Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.31857/s2587-556620194125-136
D. A. Shcheglov, Д А Щеглов
The configuration of the Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography is compared with the information of other ancient geographers. It is demonstrated that their data on the length of the coastlines between the key points match with high accuracy, implying that they drew on similar sources. A possible explanation of numerous disagreements between their data on distances between neighbouring coastal points is suggested. It is shown that the shortening of the west coast of the Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography relative to the reports of other geographers was due to his erroneous value of the circumference of the Earth. In general, Ptolemy’s configuration of the Black Sea is explained as a result of merging together contradictory information on the length of coastlines and the latitudes of the key points provided by his sources. These findings contribute to a better understanding of Ptolemy’s method of map-making.
{"title":"The Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography: from measuring latitudes and distances to creating a map","authors":"D. A. Shcheglov, Д А Щеглов","doi":"10.31857/s2587-556620194125-136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-556620194125-136","url":null,"abstract":"The configuration of the Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography is compared with the information of other ancient geographers. It is demonstrated that their data on the length of the coastlines between the key points match with high accuracy, implying that they drew on similar sources. A possible explanation of numerous disagreements between their data on distances between neighbouring coastal points is suggested. It is shown that the shortening of the west coast of the Black Sea in Ptolemy’s Geography relative to the reports of other geographers was due to his erroneous value of the circumference of the Earth. In general, Ptolemy’s configuration of the Black Sea is explained as a result of merging together contradictory information on the length of coastlines and the latitudes of the key points provided by his sources. These findings contribute to a better understanding of Ptolemy’s method of map-making.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86383577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.31857/s2587-55662019497-111
E. Belonovskaya, Е.А. Белоновская, V. Vinogradova, В В Виноградова, M. A. Ponomaryov, М А Пономарев, A. Tishkov, А.А. Тишков, N. Tsarevskaya, Н.Г. Царевская
The National Park “Valdayskiy” (the Park) was established to preserve the unique lake-forest complex of the Valday upland and to create conditions for the development of organized recreation on this territory. Incomparable beautiful views of different landscapes attracthere thousands of tourists from various Russian regions.The greater number of them prefers lakeshores for camping,so special attention in the research was paid tothe studyofriparian and shallow water vegetation of lakesin zones with different recreation pressureto establish the patterns of vegetation digression.The materials of our observations are supplemented with data on the attendance of tourist sites collected by the Park staff.The region recreation capacities were studied on the base of bioclimatic indices (Bodman’s indices and subjective temperature).It was revealed that only for the period of 1 month (mid-July to mid-August), there is a massive influx of tourists and intensive use of recreation sites on the lakeshores.This leads to degradation of riparian forest and meadow vegetation; destruction of the protective (buffer) zone of aquatic vegetation, erosion of the banks near camps, pollution of shallow water by sewage and garbage. Thus, irregular recreation pressure on water bodies leads to local degradation of natural complexes and eventually to lowering the aesthetic value of riparian landscapes. But such factors as humid (moderate) continental climate with a prolonged cold winter and high relative air humidity throughout the year reduce the period of a strong recreation pressure, and the complicated accessibility of many lakeshores reduce the negative impact of recreation and delay the destruction of natural vegetation. Evaluation of the bioclimatic indices allows Valday to be attributed to regions with a lack of thermal resources, it is preferable to develop here dynamic types of recreation activities practically all over the year. For soft recreation activity the Valday upland are available with limitation from 7 to 8 months in a year and without limitation nearly 1 month in a year. For nature conservation in the Park it is necessary to organize monitoring of lakeshore’s complexes, control of recreation use, determine pressure of tourist traffic, normalizing and differentiating this pressure by the types of possible use and conservation regime.
