Pub Date : 2019-10-21DOI: 10.3934/electreng.2019.4.347
M. Ravan
Sleep quality has a vital effect on good health and well-being throughout a life. Getting enough sleep at the right times can help protect mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety. In this study, an electroencephalography (EEG)-based machine-learning approach is proposed to measure sleep quality. The advantages of this approach over standard Polysomnography (PSG) method are: 1) it measures sleep quality by recognizing three sleep categories rather than five sleep stages, thus higher accuracy can be expected; 2) three sleep categories are recognized by analyzing EEG signals only, so the user experience is improved because fewer sensors are attached to the body during sleep. Using quantitative features obtained from EEG signals, we developed a new automatic sleep-staging framework that consists of a multi-class support vector machine (SVM) classification based on a decision tree approach. We used polysomnographic data from PhysioBank database to train and evaluate and test the performance of the framework, where the sleep stages have been visually annotated. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves high classification performance, which helps to measure sleep quality accurately. This framework can provide a robust and accurate sleep quality assessment that helps clinicians to determine the presence and severity of sleep disorders, and also evaluate the efficacy of treatments.
{"title":"A machine learning approach using EEG signals to measure sleep quality","authors":"M. Ravan","doi":"10.3934/electreng.2019.4.347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2019.4.347","url":null,"abstract":"Sleep quality has a vital effect on good health and well-being throughout a life. Getting enough sleep at the right times can help protect mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety. In this study, an electroencephalography (EEG)-based machine-learning approach is proposed to measure sleep quality. The advantages of this approach over standard Polysomnography (PSG) method are: 1) it measures sleep quality by recognizing three sleep categories rather than five sleep stages, thus higher accuracy can be expected; 2) three sleep categories are recognized by analyzing EEG signals only, so the user experience is improved because fewer sensors are attached to the body during sleep. Using quantitative features obtained from EEG signals, we developed a new automatic sleep-staging framework that consists of a multi-class support vector machine (SVM) classification based on a decision tree approach. We used polysomnographic data from PhysioBank database to train and evaluate and test the performance of the framework, where the sleep stages have been visually annotated. The results demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves high classification performance, which helps to measure sleep quality accurately. This framework can provide a robust and accurate sleep quality assessment that helps clinicians to determine the presence and severity of sleep disorders, and also evaluate the efficacy of treatments.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49288573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-15DOI: 10.3934/electreng.2019.4.328
R. Michaud, Romain Breuneval, E. Boutleux, J. Huillery, G. Clerc, B. Mansouri
This paper proposes an automated fault isolation and diagnostic chain for the health monitoring of a linear actuator composed of a roller screw driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor. Four health conditions are considered and diagnosed: the healthy condition, a short circuit in the stator windings, a mechanical backlash in the roller screw, and the combination of both faults. In order to separate the fault signatures, empirical mode decomposition is applied to the motor current, followed by independent component analysis, automatic isolation of the fault signatures, and a classification step for the diagnosis. The novelty proposed consists of an automatic processing of the independent components to isolate the effects of the short-circuit from the effects of the backlash. This isolation step, in contrast to earlier works, requires no human intervention to select signals of interest, making it suitable to real-time onboard diagnostics. Furthermore, results show that independent component analysis occupies an important role in the diagnosis: its omission leads to a reduction in the diagnostic performance of the classifier as well as a reduction in measures of class separability.
