Shpunt, С С Шпунт","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019241-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019241-50","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the results of an analysis of the spatial variability of pine tree-ring growth in the Solovetsky Islands. As a result of the field work, tree-ring network containing 14 dendrochronological pine sites in various habitats were developed. For each site, a local tree-ring width pine chronology (from 472 to 271 years) is obtained, representing pine growth features in different habitat conditions. A comparison between chronologies revealed synchronious growth of pine in various habitats in the late 17th, in the first half of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries. The use of cluster analysis allowed to identify several groups of chronologies with similar characteristics. So, trees growing on swamps, on a sandy substrate and in a green-moss pine forest or in a mixed forest are allocated in separate clusters. This clustering is also confirmed by the results of a dendroclimatic analysis of local chronologies. It turned out that the increase in the pine’s growth in the mixed forest and in the green-moss pine forest depends on the July air temperature variation. Inside this group, samples from pine forests have a common feature – a positive relationship of growth with the precipitation of September. The only site located on the sands showed a different climatic signal than the other chronologies, namely, the dependence on the temperature of August.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77925365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/S2587-55662019220-30
V. Lazarenko, В. Лазаренко
The article presents the analysis of the influence of historical factors on the development of Russian cities of nuclear power industry and the genetic types of these cities. Most of these cities are young, their socioeconomic state depends on the city-forming enterprise. The formation and development of nuclear power plant (NPPs) cities went in two ways: the city was built in parallel with the nuclear power plant (e.g., Novovoronezh, Desnogorsk, Kurchatov); the NPP was built near the settlement, and then NPP has influenced on socioeconomic development of the settlement, its employment structure, etc. (Volgodonsk and Balakovo). In USSR/Russia practice, the first way dominated, when an urban-type settlement was built near a NPP, such settlement then intensively grew and developed into a city. There are three types of Russian cities with NPPs: the cities formed and developed before the construction of the NPP; the cities developed due to the operation of NPPs, and the cities created and developed due to the operation of NPPs. It was found that the factor of formation of nuclear power industry in the city is decisive in the social development of almost all cities of NPPs and affects their current state.
{"title":"Social development of Russian nuclear power plant cities","authors":"V. Lazarenko, В. Лазаренко","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019220-30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019220-30","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the analysis of the influence of historical factors on the development of Russian cities of nuclear power industry and the genetic types of these cities. Most of these cities are young, their socioeconomic state depends on the city-forming enterprise. The formation and development of nuclear power plant (NPPs) cities went in two ways: the city was built in parallel with the nuclear power plant (e.g., Novovoronezh, Desnogorsk, Kurchatov); the NPP was built near the settlement, and then NPP has influenced on socioeconomic development of the settlement, its employment structure, etc. (Volgodonsk and Balakovo). In USSR/Russia practice, the first way dominated, when an urban-type settlement was built near a NPP, such settlement then intensively grew and developed into a city. There are three types of Russian cities with NPPs: the cities formed and developed before the construction of the NPP; the cities developed due to the operation of NPPs, and the cities created and developed due to the operation of NPPs. It was found that the factor of formation of nuclear power industry in the city is decisive in the social development of almost all cities of NPPs and affects their current state.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81774918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/S2587-556620192109-116
G. Chernogaeva, Г М Черногаева, E. Zhadanovskaya, Е А Жадановская, Yu. A. Malevanov, Ю А Малеванов
The paper analyzes the data from Roshydromet air pollution monitoring network in cities of the Moscow region, as well as the official Rosstat data on air pollution emissions from stationary sources and vehicles in Moscow and Moscow region over a 10-year period (since 2007), along with data from Roshydromet soil contamination monitoring network by heavy metals along federal routes in Moscow region for the period 2009–2016. Analysis showed that despite the closure of some industrial plants or moving some of them from Moscow to the Moscow region, the air quality in Moscow remained virtually unchanged for the last 10 years. The high traffic load and the density of the road network have led to the fact that most of the Moscow region has a double excess over the background values of pollutants, especially by heavy metals. The paper also presents trends and spatial variability of air quality in the region under study.