{"title":"Evaluating the recreation potential of the national park “Valdayskiy” (Novgorodskaya Oblast, Russia)","authors":"E. Belonovskaya, Е.А. Белоновская, V. Vinogradova, В В Виноградова, M. A. Ponomaryov, М А Пономарев, A. Tishkov, А.А. Тишков, N. Tsarevskaya, Н.Г. Царевская","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019497-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019497-111","url":null,"abstract":"The National Park “Valdayskiy” (the Park) was established to preserve the unique lake-forest complex of the Valday upland and to create conditions for the development of organized recreation on this territory. Incomparable beautiful views of different landscapes attracthere thousands of tourists from various Russian regions.The greater number of them prefers lakeshores for camping,so special attention in the research was paid tothe studyofriparian and shallow water vegetation of lakesin zones with different recreation pressureto establish the patterns of vegetation digression.The materials of our observations are supplemented with data on the attendance of tourist sites collected by the Park staff.The region recreation capacities were studied on the base of bioclimatic indices (Bodman’s indices and subjective temperature).It was revealed that only for the period of 1 month (mid-July to mid-August), there is a massive influx of tourists and intensive use of recreation sites on the lakeshores.This leads to degradation of riparian forest and meadow vegetation; destruction of the protective (buffer) zone of aquatic vegetation, erosion of the banks near camps, pollution of shallow water by sewage and garbage. Thus, irregular recreation pressure on water bodies leads to local degradation of natural complexes and eventually to lowering the aesthetic value of riparian landscapes. But such factors as humid (moderate) continental climate with a prolonged cold winter and high relative air humidity throughout the year reduce the period of a strong recreation pressure, and the complicated accessibility of many lakeshores reduce the negative impact of recreation and delay the destruction of natural vegetation. Evaluation of the bioclimatic indices allows Valday to be attributed to regions with a lack of thermal resources, it is preferable to develop here dynamic types of recreation activities practically all over the year. For soft recreation activity the Valday upland are available with limitation from 7 to 8 months in a year and without limitation nearly 1 month in a year. For nature conservation in the Park it is necessary to organize monitoring of lakeshore’s complexes, control of recreation use, determine pressure of tourist traffic, normalizing and differentiating this pressure by the types of possible use and conservation regime.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84585439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.31857/s2587-556620194112-124
T. V. Chernen’kova, Т.В. Черненькова, M. Puzachenko, М Ю Пузаченко, N. Belyaeva, Н.Г. Беляева, O. Morozova, Ольга Владимировна Морозова
The sequence and content of the main stages of determining the indicators of the structure and composition of forest communities based on satellite imagery of the Landsat system are described. It is shown that the application of quantitative processing methods for the interpolation of point data from field research, in particular canonical discriminant analysis, allows obtaining characteristics of the vegetation cover and investigating the factors of its biodiversity formation. The presented methods and results of the assessment of various parameters of the state of forests, their structure and typological composition can be integrated into the international network of the National Forest Inventory. Despite the difference in methodological approaches, there is a principal possibility of harmonizing the data obtained with the data of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. For the test territory in the central partof the Russian plain (western sector of the Moscow oblast), the results of a joint analysis of field research data, remote sensing dataand a digital elevation model are presented. A series of maps of the medium scale characterizing the spatial structure and composition of the forest cover of the study area was obtained.