{"title":"Application of blind source separation to the health monitoring of electrical and mechanical faults in a linear actuator","authors":"R. Michaud, Romain Breuneval, E. Boutleux, J. Huillery, G. Clerc, B. Mansouri","doi":"10.3934/electreng.2019.4.328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2019.4.328","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an automated fault isolation and diagnostic chain for the health monitoring of a linear actuator composed of a roller screw driven by a permanent magnet synchronous motor. Four health conditions are considered and diagnosed: the healthy condition, a short circuit in the stator windings, a mechanical backlash in the roller screw, and the combination of both faults. In order to separate the fault signatures, empirical mode decomposition is applied to the motor current, followed by independent component analysis, automatic isolation of the fault signatures, and a classification step for the diagnosis. The novelty proposed consists of an automatic processing of the independent components to isolate the effects of the short-circuit from the effects of the backlash. This isolation step, in contrast to earlier works, requires no human intervention to select signals of interest, making it suitable to real-time onboard diagnostics. Furthermore, results show that independent component analysis occupies an important role in the diagnosis: its omission leads to a reduction in the diagnostic performance of the classifier as well as a reduction in measures of class separability.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47537346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-14DOI: 10.3934/electreng.2019.3.290
N. Petrellis
A smart phone application based on a low complexity image processing technique and a novel fuzzy-like classification method are presented for skin disorder diagnosis. The proposed classification method takes into consideration the size and color features of skin lesions rather than their shape and texture. The classification rules are determined after processing statistically a small number of representative training photographs. Consequently, they can be defined by an end user that is not necessarily skilled in computer science. The application presented in this paper can serve as a complementary tool for a dermatologist to continuously monitor remotely his patients. The accuracy of the diagnosis that is based only on the image processing outcomes, ranges between 85.3% and 97.7% using 5 only representative photographs as a "training set" (corresponding from 9% to 24% of the test set per disease). The achieved accuracy can be improved (up to 17%), if the photographs are processed using a specific color adaptation technique. The small fraction of training photographs can be scaled up if the size of the test set is increased but it is expected that a limited number of training photographs will be sufficient in order to achieve an acceptable accuracy for a test set of any size. This accuracy can be further improved if other factors are taken into consideration (progression of the symptoms, information provided by the user, etc).
{"title":"Skin disorder diagnosis with ambiguity reduction assisted by lesion color adaptation","authors":"N. Petrellis","doi":"10.3934/electreng.2019.3.290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/electreng.2019.3.290","url":null,"abstract":"A smart phone application based on a low complexity image processing technique and a novel fuzzy-like classification method are presented for skin disorder diagnosis. The proposed classification method takes into consideration the size and color features of skin lesions rather than their shape and texture. The classification rules are determined after processing statistically a small number of representative training photographs. Consequently, they can be defined by an end user that is not necessarily skilled in computer science. The application presented in this paper can serve as a complementary tool for a dermatologist to continuously monitor remotely his patients. The accuracy of the diagnosis that is based only on the image processing outcomes, ranges between 85.3% and 97.7% using 5 only representative photographs as a \"training set\" (corresponding from 9% to 24% of the test set per disease). The achieved accuracy can be improved (up to 17%), if the photographs are processed using a specific color adaptation technique. The small fraction of training photographs can be scaled up if the size of the test set is increased but it is expected that a limited number of training photographs will be sufficient in order to achieve an acceptable accuracy for a test set of any size. This accuracy can be further improved if other factors are taken into consideration (progression of the symptoms, information provided by the user, etc).","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44257867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-26DOI: 10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.3.274
M. Cooper, C. Griffiths, K. Andrzejewski, C. Giannetti
Traditionally, six axis robots have not been used in electronic surface mount assembly. However, the need for more flexible production systems that can be used for low to medium production builds, means that these robots can be used due to their high degrees of flexibility. This research investigated the application of an articulated robot to assemble a multi component PCB for an electronic product. To increase the potential of using this method of automation, a genetic algorithm was used to improve cycle time and condition monitoring was performed to assess the vibrations within the robot structure, during operation. By also studying the motion types the robot movements can be optimized in order to minimize the cycle time and maximize the production throughput with reduced vibrations to improve the accuracy of the assembly process. The study utilised a robotics assembly cell and a robot programmed with different velocities. Vibrations were present throughout out the assembly cycle and by analysing when these large vibrations occur and for which types of motion, an optimal selection could be made. The point-to-point motion type running at 50% speed had a faster assembly time and significantly lower accelerations and oscillations than the other motion types. The spline-linear motion type running at around 30% speed was best for the component insertion due to its linear nature and improved repetition accuracy.