{"title":"Pollution sources and air quality in the Moscow Region","authors":"G. Chernogaeva, Г М Черногаева, E. Zhadanovskaya, Е А Жадановская, Yu. A. Malevanov, Ю А Малеванов","doi":"10.31857/S2587-556620192109-116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-556620192109-116","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes the data from Roshydromet air pollution monitoring network in cities of the Moscow region, as well as the official Rosstat data on air pollution emissions from stationary sources and vehicles in Moscow and Moscow region over a 10-year period (since 2007), along with data from Roshydromet soil contamination monitoring network by heavy metals along federal routes in Moscow region for the period 2009–2016. Analysis showed that despite the closure of some industrial plants or moving some of them from Moscow to the Moscow region, the air quality in Moscow remained virtually unchanged for the last 10 years. The high traffic load and the density of the road network have led to the fact that most of the Moscow region has a double excess over the background values of pollutants, especially by heavy metals. The paper also presents trends and spatial variability of air quality in the region under study.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89697838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/S2587-55662019251-68
Y. Puzachenko, Ю.Г. Пузаченко, A. S. Baibar, А С Байбар, A. Varlagin, А В Варлагин, R. Sandlersky, А.Н. Кренке, A. Krenke, Р.Б. Сандлерский
The technology of allocation of order parameters (invariants) of the spatial structure of the thermal field of the southern taiga landscape (Central Forest Nature Reserve) obtained on the basis of the analysis of the time series of measurements in the long-wave channel of Landsat satellites from 1986 to 2017 and reflecting its stationary state is considered. It is shown that the heat flux is measured by the satellite not directly from the forest crowns, but from the ground layer of the atmosphere, the state of which is determined by the parameters of the landscape. It is found that the invariant component of the spatiotemporal variation of the thermal field is displayed by two order parameters: the first mainly reflects the temperature of winter months, the second – of summer. The contribution of relief and vegetation to the determination of invariants and the autochthonous components of the thermal field determined by the transition zones between the landscape elements contrasting in thermal radiation are revealed. It is shown that the thermal field measured by the satellite reflects the heat flux from the ground layer of the atmosphere, which is in direct interaction with the landscape cover.
{"title":"Thermal field of the southern taiga landscape of the Russian plain","authors":"Y. Puzachenko, Ю.Г. Пузаченко, A. S. Baibar, А С Байбар, A. Varlagin, А В Варлагин, R. Sandlersky, А.Н. Кренке, A. Krenke, Р.Б. Сандлерский","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019251-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019251-68","url":null,"abstract":"The technology of allocation of order parameters (invariants) of the spatial structure of the thermal field of the southern taiga landscape (Central Forest Nature Reserve) obtained on the basis of the analysis of the time series of measurements in the long-wave channel of Landsat satellites from 1986 to 2017 and reflecting its stationary state is considered. It is shown that the heat flux is measured by the satellite not directly from the forest crowns, but from the ground layer of the atmosphere, the state of which is determined by the parameters of the landscape. It is found that the invariant component of the spatiotemporal variation of the thermal field is displayed by two order parameters: the first mainly reflects the temperature of winter months, the second – of summer. The contribution of relief and vegetation to the determination of invariants and the autochthonous components of the thermal field determined by the transition zones between the landscape elements contrasting in thermal radiation are revealed. It is shown that the thermal field measured by the satellite reflects the heat flux from the ground layer of the atmosphere, which is in direct interaction with the landscape cover.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82180246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/S2587-556620192129-136
O. Lavrenova, V. Filippova
The article considers the problem of textualization of the toponymic space of Yakutia on the basis of the analysis of the field material collected with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 15-18-20047). It has revealed that the consideration of the cultural landscape of Yakutia as text associated with the secondary meaning of toponymy. The main distinguishing feature of toponymics of Yakutia is the predominance of geological, geomorphological, natural semantics in the local toponymy. Toponyms of Yakutia associated with permafrost have no analogues and were included in Russian geographical terminology. As part of the cultural landscape, toponymics represents one of its semantic layers. The cultural and semiotic approaches are used to identify the features and patterns of the toponymic text existence in the study area.