{"title":"Evaluation of the structure and composition of forests in Moscow region based on field and remote sensing data","authors":"T. V. Chernen’kova, Т.В. Черненькова, M. Puzachenko, М Ю Пузаченко, N. Belyaeva, Н.Г. Беляева, O. Morozova, Ольга Владимировна Морозова","doi":"10.31857/s2587-556620194112-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-556620194112-124","url":null,"abstract":"The sequence and content of the main stages of determining the indicators of the structure and composition of forest communities based on satellite imagery of the Landsat system are described. It is shown that the application of quantitative processing methods for the interpolation of point data from field research, in particular canonical discriminant analysis, allows obtaining characteristics of the vegetation cover and investigating the factors of its biodiversity formation. The presented methods and results of the assessment of various parameters of the state of forests, their structure and typological composition can be integrated into the international network of the National Forest Inventory. Despite the difference in methodological approaches, there is a principal possibility of harmonizing the data obtained with the data of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems. For the test territory in the central partof the Russian plain (western sector of the Moscow oblast), the results of a joint analysis of field research data, remote sensing dataand a digital elevation model are presented. A series of maps of the medium scale characterizing the spatial structure and composition of the forest cover of the study area was obtained.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82992403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.31857/s2587-55662019473-84
D. Bezukhov, Д А Безухов, V. Golosov, В Н Голосов, A. Panin, А. В. Панин
Dependence between sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and morphometric parameters of a set of 27 previously studied small watersheds located in the central and southern parts of the Russian plain in various geomorphological conditions in the areas of active agricultural development is established. The SDR of small riversheds were determined using field methods. When comparing the SDR with individual terrain characteristics, there is no direct linear relationship between each of the parameters and SDR. The highest value of the correlation coefficient between the SDR and relief indicators of the small rivershed was obtained for the average steepness of the watershed area (r = 0.52). As one of the verified morphometric characteristics, the parameter of the planimetric form of the rivershed area (the circularity coefficient) was used. The resulting equation includes several morphometric parameters: the ratio of area and perimeter (derived from the circularity coefficient) and the amplitude of absolute heights. These parameters allow taking into account the watershed planimetric form and the landform energy potential. About half the SDR values, obtained by the equation, deviate within ±10% of the initial values. For watersheds with SDR > 50%, the calculated values are significantly different from the initial values due to the spread of data in this area. The obtained equation of SDR can be used together with land-use remote sensing data to study the dynamics of sediments redistribution in river basins.
{"title":"Evaluation of the sediment delivery ratio of small watersheds in the forest-steppe and steppe regions of the Russian plain","authors":"D. Bezukhov, Д А Безухов, V. Golosov, В Н Голосов, A. Panin, А. В. Панин","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019473-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019473-84","url":null,"abstract":"Dependence between sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and morphometric parameters of a set of 27 previously studied small watersheds located in the central and southern parts of the Russian plain in various geomorphological conditions in the areas of active agricultural development is established. The SDR of small riversheds were determined using field methods. When comparing the SDR with individual terrain characteristics, there is no direct linear relationship between each of the parameters and SDR. The highest value of the correlation coefficient between the SDR and relief indicators of the small rivershed was obtained for the average steepness of the watershed area (r = 0.52). As one of the verified morphometric characteristics, the parameter of the planimetric form of the rivershed area (the circularity coefficient) was used. The resulting equation includes several morphometric parameters: the ratio of area and perimeter (derived from the circularity coefficient) and the amplitude of absolute heights. These parameters allow taking into account the watershed planimetric form and the landform energy potential. About half the SDR values, obtained by the equation, deviate within ±10% of the initial values. For watersheds with SDR > 50%, the calculated values are significantly different from the initial values due to the spread of data in this area. The obtained equation of SDR can be used together with land-use remote sensing data to study the dynamics of sediments redistribution in river basins.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75080827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.31857/s2587-556620194139-140
V. Shuper, В А Шупер
A review of the book: The Century of Geography, V.M. Kotlyakov, O.N. Solomina, A.A. Tishkov, V.A. Kolosov (Eds.). Moscow: Drofa Publ., 2018.
