When rainfall is lower than normal over an extended period, streamflows decline, groundwater levels fall, and hydrological drought can occur. Droughts can reduce the water available for societal needs, such as public and private drinking-water supplies, farming, and industry, and for ecological health, such as maintenance of water quality and natural ecosystems. Recent droughts in the northeastern United States have highlighted the need for new scientific tools to forecast the probability of future droughts so water managers and the public can be better prepared for these events when they happen. Two recent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) studies provide tools that can forecast the probabilities of summer droughts for streams (Austin and Nelms, 2017) and the probabilities of groundwaterlevel declines below specified targets or thresholds (Dudley and others, 2017). These tools provide promising methods for identifying and anticipating probable streamflow and groundwater droughts specific to the northeastern United States. USGS Water Science Centers in the northeastern United States have acted together to use these methods for numerous streamflow gages and groundwater-level monitoring wells, and to make the results of the analyses available on the world wide web. This fact sheet describes the drought forecasting techniques used in a study to predict droughts for streamflow and groundwater in the northeastern United States.
当降雨量长时间低于正常水平时，河流流量减少，地下水位下降，水文干旱就会发生。干旱可以减少可用于社会需求(如公共和私人饮用水供应、农业和工业)和生态健康(如维持水质和自然生态系统)的水。美国东北部最近发生的干旱突出表明，需要新的科学工具来预测未来干旱的可能性，以便水资源管理者和公众能够在这些事件发生时更好地做好准备。美国地质调查局(USGS)最近的两项研究提供了工具，可以预测夏季溪流干旱的概率(Austin and Nelms, 2017)和地下水位下降到指定目标或阈值以下的概率(Dudley等，2017)。这些工具为识别和预测美国东北部可能发生的河流和地下水干旱提供了有希望的方法。美国地质勘探局位于美国东北部的水科学中心已共同行动起来，将这些方法用于众多的流量测量和地下水位监测井，并将分析结果公布在万维网上。这份情况说明书描述了在一项研究中用于预测美国东北部河流和地下水干旱的干旱预测技术。
{"title":"Drought forecasting for streams and groundwaters in northeastern United States","authors":"Samuel H. Austin, R. Dudley","doi":"10.3133/fs20193015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193015","url":null,"abstract":"When rainfall is lower than normal over an extended period, streamflows decline, groundwater levels fall, and hydrological drought can occur. Droughts can reduce the water available for societal needs, such as public and private drinking-water supplies, farming, and industry, and for ecological health, such as maintenance of water quality and natural ecosystems. Recent droughts in the northeastern United States have highlighted the need for new scientific tools to forecast the probability of future droughts so water managers and the public can be better prepared for these events when they happen. Two recent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) studies provide tools that can forecast the probabilities of summer droughts for streams (Austin and Nelms, 2017) and the probabilities of groundwaterlevel declines below specified targets or thresholds (Dudley and others, 2017). These tools provide promising methods for identifying and anticipating probable streamflow and groundwater droughts specific to the northeastern United States. USGS Water Science Centers in the northeastern United States have acted together to use these methods for numerous streamflow gages and groundwater-level monitoring wells, and to make the results of the analyses available on the world wide web. This fact sheet describes the drought forecasting techniques used in a study to predict droughts for streamflow and groundwater in the northeastern United States.","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69284311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hydrologic conditions in Kansas, water year 2018","authors":"Angela H. Unrein","doi":"10.3133/fs20193042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69284715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rare earth elements in coal and coal fly ash","authors":"C. Scott, A. Kolker","doi":"10.3133/fs20193048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69284827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, Cheryl A. Woodall, M. Tennyson, T. Finn, M. Brownfield, K. Marra, P. Le, R. M. Drake, S. Kinney