{"title":"Toponymics of the сultural landscape of Yakutia: textualization issues","authors":"O. Lavrenova, V. Filippova","doi":"10.31857/S2587-556620192129-136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-556620192129-136","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the problem of textualization of the toponymic space of Yakutia on the basis of the analysis of the field material collected with the support of the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 15-18-20047). It has revealed that the consideration of the cultural landscape of Yakutia as text associated with the secondary meaning of toponymy. The main distinguishing feature of toponymics of Yakutia is the predominance of geological, geomorphological, natural semantics in the local toponymy. Toponyms of Yakutia associated with permafrost have no analogues and were included in Russian geographical terminology. As part of the cultural landscape, toponymics represents one of its semantic layers. The cultural and semiotic approaches are used to identify the features and patterns of the toponymic text existence in the study area.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89375798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-13DOI: 10.31857/S2587-5566201923-19
V. Vinogradova, В В Виноградова
The paper uses the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) to estimate the bioclimate in Russia, initiated by the Commission of the International society of Biometeorology. The UTCI index can be described as equivalent environment temperature (°C), which provides the same physiological impact on humans as the actual environment. Assessment of bioclimatic conditions is shown for the territory of Russia in the period of modern climate change (2001–2015). Cold stress conditions (from low to extreme) were observed in the almost all territory of Russia for about 8–11 months a year. During the rest of the year, the conditions are neutral or comfortable. The period of extreme and very high cold stress is reduced during the modern climate warming (compared to the period 1961–1990), especially in the Arctic, in the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia. At the same time, the period with neutral and comfortable thermal conditions increases.
{"title":"Universal thermal climate index in Russia","authors":"V. Vinogradova, В В Виноградова","doi":"10.31857/S2587-5566201923-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-5566201923-19","url":null,"abstract":"The paper uses the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) to estimate the bioclimate in Russia, initiated by the Commission of the International society of Biometeorology. The UTCI index can be described as equivalent environment temperature (°C), which provides the same physiological impact on humans as the actual environment. Assessment of bioclimatic conditions is shown for the territory of Russia in the period of modern climate change (2001–2015). Cold stress conditions (from low to extreme) were observed in the almost all territory of Russia for about 8–11 months a year. During the rest of the year, the conditions are neutral or comfortable. The period of extreme and very high cold stress is reduced during the modern climate warming (compared to the period 1961–1990), especially in the Arctic, in the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia. At the same time, the period with neutral and comfortable thermal conditions increases.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72636584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.31857/S2587-55662019173-85
М. Ю. Александрин, А. В. Дарьин, А. М. Грачев, О. Н. Соломина
Reference section of the bottom sediments of Lake Karakyol (Caucasus) is built based on the cores obtained during the 2010 and 2014 field works, taking into account radiocarbon dating and the data of analytical microstratigraphy. Using the methods of scanning micro-XRF, solid preparations of bottom sediments were scanned in 1 mm increments with simultaneous determination of the content of more than 25 rock-forming and microelements. When building the master-core, the profiles of changes in the content of terrigenous elements were taken into account. This made it possible to precisely combine the two cores and remove from the section the sediment intervals corresponding to the “one-time” events – terrigenous material injections. Comparison of instrumental data of regional meteorological observations in the period 1927–2010 with the time series of geochemical indicators showed the presence of a stable relationship of the composition of bottom sediments with the average 11-year temperatures. Approximation of transfer functions to the depth of core testing allowed constructing a paleoclimatic reconstruction of regional temperature for the last 2 millennia with a time resolution of 5–10 years.