{"title":"The century of geography through geographers’ eyes","authors":"V. Shuper, В А Шупер","doi":"10.31857/s2587-556620194139-140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-556620194139-140","url":null,"abstract":"A review of the book: The Century of Geography, V.M. Kotlyakov, O.N. Solomina, A.A. Tishkov, V.A. Kolosov (Eds.). Moscow: Drofa Publ., 2018.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90535830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.31857/s2587-55662019446-62
A. Sheludkov, А В Шелудков, M. Orlov, Михаил Александрович Орлов
After a brief counter-urbanization of the early 1990s, rural out-migration resumed in Russia. Population concentrates in large settlements, while small and medium-sized towns and villages lose people. The farther rural settlements from regional center the greater the outflow of people. Centripetal tendencies can be mitigated or amplified at local level, where specific conditions of the area come to fore. The authors suggest settlement network pattern as one of such contextual factors, whose effects on population dynamics are still poorly understood. The paper poses two questions: what the effects of settlement network topology on the rate of population concentration are, and how population dynamics in individual settlements depends on their position in settlement network. Based on a case study of Tyumen oblast of Russia the authors investigated population dynamics in 2002–2010 with methods of network, cluster and regression analysis. The authors did not find relationship between density and centralization of settlement network and rate of population concentration. However, the study revealed a significant role, played by the network position in determining individual settlements population increase/decrease. Together with initial population size, the network position explained 23–24% of the variance in population dynamics among the towns and villages of Tyumen oblast. Outside the Tyumen metropolitan area settlements with highest inter-district network centrality grew. It is noteworthy that configuration of the regional settlement network at inter-district level emerged during the period of colonization of Western Siberia in 17–19 centuries. The configuration largely stems from the river network. Thus, even if the factors, which determined settlement network pattern, have lost their force, the settlement pattern itself continues to affect social space.
{"title":"Settlement network topology as a factor of rural population dynamics (a case study of Tyumen oblast)","authors":"A. Sheludkov, А В Шелудков, M. Orlov, Михаил Александрович Орлов","doi":"10.31857/s2587-55662019446-62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019446-62","url":null,"abstract":"After a brief counter-urbanization of the early 1990s, rural out-migration resumed in Russia. Population concentrates in large settlements, while small and medium-sized towns and villages lose people. The farther rural settlements from regional center the greater the outflow of people. Centripetal tendencies can be mitigated or amplified at local level, where specific conditions of the area come to fore. The authors suggest settlement network pattern as one of such contextual factors, whose effects on population dynamics are still poorly understood. The paper poses two questions: what the effects of settlement network topology on the rate of population concentration are, and how population dynamics in individual settlements depends on their position in settlement network. Based on a case study of Tyumen oblast of Russia the authors investigated population dynamics in 2002–2010 with methods of network, cluster and regression analysis. The authors did not find relationship between density and centralization of settlement network and rate of population concentration. However, the study revealed a significant role, played by the network position in determining individual settlements population increase/decrease. Together with initial population size, the network position explained 23–24% of the variance in population dynamics among the towns and villages of Tyumen oblast. Outside the Tyumen metropolitan area settlements with highest inter-district network centrality grew. It is noteworthy that configuration of the regional settlement network at inter-district level emerged during the period of colonization of Western Siberia in 17–19 centuries. The configuration largely stems from the river network. Thus, even if the factors, which determined settlement network pattern, have lost their force, the settlement pattern itself continues to affect social space.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76285044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-28DOI: 10.31857/s2587-556620194137-138
T. Galkina, Т А Галкина
A brief review of two books written by the leading researcher of the Institute of geography, A.V. Drozdov “Offertorium”, M., Association of scientific publications KMK, 2016 and “Magnificat”, M., Association of scientific publications KMK, 2018, representing a series of essays about University teachers and colleagues of the author. The essays are based on the author's personal memories and are dictated by the desire to pay tribute to his teachers and to preserve the living memory of these extraordinary people. The author also reflects on the serious changes in the life of the Russian Academy of Sciences in recent years and on the links between science and culture.