{"title":"Motion optimisation for improved cycle time and reduced vibration in robotic assembly of electronic components","authors":"M. Cooper, C. Griffiths, K. Andrzejewski, C. Giannetti","doi":"10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.3.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.3.274","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, six axis robots have not been used in electronic surface mount assembly. However, the need for more flexible production systems that can be used for low to medium production builds, means that these robots can be used due to their high degrees of flexibility. This research investigated the application of an articulated robot to assemble a multi component PCB for an electronic product. To increase the potential of using this method of automation, a genetic algorithm was used to improve cycle time and condition monitoring was performed to assess the vibrations within the robot structure, during operation. By also studying the motion types the robot movements can be optimized in order to minimize the cycle time and maximize the production throughput with reduced vibrations to improve the accuracy of the assembly process. The study utilised a robotics assembly cell and a robot programmed with different velocities. Vibrations were present throughout out the assembly cycle and by analysing when these large vibrations occur and for which types of motion, an optimal selection could be made. The point-to-point motion type running at 50% speed had a faster assembly time and significantly lower accelerations and oscillations than the other motion types. The spline-linear motion type running at around 30% speed was best for the component insertion due to its linear nature and improved repetition accuracy.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70221861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-03DOI: 10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.3.257
J. Yoneyama
H∞ disturbance attenuation of nonlinear networked systems which are described by the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy time-delay systems is concerned. In the networked control system, the control signal is delayed and the closed-loop system with the controller can be modeled as a fuzzy system with time-varying delays in sensor and actuator nodes. The system often encounters the external noises that disturb its behaviors. For such a nonlinear system with delays, the H∞ disturbance attenuation problem is considered. Multiple Lyapunov-Krasovskii function with multiple integral functions allows us to obtain less conservative conditions for a networked control system to satisfy the disturbance attenuation criterion. Based on this approach, a novel control design method for a networked control system is proposed. An illustrative example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"H∞ disturbance attenuation of nonlinear networked control systems via Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model","authors":"J. Yoneyama","doi":"10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.3.257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.3.257","url":null,"abstract":"H∞ disturbance attenuation of nonlinear networked systems which are described by the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy time-delay systems is concerned. In the networked control system, the control signal is delayed and the closed-loop system with the controller can be modeled as a fuzzy system with time-varying delays in sensor and actuator nodes. The system often encounters the external noises that disturb its behaviors. For such a nonlinear system with delays, the H∞ disturbance attenuation problem is considered. Multiple Lyapunov-Krasovskii function with multiple integral functions allows us to obtain less conservative conditions for a networked control system to satisfy the disturbance attenuation criterion. Based on this approach, a novel control design method for a networked control system is proposed. An illustrative example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48880514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.111
A. Nazarenko, G. A. Safdar
The notion of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is proposed by the National ScientificFoundation to describe a type of systems which combine hardware and software components andbeing the next step in development of embedded systems. CPS includes a wide range of researchtopics ranging from signal processing to data analysis. This paper contains a brief review of the basicinfrastructure for CPS including smart objects and network aspects in relation to TCP/IP stack. AsCPS reflect the processes of the physical environment onto the cyber space, virtualisation as animportant tool for abstraction plays crucial role in CPS. In this context paper presents the challengesassociated with mobility and vritualisation; accordingly three main types of virtualisation, namelynetwork, devices and applications virtualisation are presented in the paper. These aspects are tightlycoupled with security and safety issues. Therefore, different threats, attack types with correspondingsubtypes and possible consequences are discussed as well as analysis of various approaches to copewith existing threats is introduced. In addition threat modelling approaches were also in scope of thiswork. Furthermore, needs and requirements for safety-critical CPS are reviewed. Thus the mainefforts of this paper are directed on introducing various aspects of the CPS with regard to securityand safety issues.
