{"title":"Lire le spectacle vivant: de la praxis à l’actualité et vice versa","authors":"Maria Baïraktari","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"457 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77719077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alternative educational approaches and the linguistic/semiotic landscape","authors":"Roswitha Kersten-Pejanić","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76852379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reading the asylum governance through its narratives (Bhabha 2013), this paper aims to theorize identification documents as part of the nation-state’s narrativity performed through multimodal bureaucratic materialities. The contemporary narration linked to identification documents in the institutional space of asylum integrates an increasingly sophisticated and multimodal range of resources into its media content (Page 2018). Yet, these multimodal narrative productions are contextually situated practices and semiotic aggregates mirroring power relations and hierarchical positions (Milani 2017). Drawing on a critical multimodal approach to discourse analysis (Kress and van Leeuwen 2021), we explore the multimodal composition of four identification documents provided in the Greek asylum context. This critical approach to their design unveils the dynamic interplay between the verbal and visual elements in performing bordering practices and constructing the specific identities/statuses of the ‘asylum seeker.’ Semiotically, this identity work entails the deployment of digital meaning-making elements such as color, emblems, images, writing, layout, typography, shape, and material. In this sense, third-country nationals seeking international protection are resemiotized within a national (i.e., Greek), regional (i.e., European), and global context. In this context, identification documents can be seen as small institutional stories that reproduce the biopolitics of the nation-state contributing to a banal national semiosis (Milani 2014) of social categorization along broader contexts of globalization and asylum.
{"title":"A Critical Multimodal Discourse Analysis of identification documents in the Greek asylum context","authors":"","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Reading the asylum governance through its narratives (Bhabha 2013), this paper aims to theorize identification documents as part of the nation-state’s narrativity performed through multimodal bureaucratic materialities. The contemporary narration linked to identification documents in the institutional space of asylum integrates an increasingly sophisticated and multimodal range of resources into its media content (Page 2018). Yet, these multimodal narrative productions are contextually situated practices and semiotic aggregates mirroring power relations and hierarchical positions (Milani 2017). Drawing on a critical multimodal approach to discourse analysis (Kress and van Leeuwen 2021), we explore the multimodal composition of four identification documents provided in the Greek asylum context. This critical approach to their design unveils the dynamic interplay between the verbal and visual elements in performing bordering practices and constructing the specific identities/statuses of the ‘asylum seeker.’ Semiotically, this identity work entails the deployment of digital meaning-making elements such as color, emblems, images, writing, layout, typography, shape, and material. In this sense, third-country nationals seeking international protection are resemiotized within a national (i.e., Greek), regional (i.e., European), and global context. In this context, identification documents can be seen as small institutional stories that reproduce the biopolitics of the nation-state contributing to a banal national semiosis (Milani 2014) of social categorization along broader contexts of globalization and asylum.","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75378396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An introduction to semiotics?","authors":"Karin Boklund-Lagopoulou","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"245 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72869390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paradigm of narrativity connects in the most challenging ways with another fundamental human communication paradigm: multimodality. People express meanings through narratives by choosing between semiotic resources and/or modes available to them in a particular social situation and moment (Jewitt and Henriksen 2016; Kull 2018). In today’s multimodal society (Baldry 2000; Kress and van Leeuwen 2001; Norris 2004), where digital technologies have created a dynamic new communication ecosystem, new opportunities are emerging to explore long-standing issues, such as the interplay between narrativity and multimodality. Whether we are discussing natural or artificial narratives, multimodality can be understood as a performative aspect of narrativity. The articles included in this special issue explore the complementarity of the two paradigms, focusing on the multimodal dimension of narrativity in the context of digital culture.