{"title":"Assessment of continuous oil and gas resources in Jurassic Shales of the eastern Arabian Peninsula, 2019","authors":"C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, Cheryl A. Woodall, M. Tennyson, T. Finn, M. Brownfield, K. Marra, P. Le, R. M. Drake, S. Kinney","doi":"10.3133/fs20193071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The use of national datasets to produce an average annual water budget for the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, 2000–13","authors":"M. Reitz, W. Kress","doi":"10.3133/FS20193001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/FS20193001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69284192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Potter, C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, M. Tennyson, T. Finn, Cheryl A. Woodall, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, K. Marra, P. Le, R. M. Drake, M. Brownfield, J. Pitman
In 2018, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for unconventional (continuous) oil and gas resources in Mesozoic nonmarine clastic rocks in the Sichuan Basin of China (fig. 1) that include tight gas in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation and tight oil in Lower Jurassic lacustrine strata of the Lianggaoshan Formation and the Da’anzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation. Previous USGS oil and gas assessments in this basin include a 2015 shale-gas assessment in three Paleozoic stratigraphic intervals in the Sichuan Basin (Potter and others, 2015; Potter, 2018) and a 2012 assessment of conventional oil and gas resources in six major Chinese basins (Charpentier and others, 2012). Chinese national oil companies currently produce tight gas from the Xujiahe (Zhao, Bian, and others, 2013) and tight oil from the Da’anzhai and Lianggaoshan (Chen and others, 2015; Yang and others, 2016) in the central part of the Sichuan Basin. The Xujiahe is a thick fluvial unit that includes three widely distributed coaly gas-prone (Type III) source intervals, each generally 50–150 meters (m) thick and containing numerous coal beds that are a few meters thick (Zou, Tao, and others, 2009; Zhu and others, 2012). These source intervals are alternately stacked with three low-permeability sand reservoir intervals (up to 40 m thick with individual sand reservoirs 3–8 m thick) (Zou, Tao, and others, 2009; Zhao, Bian, and others, 2013; Zou, Gong, and others, 2013). The Da’anzhai and Lianggaoshan contain lacustrine black shales that are rich in Type I and II (oil-prone) organic matter (Li and others, 2014) and are interbedded with tight reservoir units that include a shelly limestone (Da’anzhai) and a sandstone (Lianggaoshan) (Yang and others, 2016). The Da’anzhai is 0–60 m thick, and the Lianggaoshan is 0–100 m thick (Yang and others, 2016).
2018年，美国地质调查局(USGS)定量评估了中国四川盆地中生代非海相碎屑岩中非常规(连续)油气资源潜力(图1)，包括上三叠统须家河组致密气和下侏罗统梁高山组和自流井组大安寨段湖相地层致密油。此前USGS对该盆地的油气评价包括2015年对四川盆地三个古生代地层层段的页岩气评价(Potter等，2015;Potter, 2018)和2012年中国六大盆地常规油气资源评估(Charpentier等，2012)。中国国有石油公司目前生产的致密气来自须家河(Zhao, Bian，等，2013)，致密油来自大安寨和梁高山(Chen等，2015;Yang等人，2016)在四川盆地中部。须家河是一个较厚的河流单元，包括三个广泛分布的易产煤层气(III型)气源层段，每个层段的厚度一般为50-150米，并含有许多几米厚的煤层(Zou, Tao, and others, 2009;Zhu等人，2012)。这些源层与三个低渗透砂岩储层(厚度可达40 m，单个砂岩储层厚度为3-8 m)交替叠加(邹，陶等，2009;赵、边等，2013;邹、龚等人，2013)。大安寨和梁高山含湖相黑色页岩，富含ⅰ型和ⅱ型(亲油)有机质(Li等，2014)，并与泥质灰岩(大安寨)和砂岩(梁高山)致密储层单元互层(Yang等，2016)。大安寨厚度为0 ~ 60 m，梁高山厚度为0 ~ 100 m (Yang等，2016)。
