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Water resources of St. Martin Parish, Louisiana 路易斯安那州圣马丁教区的水资源
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20213007
M. Lindaman, V. White
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources in the eastern Mediterranean area, 2020 2020年东地中海地区未发现常规油气资源评估
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20213032
C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, T. Finn, Cheryl A. Woodall, K. Marra, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, P. Le, R. M. Drake
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for undiscovered, technically recoverable conventional oil and gas resources in total petroleum systems and assessment units of the eastern Mediterranean area (fig. 1). The assessment encompasses the geographic areas of the Levantine Basin, Eratosthenes Platform, Nile Delta Basin, Herodotus Basin, and the Mediterranean Ridge. The eastern Mediterranean area developed through a complex tectonic evolution and is the subject of ongoing research (Abdel Aal and others, 2000; Netzeband and others, 2006; Segev and others, 2011; Robertson and others, 2012, Cowie and Kusznir, 2013; Sagy and others, 2015; Granot, 2016; Inati and others, 2016; Segev and others, 2018; Steinberg and others, 2018). The tectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean began in the Triassic with rifting of the African-Arabian plate from Eurasia. Rifting continued through the Jurassic, resulting in highly extended continental crust across much of the Levantine Basin and the Nile Delta Basin. Oceanic crust formed in the Herodotus Basin and Mediterranean Ridge as the Tethys Ocean opened. Major sequences of petroleum source rocks were deposited across the continental margins during the Late Jurassic. The Cretaceous was characterized by passive-margin conditions, with carbonate platform development along the extended continental margins, and progradation of clastic sequences across the structurally complex, extended continental crust. The Eratosthenes Platform was one of the continental fragments separated from the African-Arabian plate and moved north as oceanic crust subducted beneath the southern margin of Eurasia, forming the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. Carbonate platforms ranging in age from Cretaceous to Neogene formed along the margins of the Eratosthenes Platform. Repeated sea level changes during this time span led to the development of stacked carbonate platforms. Marine source rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous and Paleogene. Northward movement of the African-Arabian plate in the Paleogene signaled the beginning of closure of the Tethys Ocean. In the Oligocene and early Miocene, the ancestral Nile drainage was established, leading to northdirected clastic deposition in the Levantine Basin, Nile Delta Basin, and Herodotus Basin. The Eratosthenes Platform collided with the Cyprus arc in the Miocene, causing uplift with subsequent subaerial exposure and karst development across the extensive carbonate platforms. In the late Miocene, the northward movement of Africa resulted in closure of the Tethys seaway at Gibraltar and in the complete evaporation of Mediterranean seawater, leading to the deposition of hundreds of meters of late Miocene Messinian evaporites. Evaporites, being impervious to fluids, form important seals, as well as providing traps marginal to the salt structures, and, where salt has moved, provide pathways for fluids to migrate into post-salt reservoirs and traps (Al-B