叙事范式以最具挑战性的方式与另一种基本的人类交流范式:多模态联系在一起。在特定的社会情境和时刻，人们通过选择符号学资源和/或模式来表达意义(Jewitt and Henriksen 2016;库尔2018)。在今天的多式联运社会(Baldry 2000;Kress and van Leeuwen 2001;Norris 2004)，数字技术创造了一个充满活力的新通信生态系统，探索长期存在的问题的新机会正在出现，例如叙述性和多模态之间的相互作用。无论我们讨论的是自然叙事还是人为叙事，多模态都可以被理解为叙事的一个表演方面。本期特刊的文章探讨了这两种范式的互补性，重点关注数字文化背景下叙事的多模态维度。
{"title":"Introduction: Narrativity and multimodal communication in the age of new media","authors":"Nicolae-Sorin Drăgan","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The paradigm of narrativity connects in the most challenging ways with another fundamental human communication paradigm: multimodality. People express meanings through narratives by choosing between semiotic resources and/or modes available to them in a particular social situation and moment (Jewitt and Henriksen 2016; Kull 2018). In today’s multimodal society (Baldry 2000; Kress and van Leeuwen 2001; Norris 2004), where digital technologies have created a dynamic new communication ecosystem, new opportunities are emerging to explore long-standing issues, such as the interplay between narrativity and multimodality. Whether we are discussing natural or artificial narratives, multimodality can be understood as a performative aspect of narrativity. The articles included in this special issue explore the complementarity of the two paradigms, focusing on the multimodal dimension of narrativity in the context of digital culture.","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88412284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During cultural-historical development, our learning processes have evolved to using diverse “symbolic artifacts – signs, symbols, texts, formulae” (Kozulin et al. 2003: 15) as mediators of knowledge and meaning. The phenomenon of a text became one of the most advanced of these mediators, as it goes beyond the mere mediation of knowledge. According to Lotman, the text is a semiotic system “capable of transforming messages received and generating new ones, a generator of information” (1988: 57). The evolution of digital culture and the new media environment have shaped the representation and interaction with texts by “changing the static printed text into a dynamic one” (Ojamaa and Torop 2020: 52). Digitality, multimodality and transmediality became intrinsic characteristics of texts in the new media environment. While this emphasizes the value of acquiring the concept of the text within formal and informal education as an “intellectual device” (Lotman 1988: 55) and a cultural tool for accessing knowledge in digital culture, the semiotic and cognitive processes beyond the acquisition of the concept of the text remain under-researched. The paper represents the first step in the broader study of how young learners acquire the concept of the text in contemporary digital culture. The research aims to identify semiotic processes behind acquiring the concept of the text in digital culture. To this purpose, we introduce Vygotsky's theory of concept formation (2012) as a methodological tool for semiotic research in learning and education.
在文化历史发展过程中，我们的学习过程已经演变为使用各种“象征性的人工制品——符号、符号、文本、公式”(Kozulin et al. 2003: 15)作为知识和意义的中介。文本现象成为这些中介中最先进的中介之一，因为它超越了单纯的知识中介。根据洛特曼的说法，文本是一个符号系统，“能够转换接收到的信息并产生新的信息，是信息的生成器”(1988:57)。数字文化和新媒体环境的演变通过“将静态印刷文本变为动态文本”塑造了与文本的表现和互动(Ojamaa和Torop 2020: 52)。数字化、多模态和跨媒介性成为新媒体环境下文本的内在特征。虽然这强调了在正规和非正规教育中获取文本概念作为一种“智力手段”(Lotman 1988: 55)和在数字文化中获取知识的文化工具的价值，但文本概念获取之外的符号学和认知过程仍未得到充分研究。本文代表了在当代数字文化中年轻学习者如何获得文本概念的更广泛研究的第一步。本研究旨在识别数字文化中文本概念获取背后的符号学过程。为此，我们引入维果茨基的概念形成理论(2012)作为学习和教育符号学研究的方法论工具。
{"title":"Concept formation and the text in digital culture","authors":"Aleksandr Fadeev","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0017","url":null,"abstract":"During cultural-historical development, our learning processes have evolved to using diverse “symbolic artifacts – signs, symbols, texts, formulae” (Kozulin et al. 2003: 15) as mediators of knowledge and meaning. The phenomenon of a text became one of the most advanced of these mediators, as it goes beyond the mere mediation of knowledge. According to Lotman, the text is a semiotic system “capable of transforming messages received and generating new ones, a generator of information” (1988: 57). The evolution of digital culture and the new media environment have shaped the representation and interaction with texts by “changing the static printed text into a dynamic one” (Ojamaa and Torop 2020: 52). Digitality, multimodality and transmediality became intrinsic characteristics of texts in the new media environment. While this emphasizes the value of acquiring the concept of the text within formal and informal education as an “intellectual device” (Lotman 1988: 55) and a cultural tool for