{"title":"Dynamics of the Regional Climatic Conditions over the Past 2000 Years on the Basis of Lithogeochemical Analysis of the Bottom Sediments of Lake Karakyol (Western Caucasus)","authors":"М. Ю. Александрин, А. В. Дарьин, А. М. Грачев, О. Н. Соломина","doi":"10.31857/S2587-55662019173-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019173-85","url":null,"abstract":"Reference section of the bottom sediments of Lake Karakyol (Caucasus) is built based on the cores obtained during the 2010 and 2014 field works, taking into account radiocarbon dating and the data of analytical microstratigraphy. Using the methods of scanning micro-XRF, solid preparations of bottom sediments were scanned in 1 mm increments with simultaneous determination of the content of more than 25 rock-forming and microelements. When building the master-core, the profiles of changes in the content of terrigenous elements were taken into account. This made it possible to precisely combine the two cores and remove from the section the sediment intervals corresponding to the “one-time” events – terrigenous material injections. Comparison of instrumental data of regional meteorological observations in the period 1927–2010 with the time series of geochemical indicators showed the presence of a stable relationship of the composition of bottom sediments with the average 11-year temperatures. Approximation of transfer functions to the depth of core testing allowed constructing a paleoclimatic reconstruction of regional temperature for the last 2 millennia with a time resolution of 5–10 years.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76916870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.31857/s2587-5566201913-13
A. Zolotokrylin
Applications of the concept of climatic desertification are considered. They include an approach to a separate assessment of aridization and degradation of arid lands and an approach to identifying “islands” of desertification from satellite data. It is established that the contribution of anthropogenic land degradation to desertification is confirmed by a significant linear trend of interannual fluctuations of satellite indicators of pasture digression in all the studied arid areas of Russia and Mongolia in the period 2000–2016. Significant trends in the intensification of aridization were characteristic only for a part of arid areas. Because of the excessive pastoral digression in arid areas, “islands” of desertification of anthropogenic origin are formed. The lifetime of such “islands” is determined by human influence and fluctuations in the humidity of the climate. An additional factor in the short-term decline in the life of the “islands” in Mongolia is the catastrophic death of livestock as a result of natural disasters (drought, zuta). The “island” of desertification, of natural origin, is found in the reserved part of the Sonora Desert, where rainy seasons and droughts determine the spread of aridization. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of trends in climatic characteristics. The increase in air temperature occurred in all the areas under study. Negative trends in annual and seasonal precipitation dominated the steppe zone of Russia during the periods 1936–1960 and 1991–2016, when the surface temperature of the North Atlantic was above normal. On the contrary, positive precipitation trends, weakening aridization, were observed in the period 1961–1990, corresponding to a temperature below the norm.
{"title":"Global warming, desertification/degradation, and droughts in arid regions","authors":"A. Zolotokrylin","doi":"10.31857/s2587-5566201913-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-5566201913-13","url":null,"abstract":"Applications of the concept of climatic desertification are considered. They include an approach to a separate assessment of aridization and degradation of arid lands and an approach to identifying “islands” of desertification from satellite data. It is established that the contribution of anthropogenic land degradation to desertification is confirmed by a significant linear trend of interannual fluctuations of satellite indicators of pasture digression in all the studied arid areas of Russia and Mongolia in the period 2000–2016. Significant trends in the intensification of aridization were characteristic only for a part of arid areas. Because of the excessive pastoral digression in arid areas, “islands” of desertification of anthropogenic origin are formed. The lifetime of such “islands” is determined by human influence and fluctuations in the humidity of the climate. An additional factor in the short-term decline in the life of the “islands” in Mongolia is the catastrophic death of livestock as a result of natural disasters (drought, zuta). The “island” of desertification, of natural origin, is found in the reserved part of the Sonora Desert, where rainy seasons and droughts determine the spread of aridization. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of trends in climatic characteristics. The increase in air temperature occurred in all the areas under study. Negative trends in annual and seasonal precipitation dominated the steppe zone of Russia during the periods 1936–1960 and 1991–2016, when the surface temperature of the North Atlantic was above normal. On the contrary, positive precipitation trends, weakening aridization, were observed in the period 1961–1990, corresponding to a temperature below the norm.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77666176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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