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Weight Stigma in the Development, Maintenance, and Treatment of Eating Disorders: A Case Series Informing Implications for Research and Practice. 饮食失调症的发展、维持和治疗过程中的体重羞辱:为研究和实践提供启示的案例系列。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01260-3
Rachel Kramer, Catherine R Drury, Sarah Forsberg, Lindsey D Bruett, Erin E Reilly, Sasha Gorrell, Simar Singh, Lisa Hail, Kimberly Yu, Rachel M Radin, Jessica Keyser, Daniel Le Grange, Erin C Accurso, Kathryn M Huryk

Weight-centric health practices are based on the principle that excess weight predicts chronic disease, informing a growing sociopolitical movement to address an "obesity epidemic." This hyper-focus on preventing obesity may contribute to weight stigma (i.e., the devaluation and discrimination of individuals based on body size) and other iatrogenic outcomes for youth, including the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). Current evidence-based treatments for EDs include language and practices that may reinforce fears of fatness, body shame, and unhealthy dietary restriction without guidance on addressing weight stigma. Here, we present case examples from three adolescent patients across ED presentations and body sizes to (1) elucidate the role of weight stigma in ED development, (2) highlight the ubiquity and harms of weight stigma within ED treatments, and (3) outline thoughtful protocol adaptations to avoid further harm and facilitate recovery. We conclude with a call for immediate action to advance research characterizing the harms of weight-centric approaches in existing ED interventions to reduce the risk of iatrogenic effects on youth with EDs and advance weight-inclusive approaches to ED treatment.

以体重为中心的健康实践所依据的原则是,体重过重会导致慢性疾病,这为日益壮大的应对 "肥胖流行病 "的社会政治运动提供了依据。这种对预防肥胖的过度关注可能会导致体重污名化(即基于体型对个人的贬低和歧视)和其他青少年人为后果,包括饮食失调(ED)的发展和维持。目前针对进食障碍的循证治疗方法包括一些语言和做法,这些语言和做法可能会强化对肥胖的恐惧、身体羞耻感和不健康的饮食限制,而没有解决体重污名化问题的指导。在此,我们列举了三位青少年患者的病例,这些患者有不同的 ED 表现和体型,目的是:(1)阐明体重鄙视在 ED 发展中的作用;(2)强调体重鄙视在 ED 治疗中的普遍性和危害;(3)概述周到的方案调整,以避免进一步伤害并促进康复。最后,我们呼吁立即行动起来,推进研究,确定现有 ED 干预措施中以体重为中心的方法的危害,以降低对患有 ED 的青少年造成先天性影响的风险,并推进 ED 治疗中的体重包容性方法。
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引用次数: 0
Potential Harms of Responding to Youth Suicide Risk in Schools. 学校应对青少年自杀风险的潜在危害。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01261-2
Erik J Reinbergs, Lora Henderson Smith, Josephine S Au, Marisa E Marraccini, Sarah A Griffin, Megan L Rogers

The potential harms related to interventions for adults with suicide-related risk, particularly hospitalization, have been well documented. Much less work has focused on the potential harms related to interventions with youth struggling with suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Young people are most likely to receive mental health services in schools, which are recognized as meaningful sites for effective suicide prevention work. However, no overviews have conceptualized the potential harms to youth when schools engage in ineffective suicide prevention efforts. In this article, we discuss three prominent overlapping areas of potential harms: (1) privacy-related, (2) relationship-related, and (3) mental health-related. We then discuss key factors thought to influence the development and maintenance of these potential harms. We conclude by noting ways in which school-based mental health providers may attempt to reduce unintentional harms in this area, with an overarching goal of helping support school mental health providers and the youth they serve.

对有自杀风险的成年人采取干预措施可能造成的伤害,尤其是住院治疗,已经有充分的记录。而针对有自杀念头和行为的青少年的干预措施的潜在危害却鲜有报道。青少年最有可能在学校接受心理健康服务,而学校被认为是有效预防自杀工作的重要场所。然而,还没有综述对学校参与无效自杀预防工作时对青少年造成的潜在伤害进行概念化。在本文中,我们将讨论潜在伤害的三个突出的重叠领域:(1)与隐私相关;(2)与人际关系相关;(3)与心理健康相关。然后,我们讨论了影响这些潜在危害的发展和维持的关键因素。最后,我们指出了学校心理健康服务提供者可以尝试减少这方面无意伤害的方法,其总体目标是帮助支持学校心理健康服务提供者和他们所服务的青少年。
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引用次数: 0
Punishment and Reward Sensitivity in Risk-Taking as Potential Mechanisms Explaining the Relationships Between Childhood Callous-Unemotional Traits and Adolescent Substance Use in a Longitudinal Cohort Study Sample. 在一个纵向队列研究样本中,冒险中的惩罚和奖赏敏感性是解释童年冷酷无情特质与青少年药物使用之间关系的潜在机制。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01255-0
Hanna Sakki, Michelle C St Clair, Yiyun Shou, Jennifer L Allen