美国地质调查局(USGS)定量评估了地中海东部地区整个石油系统和评估单元中未被发现的、技术上可开采的常规油气资源的潜力(图1)。评估涵盖了黎凡特盆地、埃拉托色尼平台、尼罗河三角洲盆地、希罗多德盆地和地中海海岭的地理区域。东地中海地区经历了复杂的构造演化,是目前研究的主题(Abdel Aal等人,2000;Netzeband等人,2006;Segev等人,2011;Robertson等人,2012;Cowie和Kusznir, 2013;Sagy等人,2015;Granot, 2016;Inati等人,2016;Segev等人,2018;Steinberg等人,2018)。东地中海的构造演化始于三叠纪非洲-阿拉伯板块从欧亚大陆的裂谷。裂谷作用贯穿整个侏罗纪,形成了横跨黎凡特盆地和尼罗河三角洲盆地的高度伸展的大陆地壳。随着特提斯洋的打开,希罗多德盆地和地中海海岭形成了海洋地壳。晚侏罗世在大陆边缘沉积了主要的烃源岩层序。白垩纪具有被动边缘条件,碳酸盐岩台地沿伸展大陆边缘发育,碎屑层序沿构造复杂的伸展大陆地壳进积。埃拉托色尼地台是从非洲-阿拉伯板块分离出来的大陆碎片之一,随着大洋地壳俯冲到欧亚大陆南缘之下,向北移动,形成了地中海脊增生复合体。沿埃拉托色尼台地边缘形成了年龄从白垩纪到新近纪不等的碳酸盐岩台地。在这段时间内,海平面的反复变化导致了叠合式碳酸盐岩台地的发育。海相烃源岩沉积于白垩纪和古近纪。古近纪非洲-阿拉伯板块的北移标志着特提斯洋开始闭合。渐新世至中新世早期,古尼罗河水系形成,导致黎凡特盆地、尼罗河三角洲盆地和希罗多德盆地碎屑北向沉积。埃拉托色尼台地在中新世与塞浦路斯弧碰撞,导致隆起,随后的地面暴露和喀斯特发育跨越广泛的碳酸盐岩台地。中新世晚期,非洲向北运动导致直布罗陀的特提斯海道关闭,地中海海水完全蒸发,导致数百米的中新世晚期墨西尼亚蒸发岩沉积。蒸发岩不受流体渗透,形成了重要的密封,并在盐构造的边缘提供了圈闭,并且在盐移动的地方,为流体迁移到盐后储层和圈闭提供了途径(Al-Balushi等人,2016)。新近纪尼罗河三角洲沉积体系的发育导致碎屑层序进一步进积到东地中海地区。总石油系统和评估单位
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引用次数: 1
California and Landsat 加州和陆地卫星
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20213034
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引用次数: 0
Continuous water-quality and suspended-sediment transport monitoring in the San Francisco Bay, California, water years 2018–19 加州旧金山湾2018-19水年水质和悬沙输送连续监测
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20213043
Darin C. Einhell, S. Davila Olivera, D. Palm
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) monitors water quality and suspended-sediment transport in the San Francisco Bay (Bay) as part of a multi-agency effort to address estuary management, water supply, and ecological concerns. The San Francisco Bay area is home to millions of people, and the Bay teems with marine and terrestrial flora and fauna. Freshwater mixes with saltwater in the Bay and is subject to riverine influences (floods, droughts, managed reservoir releases, and freshwater diversions) and marine influences (tides, waves, and effects of saltwater). To understand this environment, the USGS, along with its cooperators (see “Acknowledgments” section), has been monitoring the Bay’s waters continuously since 1988. There are several water-quality characteristics that are important to State and Federal resource managers. Salinity, water temperature, and suspended-sediment concentration are some important water-quality properties that are monitored at key locations throughout the Bay. Salinity, which indicates the mixing of fresh and ocean waters in the Bay, is derived from specific conductance measurements. Water temperature, along with salinity, affects the density of water, which controls gravity-driven circulation patterns and stratification in the water column. Turbidity, a measure of light scattered from suspended particles in the water, is used to estimate suspended-sediment concentration. Suspended sediment affects Bay water quality in multiple ways: it attenuates sunlight in the water column, affecting phytoplankton growth; it can deposit on tidal marsh and intertidal mudflats, which can help restore and sustain these habitats as sea level rises; and it can settle in ports and shipping channels, which can necessitate dredging. In addition, suspended sediment often carries adsorbed contaminants as it is transported in the water column, which affects their distribution and concentration in the environment. Excessive concentrations of sediment-adsorbed contaminants in deposits on the bottom of the Bay can affect ecosystem health. External factors, such as tidal currents, waves, and wind, also can affect water quality in the Bay. Tidal currents in the Bay change direction four times daily, and wind direction and intensity typically fluctuate on a daily cycle. Consequently, salinity, water temperature, and suspended-sediment concentration vary spatially and temporally throughout the Bay. Therefore, continuous measurements at multiple locations are needed to monitor these changes. Data collected at eight stations are transmitted in near real-time using cellular telemetry. The purposes of this fact sheet are to (1) provide information about the USGS San Francisco Bay water-quality monitoring network; (2) highlight various applications in which these data can be utilized; and (3) provide internet links to access the resulting continuous water-quality data collected by the USGS.