{"title":"Assessment of Mesozoic tight-oil and tight-gas resources in the Sichuan Basin of China, 2018","authors":"C. Potter, C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, M. Tennyson, T. Finn, Cheryl A. Woodall, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, K. Marra, P. Le, R. M. Drake, M. Brownfield, J. Pitman","doi":"10.3133/fs20193010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193010","url":null,"abstract":"In 2018, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for unconventional (continuous) oil and gas resources in Mesozoic nonmarine clastic rocks in the Sichuan Basin of China (fig. 1) that include tight gas in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation and tight oil in Lower Jurassic lacustrine strata of the Lianggaoshan Formation and the Da’anzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation. Previous USGS oil and gas assessments in this basin include a 2015 shale-gas assessment in three Paleozoic stratigraphic intervals in the Sichuan Basin (Potter and others, 2015; Potter, 2018) and a 2012 assessment of conventional oil and gas resources in six major Chinese basins (Charpentier and others, 2012). Chinese national oil companies currently produce tight gas from the Xujiahe (Zhao, Bian, and others, 2013) and tight oil from the Da’anzhai and Lianggaoshan (Chen and others, 2015; Yang and others, 2016) in the central part of the Sichuan Basin. The Xujiahe is a thick fluvial unit that includes three widely distributed coaly gas-prone (Type III) source intervals, each generally 50–150 meters (m) thick and containing numerous coal beds that are a few meters thick (Zou, Tao, and others, 2009; Zhu and others, 2012). These source intervals are alternately stacked with three low-permeability sand reservoir intervals (up to 40 m thick with individual sand reservoirs 3–8 m thick) (Zou, Tao, and others, 2009; Zhao, Bian, and others, 2013; Zou, Gong, and others, 2013). The Da’anzhai and Lianggaoshan contain lacustrine black shales that are rich in Type I and II (oil-prone) organic matter (Li and others, 2014) and are interbedded with tight reservoir units that include a shelly limestone (Da’anzhai) and a sandstone (Lianggaoshan) (Yang and others, 2016). The Da’anzhai is 0–60 m thick, and the Lianggaoshan is 0–100 m thick (Yang and others, 2016).","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69284234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, Cheryl A. Woodall, T. Finn, K. Marra, M. Brownfield, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, R. M. Drake
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for undiscovered, technically recoverable continuous oil and gas resources in the Beetaloo Basin of northern Australia (fig. 1). The Mesoproterozoic Roper Group in the basin contains the Velkerri and Kyalla Formations, two organic-rich source formations that possibly form some of the oldest viable petroleum systems in the world (Jackson and others, 1986; Silverman and Ahlbrandt, 2011; Cox and others, 2016). The shale units of the Velkerri and Kyalla were deposited between 1,400 and 1,300 million years ago (Yang and others, 2018). Limited drilling and production testing have shown that these rocks may contain recoverable oil and gas resources (Close, Cote, and others, 2017). For rocks of this age to potentially contain recoverable oil and gas indicates that throughout the long period between the Mesoproterozoic and the present, there has been limited deformation of the Beetaloo Basin, and generation might have been relatively late in the burial history. However, the tectonic evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Beetaloo Basin is largely unknown, and several hypotheses have been advanced that include rift basin, multiphase intracontinental basin, foreland basin, and epicontinental basin development (Silverman and Ahlbrandt, 2011; Cox and others, 2016; Close, Cote, and others, 2017; Yang and others, 2018). Rocks of the Roper Group have not been thermally stressed beyond the gas-generation window (Close, Baruch, and others, 2017).