accessing knowledge in digital culture, the semiotic and cognitive processes beyond the acquisition of the concept of the text remain under-researched. The paper represents the first step in the broader study of how young learners acquire the concept of the text in contemporary digital culture. The research aims to identify semiotic processes behind acquiring the concept of the text in digital culture. To this purpose, we introduce Vygotsky's theory of concept formation (2012) as a methodological tool for semiotic research in learning and education.","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"99 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72430174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article discusses multimodal meaning-making in the context of video and multi-media installation art and related curatorial practices. It draws on the Deleuzian concept of pure duration or ‘time-image,’ understood as a Foucauldian dispositive (Panagia) and, thus, as a broader heuristic device in discussing the viewer’s experience engulfed in installations. It discusses non-discursive aspects of meaning-making while focusing on the viewer/ participant’s subjectifying, multi-sensorial, kinaesthetic, performative, and time-based experience of an exhibition. We discuss installation art as a temporal situation, constructed on the difference between represented or narrated time and subjective or reception time (Petersen), following the phenomenological category of the artwork as a ‘temporal object’ (Ingarden). The paper aims to offer novel interpretive tools for investigating our current shifting sensorium engaged in meaning-making. It also maintains that installation art constitutes not only a compelling cultural strategy for “imagining and imaging the world” (Rodowick) but also the means to understand how modes of perception converge in producing subjectivity.
{"title":"Deleuze’s meta-cinematic framing: Multimodal meaning-making in Installation Art","authors":"Sotirios Bahtsetzis","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses multimodal meaning-making in the context of video and multi-media installation art and related curatorial practices. It draws on the Deleuzian concept of pure duration or ‘time-image,’ understood as a Foucauldian dispositive (Panagia) and, thus, as a broader heuristic device in discussing the viewer’s experience engulfed in installations. It discusses non-discursive aspects of meaning-making while focusing on the viewer/ participant’s subjectifying, multi-sensorial, kinaesthetic, performative, and time-based experience of an exhibition. We discuss installation art as a temporal situation, constructed on the difference between represented or narrated time and subjective or reception time (Petersen), following the phenomenological category of the artwork as a ‘temporal object’ (Ingarden). The paper aims to offer novel interpretive tools for investigating our current shifting sensorium engaged in meaning-making. It also maintains that installation art constitutes not only a compelling cultural strategy for “imagining and imaging the world” (Rodowick) but also the means to understand how modes of perception converge in producing subjectivity.","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82342709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the proposal is to analyze what latent space is within a Deep-Learning system and how its visualization is capable of triggering a meaning-effect concerning the epistemology of big data. The latent space is the mathematical space that maps what a Neural Network has learned from the training dataset. It is the result of the compression of the input data and the step before the Neural Network’s output, a step that usually remains invisible to the human eye, rendering effective the promise of a transparent effect of reality generally promoted by Artificial Intelligence technologies. Precisely in contrast with this promise, the visualization of this complex spatiality makes accessible, and therefore intelligible, the epistemic and rhetorical relations inscribed within datasets, intended as archives that gather information. To achieve my objective, I will consider an artistic project realized by multimedia artist and coder Jake Elwes, Zizi-Queering the Dataset (2019), a multi-channel video where different facial portraits are shown in a morphing loop that visualizes what a Generative Adversarial Network has learned from the re-training of a dataset containing portraits with another one containing facial images of drag and non-binary individuals. This artistic gesture has led to a series of epistemic issues concerning big data and their situated and ideological meaning.