美国地质调查局(USGS)监测旧金山湾(Bay)的水质和悬浮沉积物运输,作为解决河口管理、供水和生态问题的多机构努力的一部分。旧金山湾区是数百万人的家园,海湾里充满了海洋和陆地的动植物。淡水与海水在海湾混合,并受到河流的影响(洪水、干旱、有管理的水库放水和淡水改道)和海洋的影响(潮汐、波浪和盐水的影响)。为了了解这种环境,美国地质勘探局及其合作者(见“致谢”部分)自1988年以来一直在监测海湾的水域。有几个水质特征对州和联邦资源管理者来说很重要。盐度、水温和悬浮沉积物浓度是一些重要的水质特性,在整个海湾的关键地点进行监测。盐度,表明淡水和海水在海湾的混合,是由特定的电导测量得出的。水温和盐度一起影响着水的密度,而水的密度控制着重力驱动的循环模式和水柱的分层。浊度是对水中悬浮粒子散射光的测量,用来估计悬浮沉积物的浓度。悬浮沉积物以多种方式影响海湾水质:它减弱水柱中的阳光,影响浮游植物的生长;它可以沉积在潮汐沼泽和潮间带泥滩上,这有助于在海平面上升时恢复和维持这些栖息地;它可以在港口和航道上定居,这就需要疏浚。此外,悬浮物在水柱中运移时往往携带吸附污染物,影响污染物在环境中的分布和浓度。海湾底部沉积物中被沉积物吸附的污染物浓度过高会影响生态系统的健康。外界因素,例如潮汐、波浪和风,也会影响湾区的水质。湾内的潮流每天改变四次方向,而风向和风力通常在每天的周期内波动。因此,整个海湾的盐度、水温和悬浮沉积物浓度在空间和时间上都有所不同。因此,需要在多个地点进行连续测量以监视这些变化。在8个站点收集的数据使用蜂窝式遥测技术近乎实时地传输。本简报的目的是:(1)提供有关美国地质勘探局旧金山湾水质监测网络的信息;(2)强调可以利用这些数据的各种应用;(3)提供互联网连接,以访问美国地质勘探局收集的连续水质数据。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources of China, 2020 2020年中国未发现常规油气资源评价
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20213051
C. J. Schenk, T. Mercier, Cheryl A. Woodall, Geoffrey S. Ellis, T. Finn, P. Le, K. Marra, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, R. M. Drake
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for undiscovered, technically recoverable conventional oil and gas resources in nine geologic provinces of China (fig. 1). This assessment includes the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Turpan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin, Bohaiwan Basin, Songliao Basin, and the East China Sea Basin Provinces. Within these 9 provinces, 16 geologic assessment units (AUs) were defined, and each AU was assessed for undiscovered conventional oil, gas, and natural-gas liquids. China contains a mosaic of cratonic terranes, remnants of oceanic crust, orogenic belts, suture zones, accretionary complexes, island-arc assemblages, and regional faults that record a complex history of terrane accretion and orogeny along the southern and eastern margins of Eurasia (Liu and others, 2013; Zheng and others, 2013; Zhao and others, 2014; Han and Zhao, 2018; Zhou and others, 2018). Beginning in the Paleozoic, several cratonic blocks separated diachronously from the northern margin of Gondwana and translated north across the Tethys Ocean as oceanic crust was subducted; these terranes eventually collided and accreted, knitting together a collage of tectonic elements. Major cratonic terranes that accreted to Eurasia included the Tarim Basin, Ordos Basin, and Sichuan Basin Provinces. In contrast, the basement of the Junggar, Turpan, Qaidam, and Songliao Basin Provinces are interpreted as fragments of oceanic crust that were not subducted, but rather were incorporated into orogenic belts (Mao and others, 2016; Han and Zhao, 2018). As accretion proceeded, the margins of the cratonic and oceanic fragments became sites of fold and thrust belts, suture zones, faults, and an amalgamation of island-arc and accretionary complexes; several of the terranes developed foreland basins. By the Permian, compressive deformation developed sufficient tectonic topography to isolate several of the basins from marine waters. This topographic relief led to hydraulically closed basins (Garcia-Castellanos, 2006; Marenssi and others, 2020), characterized by the development of extensive, basinwide lacustrine systems. The Junggar and Turpan Basin Provinces developed lacustrine systems by compressive deformation along the margins in the Permian, and lacustrine systems formed following compressional deformation in the Sichuan, Ordos, Tarim, and Qaidam Basin