Childhood callous-unemotional (CU) traits are associated with a neurocognitive response style of high reward and low punishment sensitivity, which may make these children particularly vulnerable to substance misuse. However, the mechanisms explaining the link between CU traits and substance use are poorly understood. This study investigated the mediating influences of reward and punishment sensitivity on the association between childhood CU traits and adolescent substance use. Using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the potential indirect effects of age 14 reward and punishment sensitivity in risk-taking on the relationships between age 11 CU traits and alcohol, cannabis, and other illicit drug use at age 17. No direct effects of CU traits on substance use were found when accounting for gender, baseline alcohol use, poverty, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and verbal ability at age 11. Indirect effects of increased reward sensitivity on the relationship between CU traits and increased use were seen for alcohol, cannabis, and other drugs. There was a significant indirect effect of reduced punishment sensitivity on the relationship between CU traits and increased alcohol use, but not cannabis or other substance use. Findings suggest that reward and punishment sensitivity may have independent effects on decision-making processes contributing to adolescent substance use. Prevention and early intervention for substance use should consider modifying intervention strategies to fit the needs of adolescents with a callous interpersonal style and a neurocognitive profile characterized by a high drive for rewards and low risk aversion.

儿童期的 "冷酷无情"(CU)特质与高奖赏、低惩罚敏感性的神经认知反应风格有关,这可能会使这些儿童特别容易滥用药物。然而,人们对解释 CU 特质与药物滥用之间联系的机制却知之甚少。本研究调查了奖惩敏感性对儿童CU特质与青少年药物使用之间关系的中介影响。利用英国千年队列研究(UK Millennium Cohort Study)的数据,我们进行了中介分析,以研究 14 岁时冒险行为中的奖惩敏感性对 11 岁时 CU 特质与 17 岁时酒精、大麻和其他非法药物使用之间关系的潜在间接影响。在考虑了 11 岁时的性别、基线酒精使用情况、贫困、情绪症状、行为问题、多动和语言能力等因素后,没有发现 CU 特质对药物使用的直接影响。在酒精、大麻和其他药物方面,奖赏敏感性的增加对 CU 特质与药物使用增加之间的关系产生了间接影响。惩罚敏感性降低对 CU 特质与酗酒增加之间的关系有明显的间接影响,但对大麻或其他药物的使用没有影响。研究结果表明,奖励和惩罚敏感性可能会对导致青少年使用药物的决策过程产生独立影响。对药物使用的预防和早期干预应考虑修改干预策略,以适应具有冷酷无情的人际风格和以高奖赏驱动力和低风险规避为特征的神经认知特征的青少年的需要。
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引用次数: 0
A Pilot Controlled Trial of Relaxation Training Combined with a Video Game Reinforcing Emotional Regulation to Improve Anger Management in Children and Adolescents. 放松训练与强化情绪调节的视频游戏相结合以改善儿童和青少年愤怒管理的试点对照试验。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01259-w
Carrie Vaudreuil, Madelaine R Abel, Yvonne Barnett, Maura DiSalvo, Dina R Hirshfeld-Becker

Untreated anger and aggression in youth confer heightened risk for subsequent psychosocial problems. However, engaging youth in treatment for anger can be difficult given barriers to accessing care and high rates of attrition. This study examined whether learning relaxation skills and practicing them using a videogame, whose operation was contingent upon keeping heart rate close to baseline levels, could help children learn to manage anger and aggression. Youth ages 7-17 with elevated levels of anger (N = 39) were randomized to receive the active video game condition or a control game that displayed heart rate but did not stop the game if heart rate became elevated. Youth underwent baseline screening, 6 treatment sessions, and follow-up assessments at 2-weeks and 3-months. Compared to the control condition, children in the active condition demonstrated significantly greater improvements in clinician-rated aggression severity (d = 1.48) and youth-rated emotion dysregulation (d = 3.46) at 2-weeks post-treatment. The active group maintained these improvements at 3-month follow-up, but no longer significantly differed from the control group. Intervention effects were nonsignificant for parent-reported emotion dysregulation and aggression. In addition, the intervention group youth, but not control group, experienced increased time with heart rate below baseline over the course of the 6 sessions. Findings suggest a promising brief intervention for reducing aggression and emotion dysregulation in children while they are waiting for longer-term outpatient therapy. Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT03270813.

