{"title":"International geoscience collaboration to support critical mineral discovery","authors":"","doi":"10.3133/fs20203035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pesticide is a substance, or mixture of substances, used to kill or control insects, weeds, plant diseases, and other pest organisms (Nevada Department of Agriculture, 2019). Commercial pesticide applicators, farmers, and homeowners apply about 1.1 billion pounds of pesticides annually to agricultural land, non-crop land, and urban areas throughout the United States (Atwood and Paisley-Jones, 2017). Although intended for beneficial uses, there are also risks associated with pesticide applications, including contamination of groundwater and surface-water resources, which can adversely affect aquatic life and water supplies. Pesticides can contaminate groundwater and surface water directly through point sources (spills, disposal sites, or pesticide drift during an application). The main avenue of contamination, however, is indirect by non-point sources, which include agricultural and urban runoff, erosion, leaching from application sites, and precipitation that has become contaminated by upwind applications (fig. 1, Thodal and others, 2009).
{"title":"Early warning pesticide monitoring in Nevada’s surface waters","authors":"J. M. Huntington, Derek C. Entz, C. E. Thodal","doi":"10.3133/fs20203070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203070","url":null,"abstract":"A pesticide is a substance, or mixture of substances, used to kill or control insects, weeds, plant diseases, and other pest organisms (Nevada Department of Agriculture, 2019). Commercial pesticide applicators, farmers, and homeowners apply about 1.1 billion pounds of pesticides annually to agricultural land, non-crop land, and urban areas throughout the United States (Atwood and Paisley-Jones, 2017). Although intended for beneficial uses, there are also risks associated with pesticide applications, including contamination of groundwater and surface-water resources, which can adversely affect aquatic life and water supplies. Pesticides can contaminate groundwater and surface water directly through point sources (spills, disposal sites, or pesticide drift during an application). The main avenue of contamination, however, is indirect by non-point sources, which include agricultural and urban runoff, erosion, leaching from application sites, and precipitation that has become contaminated by upwind applications (fig. 1, Thodal and others, 2009).","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Pitman, S. Paxton, S. Kinney, K. Whidden, S. Haines, B. A. Varela, T. Mercier, Cheryl A. Woodall, C. J. Schenk, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, O. Pearson, L. Burke, P. Le, J. Birdwell, Nicholas J. Gianoutsos, K. French, R. M. Drake, T. Finn, Geoffrey S. Ellis, S. Gaswirth, K. Marra, M. Tennyson, Chilisa M. Shorten
{"title":"Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk and Tokio and Eutaw Formations, U.S. Gulf Coast, 2019","authors":"J. Pitman, S. Paxton, S. Kinney, K. Whidden, S. Haines, B. A. Varela, T. Mercier, Cheryl A. Woodall, C. J. Schenk, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, O. Pearson, L. Burke, P. Le, J. Birdwell, Nicholas J. Gianoutsos, K. French, R. M. Drake, T. Finn, Geoffrey S. Ellis, S. Gaswirth, K. Marra, M. Tennyson, Chilisa M. Shorten","doi":"10.3133/fs20203045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. C. Eikenberry, M. Nott, J. Stewart, D. Sullivan, D. Alvarez, A. H. Bell, F. Fitzpatrick
In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began sampling 14 wadable streams in urban or urbanizing watersheds near Milwaukee, Wisconsin (fig. 1). The overall goal of the study is to assess the health of the aquatic communities in the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District planning area to inform current and future watershed management. In addition to collection of biological data on aquatic communities, physical and chemical data were also collected to evaluate effects of potential environmental stressors on the aquatic communities. This fact sheet summarizes the primary results of the study from 2004 to 2013. Detailed information is described in Scudder Eikenberry and others (2020a), and all data are available in Scudder Eikenberry and others (2020b; https://doi.org/ 10.5066/ P9FWMODL). Evaluations of aquatic communities using multiple groups of organisms—algal, invertebrate, and fish assemblages—and multiple measures or “metrics” of the groups are needed to fully understand environmental tolerances of the communities to chemical and physical stressors related to urban development (Coles and others, 2012). Each assemblage and each species have different tolerances to environmental stressors, different ranges of mobility, and different life spans. Algae reproduce quickly, living from days to weeks, and can indicate short-term changes in their environment. Algae form the base of the food web in streams and contribute to the processing of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, with excess nutrients often reflected by high algal biovolumes. Invertebrates are good indicators of water quality because of their relatively longer lifespans of months