{"title":"From archive to dataset. Visualizing the latency of big data","authors":"Christina Voto","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the proposal is to analyze what latent space is within a Deep-Learning system and how its visualization is capable of triggering a meaning-effect concerning the epistemology of big data. The latent space is the mathematical space that maps what a Neural Network has learned from the training dataset. It is the result of the compression of the input data and the step before the Neural Network’s output, a step that usually remains invisible to the human eye, rendering effective the promise of a transparent effect of reality generally promoted by Artificial Intelligence technologies. Precisely in contrast with this promise, the visualization of this complex spatiality makes accessible, and therefore intelligible, the epistemic and rhetorical relations inscribed within datasets, intended as archives that gather information. To achieve my objective, I will consider an artistic project realized by multimedia artist and coder Jake Elwes, Zizi-Queering the Dataset (2019), a multi-channel video where different facial portraits are shown in a morphing loop that visualizes what a Generative Adversarial Network has learned from the re-training of a dataset containing portraits with another one containing facial images of drag and non-binary individuals. This artistic gesture has led to a series of epistemic issues concerning big data and their situated and ideological meaning.","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86646119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper addresses the post-digital, multimodal narratives of a thirteen-year-old teenage girl on Instagram. Post-digitality refers to the ontological assumption that the online is inseparably intertwined with the offline world. On the other hand, narratives are understood as sociocultural, perspectival, and interactional discursive nodes co-produced by the teenage girl and the platform. The fine-grained interpretation of our data draws upon a transdisciplinary framework combining several theoretical and methodological approaches, most prominently social semiotics and semiotic technology, narrative studies, new literacy studies, and critical sociolinguistics. The qualitative analysis of our data follows the logic of nexus analysis, highlighting the design of the post-digital, multimodal teenage narratives on Instagram Stories and the software’s complex role in co-crafting situated storytelling. The main research findings indicate that Instragram’s affordances, i.e., its technological, semiotic, social, and algorithmic features, function as co-active, non-human agents with which the adolescent girl strategically negotiates to produce her multimodal narrative work. Finally, we argue that educational policy should acknowledge the affordances of the teenage-platform multimodal narrative synergy and the need for a post-digital critical literacies pedagogy.
{"title":"Contemplating post-digital narrativity: Co-active, multimodal meaning-making on Instagram and its implications on learning","authors":"","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The paper addresses the post-digital, multimodal narratives of a thirteen-year-old teenage girl on Instagram. Post-digitality refers to the ontological assumption that the online is inseparably intertwined with the offline world. On the other hand, narratives are understood as sociocultural, perspectival, and interactional discursive nodes co-produced by the teenage girl and the platform. The fine-grained interpretation of our data draws upon a transdisciplinary framework combining several theoretical and methodological approaches, most prominently social semiotics and semiotic technology, narrative studies, new literacy studies, and critical sociolinguistics. The qualitative analysis of our data follows the logic of nexus analysis, highlighting the design of the post-digital, multimodal teenage narratives on Instagram Stories and the software’s complex role in co-crafting situated storytelling. The main research findings indicate that Instragram’s affordances, i.e., its technological, semiotic, social, and algorithmic features, function as co-active, non-human agents with which the adolescent girl strategically negotiates to produce her multimodal narrative work. Finally, we argue that educational policy should acknowledge the affordances of the teenage-platform multimodal narrative synergy and the need for a post-digital critical literacies pedagogy.","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86701729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines one of the hegemonic narratives social actors worldwide have used since 2020 to make sense of the Covid-19 pandemic: the one articulated around the hero-villain dichotomy. We can find this standard adversative structure in various narratives such as myths, fairy tales, novels, movies, and the social sphere in general. The pandemic has not escaped its explicative power. Since March 2020, healthcare workers have been widely represented as heroes – and even superheroes – fighting to protect humanity, while the novel coronavirus is typically depicted as an evil creature – a monster – threatening human life. After introducing narrativity as a key principle in articulating social discourses, the article analyses the role of the hero-villain narrative structure in the Covid-19 pandemic focusing on how it shaped the discursive construction of the virus as a villain and the healthcare workers as heroes.
{"title":"Healthcare workers Vs. Coronavirus: A semiotic study of the Hero-Villain narrative articulation of the Covid-19 pandemic","authors":"Sebastián Moreno Barreneche","doi":"10.18680/hss.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18680/hss.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines one of the hegemonic narratives social actors worldwide have used since 2020 to make sense of the Covid-19 pandemic: the one articulated around the hero-villain dichotomy. We can find this standard adversative structure in various narratives such as myths, fairy tales, novels, movies, and the social sphere in general. The pandemic has not escaped its explicative power. Since March 2020, healthcare workers have been widely represented as heroes – and even superheroes – fighting to protect humanity, while the novel coronavirus is typically depicted as an evil creature – a monster – threatening human life. After introducing narrativity as a key principle in articulating social discourses, the article analyses the role of the hero-villain narrative structure in the Covid-19 pandemic focusing on how it shaped the discursive construction of the virus as a villain and the healthcare workers as heroes.","PeriodicalId":36248,"journal":{"name":"Punctum International Journal of Semiotics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82877590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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