美国地质调查局(USGS)定量评估了澳大利亚北部Beetaloo盆地未发现的、技术上可开采的连续油气资源的潜力(图1)。该盆地的中元古代Roper群包含Velkerri组和Kyalla组，这两个富含有机物的地层可能形成了世界上最古老的可行石油系统(Jackson等人，1986;Silverman and Ahlbrandt, 2011;Cox等人，2016)。Velkerri和Kyalla的页岩单元沉积于14亿至13亿年前(Yang等人，2018)。有限的钻井和生产测试表明，这些岩石可能含有可开采的石油和天然气资源(Close, Cote等，2017)。这一时代的岩石具有潜在的可采油气，表明在中元古代到现在的漫长时期内，Beetaloo盆地的变形有限，可能发生在埋藏史的较晚时期。然而，中元古代Beetaloo盆地的构造演化在很大程度上是未知的，提出了裂谷盆地、多期陆内盆地、前陆盆地和陆表盆地发育的几种假设(Silverman and Ahlbrandt, 2011;Cox等人，2016;Close, Cote等人，2017;Yang等人，2018)。Roper组的岩石在产气窗口之外没有受到热应力(Close, Baruch等，2017)。
{"title":"Assessment of continuous oil and gas resources in the Beetaloo Basin, Australia, 2018","authors":"C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, Cheryl A. Woodall, T. Finn, K. Marra, M. Brownfield, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, R. M. Drake","doi":"10.3133/fs20193013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193013","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for undiscovered, technically recoverable continuous oil and gas resources in the Beetaloo Basin of northern Australia (fig. 1). The Mesoproterozoic Roper Group in the basin contains the Velkerri and Kyalla Formations, two organic-rich source formations that possibly form some of the oldest viable petroleum systems in the world (Jackson and others, 1986; Silverman and Ahlbrandt, 2011; Cox and others, 2016). The shale units of the Velkerri and Kyalla were deposited between 1,400 and 1,300 million years ago (Yang and others, 2018). Limited drilling and production testing have shown that these rocks may contain recoverable oil and gas resources (Close, Cote, and others, 2017). For rocks of this age to potentially contain recoverable oil and gas indicates that throughout the long period between the Mesoproterozoic and the present, there has been limited deformation of the Beetaloo Basin, and generation might have been relatively late in the burial history. However, the tectonic evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Beetaloo Basin is largely unknown, and several hypotheses have been advanced that include rift basin, multiphase intracontinental basin, foreland basin, and epicontinental basin development (Silverman and Ahlbrandt, 2011; Cox and others, 2016; Close, Cote, and others, 2017; Yang and others, 2018). Rocks of the Roper Group have not been thermally stressed beyond the gas-generation window (Close, Baruch, and others, 2017).","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69284296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Science instruments: OLI–2; TIRS–2 OLI–2 built by: Ball Aerospace & Technology Corporation TIRS–2 built by: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Design life: 5 years Spacecraft provider: Northrop Grumman Image data: About 750 scenes per day Target launch date: December 2020 Launch vehicle: United Launch Alliance Atlas V 401 Orbit: Near-polar, sun-synchronous at an altitude of 438 miles (705 kilometers) Orbital inclination: 98.2 degrees Spacecraft speed: 16,760 miles per hour (26,972 kilometers per hour), Consumables: 10+ years Landsat 9 is a partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) that will continue the Landsat program’s critical role of repeat global observations for monitoring, understanding, and managing Earth’s natural resources. Since 1972, Landsat data have provided a unique resource for those who work in agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, education, mapping, and global-change research. Landsat images have also proved invaluable to the International Charter: Space and Major Disasters, supporting emergency response and disaster relief to save lives. With the addition of Landsat 9, the Landsat program’s record of land imaging will be extended to over half a century.
{"title":"Landsat 9","authors":"","doi":"10.3133/fs20193008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20193008","url":null,"abstract":"Science instruments: OLI–2; TIRS–2 OLI–2 built by: Ball Aerospace & Technology Corporation TIRS–2 built by: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Design life: 5 years Spacecraft provider: Northrop Grumman Image data: About 750 scenes per day Target launch date: December 2020 Launch vehicle: United Launch Alliance Atlas V 401 Orbit: Near-polar, sun-synchronous at an altitude of 438 miles (705 kilometers) Orbital inclination: 98.2 degrees Spacecraft speed: 16,760 miles per hour (26,972 kilometers per hour), Consumables: 10+ years Landsat 9 is a partnership between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) that will continue the Landsat program’s critical role of repeat global observations for monitoring, understanding, and managing Earth’s natural resources. Since 1972, Landsat data have provided a unique resource for those who work in agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, education, mapping, and global-change research. Landsat images have also proved invaluable to the International Charter: Space and Major Disasters, supporting emergency response and disaster relief to save lives. With the addition of Landsat 9, the Landsat program’s record of land imaging will be extended to over half a century.","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69284667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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