青少年的愤怒和攻击行为如果得不到治疗,就会增加他们日后出现社会心理问题的风险。然而,鉴于获得治疗的障碍和高流失率,让青少年接受愤怒治疗可能很难。本研究探讨了学习放松技能并使用电子游戏进行练习(电子游戏的运行取决于心率是否接近基线水平)能否帮助儿童学会控制愤怒和攻击行为。年龄在 7-17 岁之间、愤怒水平较高的青少年(39 人)被随机分配到主动视频游戏条件下或对照游戏条件下,对照游戏会显示心率,但不会在心率升高时停止游戏。青少年接受了基线筛查、6 次治疗以及 2 周和 3 个月的跟踪评估。与对照组相比,积极治疗组的儿童在治疗后两周内,在临床医生评定的攻击严重性(d = 1.48)和青少年评定的情绪失调(d = 3.46)方面都有明显改善。积极组在 3 个月的随访中保持了这些改善,但与对照组相比不再有显著差异。在家长报告的情绪失调和攻击行为方面,干预效果不显著。此外,在 6 个疗程中,干预组青少年的心率低于基线的时间有所增加,而对照组青少年的心率低于基线的时间则没有增加。研究结果表明,在儿童等待长期门诊治疗期间,简短干预对减少他们的攻击行为和情绪失调很有帮助。临床试验注册号:NCT03270813:NCT03270813。
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引用次数: 0
Late Adolescents' Early Maladaptive Schemas: Are They Longitudinally Linked with Middle Childhood Temperament Over and Above Attachment? 晚期青少年的早期适应不良模式:除了依恋之外,它们还与中年期气质有纵向联系吗?
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01256-z
Kexin Li, Theodore E A Waters, Guy Bosmans

Temperament is thought to influence the development of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). However, whether temperament is longitudinally related to EMSs beyond attachment, the best known predictor of EMSs, has been underexplored. Hence, this study investigated (1) Whether middle childhood temperament is longitudinally related to late adolescent EMSs, (2) To what extent temperament explains EMSs beyond middle childhood attachment, and (3) Whether attachment moderates this temperament-EMSs link. In total, 157 children (Mage = 10.91 in middle childhood, Mage = 16.71 in late adolescence) participated in this study. Adolescent EMSs were assessed along with middle childhood temperamental negative affect, affiliation, surgency, and effortful control, and attachment at both explicit and implicit levels. Results indicated that all temperamental features were longitudinally related to later EMSs; the majority of the temperament-EMSs links did not survive after controlling for attachment, except for some limited correlations between EMSs and negative affect and effortful control; and an inconsistent moderating effect for attachment on the temperament-EMSs link. This study provides further insight into the role of child factors (middle childhood temperament and late adolescent attachment) in understanding EMSs variability in late adolescence. It suggests that EMSs are informed more by past relational experiences (attachment) than children's inborn tendencies (temperament).

气质被认为会影响早期适应不良图式(EMSs)的形成。然而,除了依恋(EMSs 的最佳预测因素)之外,气质是否与 EMSs 有纵向关系,这一问题还未得到充分探讨。因此,本研究调查了:(1)中童年期的气质是否与青春期后期的EMSs纵向相关;(2)气质在多大程度上解释了中童年期依恋之外的EMSs;以及(3)依恋是否调节了气质与EMSs之间的联系。共有 157 名儿童(中童年期平均年龄为 10.91 岁,晚青春期平均年龄为 16.71 岁)参与了本研究。在评估青少年 EMSs 的同时,还评估了中童年期脾气的负面情绪、从属性、紧急性和努力控制,以及显性和隐性层面的依恋。结果表明,所有的气质特征都与后来的 EMSs 有纵向关系;除了 EMSs 与消极情绪和努力控制之间存在一些有限的相关性之外,大多数气质与 EMSs 之间的联系在控制了依恋关系之后并不存在;依恋关系对气质与 EMSs 之间联系的调节作用并不一致。本研究进一步揭示了儿童因素(童年中期的气质和青春后期的依恋)在理解青春后期 EMSs 变异性方面的作用。研究表明,EMS 更多地是受过去的关系经验(依恋)而非儿童的先天倾向(气质)的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Potential for Harm in the Treatment of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Pitfalls and Best Practices. 治疗小儿强迫症的潜在危害:陷阱与最佳实践》。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01258-x
Erika S Trent, Elizabeth C Lanzillo, Andrew D Wiese, Samuel D Spencer, Dean McKay, Eric A Storch

Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be debilitating and chronic unless treated early with efficacious intervention. The past several decades of intervention research have identified cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response/ritual prevention (ERP) as the first-line, evidence-based psychological intervention for pediatric OCD. Yet, many youths with OCD unfortunately remain inadequately treated. In well-meaning but misguided efforts to treat this complex disorder, clinicians holding misconceptions about ERP may fail to apply evidence-based treatments, misapply generic CBT techniques and ERP principles, or turn to non-evidence-based interventions. Potentially harmful treatments may worsen symptoms, while ineffective treatments can waste resources, impede patient access to efficacious treatment, and weaken public confidence in psychotherapy. The overarching goals of this review paper are to describe potentially harmful and ineffective practices in the treatment of pediatric OCD and to offer recommendations aligned with evidence-based practice. First, we dispel common misconceptions about ERP that may underlie its underuse among clinicians. We then describe potentially harmful and ineffective interventions for pediatric OCD, starting with misapplication of generic CBT techniques and ERP principles. We also identify non-evidence-based treatments for pediatric OCD that have limited conceptual or empirical foundations. Finally, we conclude with recommendations for clinicians who treat pediatric OCD, intervention researchers, training programs across mental health-related disciplines, and policymakers.

小儿强迫症(OCD)如果不及早采取有效的干预措施进行治疗,可能会使患者衰弱并形成慢性强迫症。在过去几十年的干预研究中,认知行为疗法(CBT)与暴露和反应/程序性预防(ERP)被确定为治疗小儿强迫症的一线循证心理干预措施。然而,不幸的是,许多患有强迫症的青少年仍然没有得到适当的治疗。在治疗这种复杂疾病的过程中,对ERP抱有误解的临床医生可能无法应用循证治疗,错误地应用一般的CBT技术和ERP原则,或者转向非循证干预。潜在的有害治疗可能会加重症状,而无效治疗则会浪费资源,阻碍患者获得有效治疗,并削弱公众对心理治疗的信心。本综述论文的总体目标是描述治疗小儿强迫症的潜在有害和无效方法,并提出与循证实践相一致的建议。首先,我们消除了临床医生对ERP的常见误解,这些误解可能是导致ERP使用不足的原因。然后,我们描述了治疗小儿强迫症的潜在有害和无效干预措施,首先是对一般 CBT 技术和 ERP 原则的错误应用。我们还指出了对小儿强迫症的非循证疗法,这些疗法的概念或经验基础有限。最后,我们对治疗小儿强迫症的临床医生、干预研究人员、精神健康相关学科的培训项目以及政策制定者提出了建议。
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引用次数: 0
Differential Treatment Responses of Maltreated and Neglected Children and Adolescents Following an Evidence-based Multisystemic Intervention. 受虐待和被忽视的儿童和青少年在接受以证据为基础的多系统干预后的不同治疗反应。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01248-z
Corinna Buderer, Tom Kirsch, Tania Pérez, Cynthia Cupit Swenson, Marc Schmid