to years in comparison to algae, and their mostly stationary nature when compared to predators like fish make them indicative of sitespecific conditions. Fish generally live longer than other aquatic organisms, so fish assemblages integrate longer time periods of exposure to pollutants and other stressors. Fish are more mobile than invertebrates, so fish may better reflect conditions within a larger area, such as a watershed. Use of all three assemblages helps provide a complete picture of the health of the aquatic community and the overall stream condition. Urban development can degrade streams physically and chemically through changes in characteristics such as streamflow, water quality, and habitat, which can in turn act as stressors on aquatic communities and adversely affect the overall ecological health of streams. Examples of stressors that can alter urban streams and aquatic communities in urban streams are increased runoff from impervious surfaces; straightening and armoring of natural streams; removal of trees and other vegetation along streams; and chemical inputs from sewage, road salt, and pesticides. Multiple lines of evidence, integrating key stressors and responses to them, are critical for understanding how different stressors adversely affect aquatic communities, which stressors are m
2004年，美国地质调查局(USGS)开始在威斯康星州密尔沃基附近的城市或城市化流域对14条可涉水溪流进行采样(图1)。该研究的总体目标是评估密尔沃基都市污水区规划区水生群落的健康状况，为当前和未来的流域管理提供信息。除了收集水生群落的生物学数据外，还收集了物理和化学数据，以评估潜在环境压力对水生群落的影响。本简报总结了2004年至2013年研究的主要结果。详细信息见Scudder Eikenberry and others (2020a)，所有数据见Scudder Eikenberry and others (2020b;https://doi.org/ 10.5066/ P9FWMODL)。为了充分了解这些群落对与城市发展相关的化学和物理压力源的环境耐受性，需要使用多种生物群体(藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类)对水生群落进行评估，并对这些群体进行多种测量或“度量”(Coles等，2012)。每个组合和每个物种对环境压力的耐受性不同，活动范围不同，寿命也不同。藻类繁殖迅速，存活时间从几天到几周不等，并能指示其环境的短期变化。藻类构成溪流中食物网的基础，有助于氮和磷等营养物质的加工，营养过剩往往反映在藻类生物量高上。无脊椎动物是水质的良好指示器，因为与藻类相比，它们的寿命相对较长，从几个月到几年不等，而且与鱼类等捕食者相比，它们大多是静止的，这使它们能够指示特定的环境。鱼类通常比其他水生生物活得更长，因此鱼类组合暴露于污染物和其他压力源的时间更长。鱼类比无脊椎动物更灵活，所以鱼类可以更好地反映更大范围内的情况，比如一个分水岭。使用所有三种组合有助于提供水生群落健康状况和整体溪流状况的完整图景。城市发展可以通过改变水流、水质和生境等特征，使河流在物理和化学上退化，进而对水生群落产生压力，并对河流的整体生态健康产生不利影响。可以改变城市溪流和城市溪流中的水生群落的压力源的例子是来自不透水表面的径流增加;自然溪流的矫直和防护;清除溪边的树木和其他植被;还有来自污水、道路盐和杀虫剂的化学物质。整合关键压力源及其应对措施的多重证据对于理解不同压力源如何对水生群落产生不利影响、哪些压力源最重要以及如何通过流域管理行动减轻这些压力源的影响至关重要。长期(10年或以上)监测溪流的生物、物理和化学特征，为评估不同压力源对水生群落的影响提供了一种方法。
{"title":"Physical and chemical stressors on algal, invertebrate, and fish communities in 14 Milwaukee area streams, 2004–2013","authors":"B. C. Eikenberry, M. Nott, J. Stewart, D. Sullivan, D. Alvarez, A. H. Bell, F. Fitzpatrick","doi":"10.3133/fs20203051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203051","url":null,"abstract":"In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began sampling 14 wadable streams in urban or urbanizing watersheds near Milwaukee, Wisconsin (fig. 1). The overall goal of the study is to assess the health of the aquatic communities in the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District planning area to inform current and future watershed management. In addition to collection of biological data on aquatic communities, physical and chemical data were also collected to evaluate effects of potential environmental stressors on the aquatic communities. This fact sheet summarizes the primary results of the study from 2004 to 2013. Detailed information is described in Scudder Eikenberry and others (2020a), and all data are available in Scudder Eikenberry and others (2020b; https://doi.org/ 10.5066/ P9FWMODL). Evaluations of aquatic communities using multiple groups of organisms—algal, invertebrate, and fish assemblages—and multiple measures or “metrics” of the groups are needed to fully understand environmental tolerances of the communities to chemical and physical stressors related to urban development (Coles and others, 2012). Each assemblage and each species have different tolerances to environmental stressors, different ranges of mobility, and different life spans. Algae reproduce quickly, living from days to weeks, and can indicate short-term changes in their environment. Algae form the base of the food web in streams and contribute to the processing of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, with excess nutrients often reflected by high algal biovolumes. Invertebrates are good indicators of water quality because of their relatively longer lifespans of months to years in comparison to algae, and their mostly stationary nature when compared to predators like fish make them indicative of sitespecific conditions. Fish generally live longer than other aquatic organisms, so fish assemblages integrate longer time periods of exposure to pollutants and other stressors. Fish are more mobile than invertebrates, so fish may better reflect conditions within a larger area, such as a watershed. Use of all three assemblages helps provide a complete picture of the health of the aquatic community and the overall stream condition. Urban development can degrade streams physically and chemically through changes in characteristics such as streamflow, water quality, and habitat, which can in turn act as stressors on aquatic communities and adversely affect the overall ecological health of streams. Examples of stressors that can alter urban