{"title":"Music of geography: echo of the époque (review of books written by A.V. Drozdov)","authors":"T. Galkina, Т А Галкина","doi":"10.31857/s2587-556620194137-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-556620194137-138","url":null,"abstract":"A brief review of two books written by the leading researcher of the Institute of geography, A.V. Drozdov “Offertorium”, M., Association of scientific publications KMK, 2016 and “Magnificat”, M., Association of scientific publications KMK, 2018, representing a series of essays about University teachers and colleagues of the author. The essays are based on the author's personal memories and are dictated by the desire to pay tribute to his teachers and to preserve the living memory of these extraordinary people. The author also reflects on the serious changes in the life of the Russian Academy of Sciences in recent years and on the links between science and culture.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"2006 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86984671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-25DOI: 10.31857/S2587-556620193105-115
S. Kuzmin, С. Б. Кузьмин, S. I. Shamanova, С. И. Шаманова, I. Belozertseva, И. А. Белозерцева
Today identification of altitudinal zones of landscapes in local areas, especially in mountainous areas, is inextricably linked with the creation of digital terrain models and their geoinformation interpretation. We have considered the altitudinal zonation of landscapes on the Mamai model testing area, located on the Northern macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge and in the Tankhoi coastal plain of the Baikal Lake. The special geoinformation software, partially modernized during the works, was used. Landscapes were studied by their main components: relief and geomorphological processes, soils and soil-forming processes, vegetation. The landscapes of the testing area are represented by three main groups: 1) goltsy altitudinal and mountain-taiga landscapes of the Khamar-Daban Ridge on the crystalline metamorphic rocks of the khungurul series of the lower Proterozoic age and granites of the Khamar-Daban and Sayan intrusive complexes of the upper Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic, respectively; 2) taiga and meadow-marsh landscapes of the Tankhoi plain on loose sediments of the Late Pliocene and Quaternary ages; 3) intrazonal landscapes within transverse mountain river valleys on the Late Pleistocene and Neo-Pleistocene and modern loose sediments. The base of the identification of altitudinal zones of the landscape is layers of a relief. But the relief is a fairly static component of the landscape, its invariant structure change for tens or hundreds of thousands of years. To determine a more detailed and dynamic structure of the altitudinal zonation, we use other components: soils and vegetation. Changes in the invariant structure of the soil cover occur for thousands or tens of thousands of years, and of the vegetation cover – for hundreds or thousands of years. Features of the landscapes structure and characteristics of their main components allowed us to allocate six altitudinal zones in the testing area: goltsy altitudinal, subgoltsy altitudinal, low-mountain, foothill, foothill-plain, and coastal-plain. The intrazonal landscapes of transverse mountain river valleys, which violate the normal structure of the altitudinal zonation, are singled out as a separate type.
{"title":"Altitudinal zonation of landscapes on the local testing area in the southern Baikal region","authors":"S. Kuzmin, С. Б. Кузьмин, S. I. Shamanova, С. И. Шаманова, I. Belozertseva, И. А. Белозерцева","doi":"10.31857/S2587-556620193105-115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-556620193105-115","url":null,"abstract":"Today identification of altitudinal zones of landscapes in local areas, especially in mountainous areas, is inextricably linked with the creation of digital terrain models and their geoinformation interpretation. We have considered the altitudinal zonation of landscapes on the Mamai model testing area, located on the Northern macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge and in the Tankhoi coastal plain of the Baikal Lake. The special geoinformation software, partially modernized during the works, was used. Landscapes were studied by their main components: relief and geomorphological processes, soils and soil-forming processes, vegetation. The landscapes of the testing area are represented by three main groups: 1) goltsy altitudinal and mountain-taiga landscapes of the Khamar-Daban Ridge on the crystalline metamorphic rocks of the khungurul series of the lower Proterozoic age and granites of the Khamar-Daban and Sayan intrusive complexes of the upper Proterozoic and lower Paleozoic, respectively; 2) taiga and meadow-marsh landscapes of the Tankhoi plain on loose sediments of the Late Pliocene and Quaternary ages; 3) intrazonal landscapes within transverse mountain river valleys on the Late Pleistocene and Neo-Pleistocene and modern loose sediments. The base of the identification of altitudinal zones of the landscape is layers of a relief. But the relief is a fairly static component of the landscape, its invariant structure change for tens or hundreds of thousands of years. To determine a more detailed and dynamic structure of the altitudinal zonation, we use other components: soils and vegetation. Changes in the invariant structure of the soil cover occur for thousands or tens of thousands of years, and of the vegetation cover – for hundreds or thousands of years. Features of the landscapes structure and characteristics of their main components allowed us to allocate six altitudinal zones in the testing area: goltsy altitudinal, subgoltsy altitudinal, low-mountain, foothill, foothill-plain, and coastal-plain. The intrazonal landscapes of transverse mountain river valleys, which violate the normal structure of the altitudinal zonation, are singled out as a separate type.