Limited studies have investigated differential treatment responses to family-based treatment programs and subgroup trajectories in youth in a high-risk context. This study pioneered an examination of Multisystemic Therapy for Child Abuse and Neglect (MST-CAN) and built on prior research that identified subgroups with different psychopathologies. Participants included 208 parent-child dyads enrolled in the MST-CAN evaluation in Switzerland. Parents reported their children's (Mage = 10.27 years, SDage = 3.5, 44.2% girls, 55.8% boys, 98.6% White) emotional and behavioral problems. Longitudinal data were examined to analyze the differential changes within the pre- and post-treatment (T1 and T2) subgroups. The T1 cluster and T2 cluster were cross-tabulated to examine changes in the symptom class over time. Overall, the treatment proved to be highly beneficial. Subgroup analyses revealed that four out of the five subgroups (80%) showed positive changes in at least two outcome measures. The treatment was most successful for children with externalizing symptoms. Children with multiple symptoms also showed improvements across different symptoms. Regarding specific symptoms, children with anxious-avoidant symptoms benefited from the treatment. Additionally, the treatment was beneficial for children with normative emotions and behavior. Meanwhile, the treatment did not have any significant effects for children with internalizing symptoms. Notably, child neglect was reduced in three (60%) subgroups. The symptom class remained stable across time for children with externalizing and multiple symptoms. Ultimately, MST-CAN reduced emotional and behavioral problems and child neglect in most families. Understanding children's differential treatment responses to complex treatment programs is essential to adequately address different needs.

有关高风险青少年对基于家庭的治疗计划的不同治疗反应和亚组轨迹的研究十分有限。本研究率先对虐待和忽视儿童多系统疗法(MST-CAN)进行了研究,并在先前研究的基础上确定了具有不同心理病理学的亚组。瑞士有 208 对亲子组合参加了 MST-CAN 评估。家长们报告了他们孩子(平均年龄 = 10.27 岁,最小年龄 = 3.5 岁,44.2% 为女孩,55.8% 为男孩,98.6% 为白人)的情绪和行为问题。对纵向数据进行了研究,以分析治疗前和治疗后(T1 和 T2)分组内的不同变化。对 T1 组和 T2 组进行交叉分析,以检查症状类别随时间的变化。总体而言,治疗效果显著。分组分析表明,在五个分组中,有四个分组(80%)至少在两项结果指标上出现了积极变化。治疗对有外化症状的儿童最为成功。有多种症状的儿童在不同症状方面也有所改善。在具体症状方面,有焦虑回避症状的儿童从治疗中受益。此外,治疗对情绪和行为正常的儿童也有帮助。同时,治疗对有内化症状的儿童没有明显效果。值得注意的是,三个(60%)亚组的儿童忽视现象有所减少。外化症状和多重症状儿童的症状等级在不同时期保持稳定。最终,MST-CAN 减少了大多数家庭的情绪和行为问题以及对儿童的忽视。了解儿童对复杂治疗方案的不同治疗反应对于充分满足不同需求至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
High vs. Low Intensity Behavior Therapy Delivered to Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Adverse Long-Term Effects on Substance Use Outcomes. 为患有多动症的青少年提供高强度行为疗法与低强度行为疗法:对药物使用结果的潜在长期不利影响》。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01254-1
Megan Kelley, Margaret H Sibley, Stefany J Coxe, Hana Basu, Samantha M Margherio, Steven W Evans, Frances L Wang

Individuals with ADHD are at risk for substance use initiation in adolescence and escalation to problematic use in adulthood. Little is known about the impact of psychosocial ADHD treatment on substance use. Based on existing theory, both therapeutic (i.e., through reducing symptoms and impairments) and iatrogenic effects (i.e., through improved social functioning) of psychosocial treatment for ADHD on adolescent substance use initiation are plausible. A primarily ethnic/racial minority sample (~ 95% Latinx or Black) of rising ninth grade students with ADHD (n = 106) were randomly assigned to receive high intensity (i.e., Summer Treatment Program-Adolescent, parent training, and school consultation) or lower intensity (parent training, organization skills training, and school consultation) intervention the summer before entering high school. Participants were followed four-years post-baseline and substance use was documented. Analyses tested treatment effects on substance use initiation (alcohol and/or marijuana) and mediators of main effects. After controlling for covariates, participants assigned to HI (37.5%) were significantly more likely than LI (18.6%) to initiate substance use by end of high school, indicating an iatrogenic effect of HI treatment. No significant mediators were detected. Post-hoc exploration of moderators suggested that youth with elevated Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms may have experienced a benefit of HI treatment on substance use whereas youth without elevated PTSD symptoms experienced iatrogenic effects. Large, well-powered, samples should examine moderated mediational models to better understand who is most risk for iatrogenic effects of ADHD psychosocial treatment and why. Clinicians delivering psychosocial treatment to adolescents with ADHD should monitor for potential iatrogenic effects.