streams and aquatic communities in urban streams are increased runoff from impervious surfaces; straightening and armoring of natural streams; removal of trees and other vegetation along streams; and chemical inputs from sewage, road salt, and pesticides. Multiple lines of evidence, integrating key stressors and responses to them, are critical for understanding how different stressors adversely affect aquatic communities, which stressors are m","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Water resources of Red River Parish, Louisiana","authors":"Angela L. Robinson, V. White","doi":"10.3133/fs20203053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203053","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Initiative (Earth MRI) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in response to a Federal directive calling on various Federal agencies to address potential vulnerabilities in the Nation’s supply of critical mineral resources. The primary purpose of this initiative is to identify potentially mineralized areas containing critical minerals by gathering new basic geologic data about the United States and its territories and to make these data publicly available through the Earth MRI web portal (https://usgs.gov/earthmri). The gathering of data is accomplished through geophysical surveys, geologic mapping, and the collection of topographical (light detection and ranging, or lidar) data. In addition to identifying areas permissive for hosting critical minerals, the new data collected are likely to be helpful in addressing other societal needs as well, such as by helping to locate groundwater resources, providing information needed to mitigate effects of natural hazards, and identifying locations of the mineral resources useful for restoring and rebuilding aging infrastructure in the United States.
{"title":"Technical overview of the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Mapping Resources Initiative (Earth MRI)","authors":"W. Day","doi":"10.3133/fs20203055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203055","url":null,"abstract":"Initiative (Earth MRI) was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in response to a Federal directive calling on various Federal agencies to address potential vulnerabilities in the Nation’s supply of critical mineral resources. The primary purpose of this initiative is to identify potentially mineralized areas containing critical minerals by gathering new basic geologic data about the United States and its territories and to make these data publicly available through the Earth MRI web portal (https://usgs.gov/earthmri). The gathering of data is accomplished through geophysical surveys, geologic mapping, and the collection of topographical (light detection and ranging, or lidar) data. In addition to identifying areas permissive for hosting critical minerals, the new data collected are likely to be helpful in addressing other societal needs as well, such as by helping to locate groundwater resources, providing information needed to mitigate effects of natural hazards, and identifying locations of the mineral resources useful for restoring and rebuilding aging infrastructure in the United States.","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The steep-sided Augustine lava-dome complex in Cook Inlet of Alaska is ringed by deposits of multiple debris avalanches. Augustine volcano has collapsed a dozen times or more in the past 2,500 years and has the highest known rate of edifice collapse of any volcano. The debris-avalanche deposits (colored) in this image extend out to sea on all sides and are partly covered by deposits of younger eruptions (gray) closer to the volcano. The impact of the debris sweeping into the ocean may have produced tsunamis, such as the 1883 Cook Inlet tsunami caused by the Burr Point collapse. Selected deposits are named, with the Burr Point deposit (in red) being the youngest. Base map from July 3, 2018, Landsat 8 image is overlain by debris-avalanche deposits mapped by Waitt and Begét (2009).
{"title":"When volcanoes fall down—Catastrophic collapse and debris avalanches","authors":"L. Siebert, M. Reid, J. Vallance, T. Pierson","doi":"10.3133/FS20193023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/FS20193023","url":null,"abstract":"The steep-sided Augustine lava-dome complex in Cook Inlet of Alaska is ringed by deposits of multiple debris avalanches. Augustine volcano has collapsed a dozen times or more in the past 2,500 years and has the highest known rate of edifice collapse of any volcano. The debris-avalanche deposits (colored) in this image extend out to sea on all sides and are partly covered by deposits of younger eruptions (gray) closer to the volcano. The impact of the debris sweeping into the ocean may have produced tsunamis, such as the 1883 Cook Inlet tsunami caused by the Burr Point collapse. Selected deposits are named, with the Burr Point deposit (in red) being the youngest. Base map from July 3, 2018, Landsat 8 image is overlain by debris-avalanche deposits mapped by Waitt and Begét (2009).","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42188725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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