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74490293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-25DOI: 10.31857/s2587-556620193131-140
S. Vasilyev
The paper contains a summary of the new data relevant to the time and routes of the first peopling of the New World. The first unambiguous traces of humans are dated by the time span after the Last Glacial Maximum. The chronology and orientation of prehistoric migrations depended on the Late Pleistocene paleogeography. Instead of a postulated single wave of migration oriented from NW to SE from the Bering Land Bridge via the Mackenzie ice-free corridor to the territory lying southwards from the ice sheets we argue about a complicated picture of human movements of different age and direction. It seems that the earliest inhabitants penetrated from Beringia to the main area of North America following the Pacific coast and later dispersed to the east. The migration along the Mackenzie ice-free corridor should have place later. The Clovis culture seems to originate in the southeastern part of the USA territory then dispersing in northern and western directions along the whole continent. The Final Pleistocene saw the ‘inverse’ migration of the Paleoindians to the north, along the Mackenzie corridor to Beringia.
{"title":"Initial peopling of North America: paleogeography and archaeology","authors":"S. Vasilyev","doi":"10.31857/s2587-556620193131-140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s2587-556620193131-140","url":null,"abstract":"The paper contains a summary of the new data relevant to the time and routes of the first peopling of the New World. The first unambiguous traces of humans are dated by the time span after the Last Glacial Maximum. The chronology and orientation of prehistoric migrations depended on the Late Pleistocene paleogeography. Instead of a postulated single wave of migration oriented from NW to SE from the Bering Land Bridge via the Mackenzie ice-free corridor to the territory lying southwards from the ice sheets we argue about a complicated picture of human movements of different age and direction. It seems that the earliest inhabitants penetrated from Beringia to the main area of North America following the Pacific coast and later dispersed to the east. The migration along the Mackenzie ice-free corridor should have place later. The Clovis culture seems to originate in the southeastern part of the USA territory then dispersing in northern and western directions along the whole continent. The Final Pleistocene saw the ‘inverse’ migration of the Paleoindians to the north, along the Mackenzie corridor to Beringia.","PeriodicalId":36197,"journal":{"name":"Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77527935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-25DOI: 10.31857/S2587-5566201933-12
Виктор Федорович Логинов, С. А. Лысенко
Hydrothermodynamic processes in the atmosphere–ocean system played in favour of global warming slowdown in 1998–2014 were studied in this work. On the base of remote sensing and reanalysis data, close relationships between total global and regional column water vapour, terrestrial wind speed and temperature anomalies of upper layer water in tropical Pacific region were revealed. Increase of the wind speed in tropical Pacific has been observed since 1980 (linear trend ratio is –0.017 m · s–1/year). The most significant wind speed increase was in 1992–2013 (–0.025 m · s–1/year). During this period, the following phenomena were also observed: water temperature rise in upper layers of central and east equatorial Pacific regions by 0.024 K/year and accumulation of heat in the deeper layers of western Pacific north of the equator. These tendencies contributed to decrease in evaporation from the surface of the Pacific, which exerts considerable influence on the global mean water vapour content in the atmosphere with nearly 1-year lag (correlation coefficient is 0.88). Thus, average total column water vapour had been decreasing with average rate 0.12 mm/year until 2014. Atmospheric radiation transfer model calculations showed that decrease of water vapour content in atmospheric during 2001–2014 reduced the incoming part of Earth’s surface radiation balance by 0.93 W/m², which exceeds CO2-related increase in greenhouse warming by 11 times. Such behaviour of greenhouse gases concentrations could be the reason of decrease of winter temperature in Northern hemisphere. Summer temperatures continued to grow due to decrease in cloud optical depth in 35°N–70°N latitude zone and following radiation heating of the land surface.
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