{"title":"Survey on security and privacy issues in cyber physical systems","authors":"A. Nazarenko, G. A. Safdar","doi":"10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.111","url":null,"abstract":"The notion of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is proposed by the National ScientificFoundation to describe a type of systems which combine hardware and software components andbeing the next step in development of embedded systems. CPS includes a wide range of researchtopics ranging from signal processing to data analysis. This paper contains a brief review of the basicinfrastructure for CPS including smart objects and network aspects in relation to TCP/IP stack. AsCPS reflect the processes of the physical environment onto the cyber space, virtualisation as animportant tool for abstraction plays crucial role in CPS. In this context paper presents the challengesassociated with mobility and vritualisation; accordingly three main types of virtualisation, namelynetwork, devices and applications virtualisation are presented in the paper. These aspects are tightlycoupled with security and safety issues. Therefore, different threats, attack types with correspondingsubtypes and possible consequences are discussed as well as analysis of various approaches to copewith existing threats is introduced. In addition threat modelling approaches were also in scope of thiswork. Furthermore, needs and requirements for safety-critical CPS are reviewed. Thus the mainefforts of this paper are directed on introducing various aspects of the CPS with regard to securityand safety issues.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41879342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-27DOI: 10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.144
M. H. Aziz, Saad D. Al-Shamaa
Tactile Vision Sensory Substitution (TVSS) systems are used to convert scene images captured by the image sensors to tactile patterns that can be used to stimulate the skin sensory of the blind users. These types of devices needed to be wearable, small size, low power consumption, lightweight, and affordable cost. This paper presents the integration of an edge detection scheme inside a CMOS image sensor forming an Edge Detection CMOS Image Sensor (EDIS). The design is simulated using LTSPICE and MATLAB, performing three ways of simulation, giving accepted edge images having very few fine edges but keeping the main edges. The proposed way is simple, low component-count, doesn’t reduce the fill factor, use no analog to digital converter, presents adaptable comparator-reference-voltage, and make a step towards an integrated all-in-one tactile vision sensory substitution device.
{"title":"Design and simulation of a CMOS image sensor with a built-in edge detection for tactile vision sensory substitution","authors":"M. H. Aziz, Saad D. Al-Shamaa","doi":"10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.144","url":null,"abstract":"Tactile Vision Sensory Substitution (TVSS) systems are used to convert scene images captured by the image sensors to tactile patterns that can be used to stimulate the skin sensory of the blind users. These types of devices needed to be wearable, small size, low power consumption, lightweight, and affordable cost. This paper presents the integration of an edge detection scheme inside a CMOS image sensor forming an Edge Detection CMOS Image Sensor (EDIS). The design is simulated using LTSPICE and MATLAB, performing three ways of simulation, giving accepted edge images having very few fine edges but keeping the main edges. The proposed way is simple, low component-count, doesn’t reduce the fill factor, use no analog to digital converter, presents adaptable comparator-reference-voltage, and make a step towards an integrated all-in-one tactile vision sensory substitution device.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42931317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-20DOI: 10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.181
Ryan Anthony J. de Belen, Huyen Nguyen, Daniel Filonik, D. D. Favero, T. Bednarz
Over the last few decades, Mixed Reality (MR) interfaces have received great attention from academia and industry. Although a considerable amount of research has already been done to support collaboration between users in MR, there is still no systematic review to determine the current state of collaborative MR applications. In this paper, collaborative MR studies published from 2013 to 2018 were reviewed. A total of 259 papers have been categorised based on their application areas, types of display devices used, collaboration setups, and user interaction and experience aspects. The primary contribution of this paper is to present a high-level overview of collaborative MR influence across several research disciplines. The achievements from each application area are summarised. In addition, remarkable papers in their respective areas are highlighted. Among other things, our study finds that there are three complementary factors to support and enhance collaboration in MR environments: (i) annotation techniques, which provide non-verbal communication cues to users, (ii) cooperative object manipulation techniques, which divide complex 3D object manipulation process into simpler tasks between different users, and (iii) user perception and cognition studies, which aim to lessen cognitive workload for task understanding and completion, and to increase users’ perceptual awareness and presence. Finally, this paper identifies research gaps and future directions that can be useful for researchers who want to explore ways on how to foster collaboration between users and to develop collaborative applications in MR.