多动症患者有可能在青春期开始使用药物,并在成年后升级为有问题的药物使用。人们对多动症的社会心理治疗对药物使用的影响知之甚少。根据现有理论,ADHD 的社会心理治疗对青少年开始使用药物的治疗性影响(即通过减少症状和损伤)和先天性影响(即通过改善社会功能)都是合理的。在进入高中前的一个暑假,一个主要由少数族裔/种族(约 95% 为拉丁裔或黑人)组成的九年级多动症学生样本(n = 106)被随机分配到接受高强度(即青少年暑期治疗计划、家长培训和学校咨询)或低强度(家长培训、组织技能培训和学校咨询)干预的学校。在基线后四年对参与者进行跟踪调查,并记录药物使用情况。分析检验了治疗对开始使用药物(酒精和/或大麻)的效果以及主要效果的中介作用。在控制了协变量后,被分配到 HI(37.5%)的参与者在高中毕业时开始使用药物的可能性明显高于 LI(18.6%),这表明 HI 治疗产生了先天效应。没有发现明显的调节因素。对调节因素的事后分析表明,创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)症状升高的青少年可能会从 HI 治疗的药物使用中获益,而 PTSD 症状未升高的青少年则会受到先天性影响。应该对大型、有效的样本进行调节中介模型研究,以更好地了解哪些人最有可能受到 ADHD 心理社会治疗的先天性影响,以及为什么。为患有多动症的青少年提供心理治疗的临床医生应监测潜在的先天效应。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Screen Time and Positive School Factors in the Pathway to Child and Youth Mental Health Outcomes. 屏幕时间和积极的学校因素对儿童和青少年心理健康结果的影响。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01252-3
Kimberley C Tsujimoto, Evdokia Anagnostou, Catherine S Birken, Alice Charach, Katherine Tombeau Cost, Elizabeth Kelley, Suneeta Monga, Rob Nicolson, Stelios Georgiades, Nicole Lee, Konstantin Osokin, Christie L Burton, Jennifer Crosbie, Daphne J Korczak

Beyond achievement, educational settings offer informal supports that may be critical for child and youth mental health. However, children's educational environments have experienced significant disruption with the coronavirus pandemic. School settings offer unique opportunities to support children's mental health, but research must identify powerful points of intervention. This study examined school factors (aspirations, perceived competence, sense of belonging, and emotional engagement) as predictors of children's mental health, and the potential consequences of increasing screen time in and outside of school. Participants (N = 707) were parents and their children (6-18 years) from community and clinical settings who completed prospective surveys about children's school experiences and mental health symptoms (November 2020-May 2022). Standardized measures of depression, anxiety, irritability, inattention, and hyperactivity were collected. Structural equation modelling tested longitudinal associations between screen time, school factors, and mental health outcomes. Positive associations between each of the school factors (B = 0.14 [SE = 0.04] to B = 0.43 [SE = 0.04]) suggested they may reinforce one another. Longitudinally, sense of belonging and emotional engagement at school predicted lower severity for symptoms of depression, anxiety, irritability, and inattention (B=-0.14 [SE = 0.07] to B =-0.33 [SE = 0.10]). Greater screen time was associated with lower aspirations and perceived competence (B = - 0.08 [SE = 0.04] to B = - 0.13 [SE = 0.06]). Results suggest that school factors beyond achievement may be key correlates of child and youth mental health. While curriculum expectations emphasize academic achievement, an investment in supporting positive attitudes and aspirations at school is also warranted.