Provinces. In contrast, horst and graben systems along the eastern margin of Eurasia were formed by widespread back-arc extension related to changing motions of the Pacific plate. Extensive lacustrine systems formed within grabens in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, and East China Sea Basin Provinces (Li and others, 2012; Liang and Wang, 2019; Yang and others, 2020). Petroleum source rocks within these nine provinces reflect the long and complex tectonic history (Jiang and others, 2016). As the cratonic blocks separated from Gondwana and traversed the Tethyan realm in the early Paleozoic
美国地质调查局(USGS)定量评估了中国9个地质省份未发现的、技术可采的常规油气资源潜力(图1)。该评估包括塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地、吐鲁番盆地、柴达木盆地、四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海盆地、松辽盆地和东海盆地省份。在这9个省中,定义了16个地质评价单元(AU),并对每个AU进行了未发现的常规石油、天然气和液化天然气的评价。中国的克拉通地体、洋壳残余物、造山带、缝合带、增生杂岩、岛弧组合和区域断裂等组成了一个嵌合体,记录了欧亚大陆南部和东部边缘复杂的地体增生和造山历史(Liu等,2013;郑等,2013;赵等,2014;Han and Zhao, 2018;周等人,2018)。从古生代开始,随着洋壳的俯冲,几个克拉通地块从冈瓦纳北缘隔时分离,并向北平移穿过特提斯洋;这些地形最终碰撞并增生,将拼贴的构造元素编织在一起。向欧亚大陆增生的主要克拉通地体包括塔里木盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地。Han and Zhao, 2018)。随着增生的进行,克拉通和大洋碎片的边缘成为褶皱和冲断带、缝合带、断层以及岛弧和增生杂岩的合并地;若干地体发育前陆盆地。到了二叠纪,挤压变形形成了足够的构造地形,将几个盆地与海水隔离开来。这种地形起伏导致了水力封闭盆地(Garcia-Castellanos, 2006;Marenssi等人,2020),其特点是广泛的,全盆地湖泊系统的发展。准噶尔盆地和吐鲁番盆地在二叠世沿边缘挤压变形形成了湖泊体系,四川、鄂尔多斯、塔里木和柴达木盆地在挤压变形后形成了湖泊体系。而欧亚大陆东缘的地垒和地堑体系则是由与太平洋板块运动变化有关的广泛弧后伸展形成的。松辽、渤海湾和东海盆地省地堑内形成了广泛的湖泊体系(Li等,2012;Liang and Wang, 2019;Yang等人,2020)。九省油气源岩反映了漫长而复杂的构造历史(Jiang等,2016)。早古生代,随着克拉通地块从冈瓦纳分离并穿越特提斯领域,富有机质海相沉积物沉积在主要与被动边缘碳酸盐岩台地相关的盆地位置,如塔里木盆地、四川盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地(Yang等,2005)。在晚古生代,随后的陆块碰撞导致了边缘褶皱带和相应的前陆盆地的发育。上古生界前陆盆地潜在烃源岩以边缘海相—非海相、含煤气倾向层序为主。从二叠纪开始,随着水力封闭盆地的挤压形成,气候条件适合形成广泛的湖相体系,具有可行的湖相烃源岩,这在中国盆地中是众所周知的(Jiang等,2016)。四川盆地位于华南地体的西部,是构造控制烃源岩发育演化的典型(Shi等,2016;Mu等人,2019)。四川盆地克拉通地体为被动边缘地体
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of undiscovered continuous oil resources in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations of the Williston Basin Province, North Dakota and Montana, 2021 2021年北达科他州和蒙大拿州威利斯顿盆地省Bakken和Three Forks组未发现的连续石油资源评估
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20213058
K. Marra, T. Mercier, S. E. Gelman, C. J. Schenk, Cheryl A. Woodall, A. Cicero, R. M. Drake, Geoffrey S. Ellis, T. Finn, M. Gardner, Jane S. Hearon, Benjamin G. Johnson, Jenny H. Lagesse, P. Le, Heidi M. Leathers-Miller, K. Timm, Scott S. Young
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引用次数: 1
Earthquake information products and tools from the Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) 先进国家地震系统(ANSS)的地震信息产品和工具
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/FS20063050
L. Wald
The ANSS now provides postearthquake decisionmaking tools and routinely disseminates information to users who have a need for near real-time earthquake analysis. This list is not intended to be a comprehensive treatment of ANSS postearthquake products. Rather it is a summary of ongoing developments deemed of interest to the public, the media, and those responding to earthquakes, be it from the critical lifeline, utility, government, emergency response, emergency coordination, recovery, planning, business continuity, and other relevant communities. Following are tools recommended for various types of user categories. For each category, see the URLs associated with each of the products portrayed on the back of this information sheet for more detailed information.