除了成绩之外,教育环境还提供了非正式的支持,这可能对儿童和青少年的心理健康至关重要。然而,冠状病毒大流行对儿童的教育环境造成了严重破坏。学校环境为支持儿童心理健康提供了独特的机会,但研究必须确定强有力的干预点。本研究考察了作为儿童心理健康预测因素的学校因素(抱负、感知能力、归属感和情感投入),以及增加校内外屏幕时间的潜在后果。参与者(N = 707)是来自社区和临床环境的家长及其子女(6-18 岁),他们完成了有关儿童在校经历和心理健康症状的前瞻性调查(2020 年 11 月至 2022 年 5 月)。调查收集了关于抑郁、焦虑、易怒、注意力不集中和多动的标准化测量数据。结构方程模型检验了屏幕时间、学校因素和心理健康结果之间的纵向联系。每个学校因素之间的正相关(B = 0.14 [SE = 0.04] 到 B = 0.43 [SE = 0.04])表明它们可能会相互促进。纵向来看,学校的归属感和情感投入预示着抑郁、焦虑、易怒和注意力不集中症状的严重程度较低(B=-0.14 [SE = 0.07] 到 B =-0.33 [SE = 0.10])。更多的屏幕时间与较低的愿望和感知能力相关(B=- 0.08 [SE = 0.04] 到 B = - 0.13 [SE = 0.06])。研究结果表明,成绩以外的学校因素可能是影响儿童和青少年心理健康的关键因素。虽然对课程的期望强调学业成绩,但在支持学校的积极态度和愿望方面的投资也是值得的。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure to Violence and Mental Health Outcomes Among Pre-schoolers in a South African Birth Cohort. 南非出生队列中学龄前儿童的暴力暴露与心理健康结果。
IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-024-01211-y
Lucinda Tsunga, Jon Heron, Marilyn T Lake, Sarah L Halligan, Susan Malcolm-Smith, Nadia Hoffman, Heather J Zar, Abigail Fraser, Dan J Stein, Kirsten A Donald

Little is known about the relationship between violence exposure and mental health in preschoolers living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Multiple regression analyses investigated associations between violence exposure and mental health in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (N = 978), a South African birth cohort. Lifetime violence exposure was assessed at age 4.5 years using the parent-report Child Exposure to Community Violence Checklist (CECV). Mental health was assessed at age 5 years using the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL 1.5-5). Eighty-three percent of the children were exposed to some form of violence. Internalising and externalising behaviours were positively associated with overall violence exposure (β per one unit change in the overall score = 0.55 [0.16, 0.94] and β = 0.53 [0.23, 0.84], respectively), domestic victimisation (β per one unit change in the subscore = 1.28 [0.28, 2.27]; β = 1.14 [0.37, 1.90]) and witnessing community violence (β = 0.77 [0.15, 1.39]; β = 0.68 [0.19, 1.18]). There was a positive association between polyvictimisation and externalising (β = 1.02 [0.30, 1.73]) but not internalising (β = 0.87 [-0.06, 1.80]) behaviour problems. Evidence for an association of witnessing domestic violence with internalising (β = 0.63 [-0.97, 2.24]) or externalising (β = 1.23 [-0.04, 2.50]) behaviours was less robust. There was no association between community victimisation and internalising or externalising behaviours (β = 0.72 [-1.52, 2.97; β = 0.68 [ -1.06, 2.41]). Observations highlight the risk for mental health problems among preschoolers living in high-violence contexts and emphasize the need for early interventions.

人们对中低收入国家学龄前儿童遭受暴力侵害与心理健康之间的关系知之甚少。多元回归分析调查了南非出生队列德拉肯斯坦儿童健康研究(Drakenstein Child Health Study,N = 978)中暴力暴露与心理健康之间的关系。在儿童4.5岁时,使用家长报告的儿童社区暴力暴露清单(CECV)对其终生暴力暴露进行评估。在儿童 5 岁时,使用儿童行为检查表(CBCL 1.5-5)对其心理健康进行评估。83%的儿童接触过某种形式的暴力。内化行为和外化行为与遭受暴力的总体情况呈正相关(总分每变化一个单位的 β 值分别为 0.55 [0.16, 0.94] 和 β = 0.53 [0.23, 0.84])。分别为 0.55 [0.16, 0.94] 和 β = 0.53 [0.23, 0.84])、家庭暴力(子分数每变化一个单位的 β = 1.28 [0.28, 2.27]; β = 1.14 [0.37, 1.90])和目睹社区暴力(β = 0.77 [0.15, 1.39]; β = 0.68 [0.19, 1.18])。多重受害与外化(β = 1.02 [0.30, 1.73])行为问题呈正相关,但与内化(β = 0.87 [-0.06, 1.80])行为问题无关。目睹家庭暴力与内化(β = 0.63 [-0.97, 2.24])或外化(β = 1.23 [-0.04, 2.50])行为相关的证据不那么有力。社区受害与内化或外化行为之间没有关联(β = 0.72 [-1.52, 2.97; β = 0.68 [ -1.06, 2.41])。这些观察结果突显了生活在高暴力环境中的学龄前儿童出现心理健康问题的风险,并强调了早期干预的必要性。
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Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
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