ANSS现在提供震后决策工具,并定期向需要近实时地震分析的用户传播信息。本清单不打算对ANSS震后产品进行全面的处理。相反,它是公众、媒体和地震响应人员感兴趣的持续发展的总结,无论是从关键的生命线、公用事业、政府、应急响应、应急协调、恢复、规划、业务连续性还是其他相关社区。以下是针对不同类型的用户类别推荐使用的工具。对于每个类别,请参阅与此信息表背面所示的每个产品相关联的url,以获取更详细的信息。
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引用次数: 1
Groundwater quality in the Redding–Red Bluff shallow aquifer study unit of the northern Sacramento Valley, California 加州萨克拉门托山谷北部红-红崖浅层含水层研究单元的地下水质量
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20203025
J. Harkness, Jennifer L. Shelton
The Redding–Red Bluff study unit covers approximately 1,200 square miles in Shasta and Tehama Counties, California, at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley. The study unit covers groundwater basins in the Redding area and the northern Sacramento Valley. The Sacramento River flows through the study area. Groundwater aquifers within the regional study area are composed of marine, continental, and volcanic alluvial sediments derived from the surrounding mountain ranges: The Cascade Range to the east, the Klamath Mountains to the north, and the Coast Ranges to the west. The study unit is dominated by natural land use (60 percent), with urban use more common in the Redding study area (36 percent) and agricultural land use more common in the Red Bluff study area (20 percent). This study was designed to provide a statistically representative assessment of the quality of groundwater resources used for domestic drinking water in the Redding– Red Bluff study unit. A total of 50 wells were sampled between December 2018 and April 2019 (Shelton and others, 2020). Domestic wells in the study unit typically are drilled to depths of 80–338 feet (10th–90th percentiles; Shelton and others, 2020), which are shallower (p<0.001) than the depths of public-supply wells in the same area (typically 115–450 feet deep; Bennett and others, 2011). Water levels in domestic wells in the study unit typically are 15–163 feet below land surface (10th–90th percentiles; Shelton and others, 2020). Previous investigations of public supply wells in the study area found relatively low concentrations of inorganic and volatile organic compounds compared to state and national benchmarks, except for arsenic (4.6 percent; Bennett and others, 2011). A State Water Resources Control Board GAMA survey of domestic wells in Tehama County (223 wells), which includes the Red Bluff study area, reported arsenic concentrations above the benchmark (see page 3) in 13 percent of wells, primarily in the southeast part of the study area (California State Water Resources Control Board, 2009). However, these wells were not spatially distributed and do not represent aquifer-scale portions as described herein.
red - red Bluff研究单元位于加利福尼亚州沙斯塔和特哈马县,位于萨克拉门托山谷的北端,占地约1200平方英里。该研究单元涵盖了雷丁地区和萨克拉门托北部山谷的地下水盆地。萨克拉门托河流经研究区域。区域研究区内的地下水含水层由来自周围山脉的海洋、大陆和火山冲积沉积物组成:东部是喀斯喀特山脉,北部是克拉马斯山脉,西部是海岸山脉。研究单元以自然土地利用为主(60%),城市土地利用在雷丁研究区更为常见(36%),农业土地利用在雷德布拉夫研究区更为常见(20%)。本研究旨在为雷丁-雷德布拉夫研究单元用于家庭饮用水的地下水资源质量提供具有统计代表性的评估。在2018年12月至2019年4月期间,共对50口井进行了采样(Shelton等人,2020年)。研究单位的国内井通常钻探深度为80-338英尺(第10 - 90个百分位数);Shelton等人,2020),这些井的深度比同一地区的公共供应井浅(p<0.001)(通常深115-450英尺;Bennett等人,2011)。研究单位的家庭井的水位通常在地表以下15-163英尺(第10 - 90个百分位数;Shelton等人,2020)。先前对研究区域的公共供水井的调查发现,与州和国家基准相比,无机和挥发性有机化合物的浓度相对较低,除了砷(4.6%;Bennett等人,2011)。加州水资源控制委员会(GAMA)对包括Red Bluff研究区域在内的Tehama县(223口井)的家庭井进行了调查,结果显示,13%的井砷浓度高于基准(见第3页),主要位于研究区域的东南部(加利福尼亚州水资源控制委员会,2009年)。然而,这些井没有空间分布,也不代表本文所述的含水层尺度部分。
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引用次数: 0
Minnesota and Landsat 明尼苏达和陆地卫星
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20203059
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引用次数: 0
New Mexico and Landsat 新墨西哥和地球资源卫星
Q4 Environmental Science Pub Date : 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.3133/fs20203060
{"title":"New Mexico and Landsat","authors":"","doi":"10.3133/fs20203060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20203060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36286,"journal":{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69285572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet
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