{"title":"A systematic review of the current state of collaborative mixed reality technologies: 2013–2018","authors":"Ryan Anthony J. de Belen, Huyen Nguyen, Daniel Filonik, D. D. Favero, T. Bednarz","doi":"10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.181","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few decades, Mixed Reality (MR) interfaces have received great attention from academia and industry. Although a considerable amount of research has already been done to support collaboration between users in MR, there is still no systematic review to determine the current state of collaborative MR applications. In this paper, collaborative MR studies published from 2013 to 2018 were reviewed. A total of 259 papers have been categorised based on their application areas, types of display devices used, collaboration setups, and user interaction and experience aspects. The primary contribution of this paper is to present a high-level overview of collaborative MR influence across several research disciplines. The achievements from each application area are summarised. In addition, remarkable papers in their respective areas are highlighted. Among other things, our study finds that there are three complementary factors to support and enhance collaboration in MR environments: (i) annotation techniques, which provide non-verbal communication cues to users, (ii) cooperative object manipulation techniques, which divide complex 3D object manipulation process into simpler tasks between different users, and (iii) user perception and cognition studies, which aim to lessen cognitive workload for task understanding and completion, and to increase users’ perceptual awareness and presence. Finally, this paper identifies research gaps and future directions that can be useful for researchers who want to explore ways on how to foster collaboration between users and to develop collaborative applications in MR.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49465445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-03DOI: 10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.102
M. Honda, T. Goto, Y. Sakanaka, T. Yaita, Shin'ichi Suzuki
The possibility of removal and controlling crystal formation from weathered biotite (WB) in clay minerals were investigated using molten salt electrochemistry (EC) in molten NaCl-CaCl 2 under an electrochemical reductive reaction. Cyclic Voltammogram (CV) measurements were performed in the range of +0.5 V to −2.2 V. Several peaks were confirmed in the CV spectra. The peak at −1.4 V represents a reduction reaction of Fe in WB, so we conducted an experiment at −1.4 V for 2 h to reduce Iron (Fe). The Cs removal rate after EC treatment was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis, and almost 100% Cs removal was confirmed. To understand the effect of the reductive reaction, we performed X-ray Adsorption Fine Structure (XAFS) analysis. Before EC treatment, the Fe in WB was present as a mixture of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ . After EC treatment, the presence of Fe 2+ was confirmed by XAFS analysis. Based on this finding, EC treatment is effective for reducing Fe in WB. This result indicated that Fe 2 O 3 formation was suppressed, and the reduction reaction was effective for controlling crystal formation.
{"title":"Electrochemical Cs removal and crystal formation from Fukushima weathered biotite in molten NaCl-CaCl2","authors":"M. Honda, T. Goto, Y. Sakanaka, T. Yaita, Shin'ichi Suzuki","doi":"10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.2.102","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of removal and controlling crystal formation from weathered biotite (WB) in clay minerals were investigated using molten salt electrochemistry (EC) in molten NaCl-CaCl 2 under an electrochemical reductive reaction. Cyclic Voltammogram (CV) measurements were performed in the range of +0.5 V to −2.2 V. Several peaks were confirmed in the CV spectra. The peak at −1.4 V represents a reduction reaction of Fe in WB, so we conducted an experiment at −1.4 V for 2 h to reduce Iron (Fe). The Cs removal rate after EC treatment was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis, and almost 100% Cs removal was confirmed. To understand the effect of the reductive reaction, we performed X-ray Adsorption Fine Structure (XAFS) analysis. Before EC treatment, the Fe in WB was present as a mixture of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ . After EC treatment, the presence of Fe 2+ was confirmed by XAFS analysis. Based on this finding, EC treatment is effective for reducing Fe in WB. This result indicated that Fe 2 O 3 formation was suppressed, and the reduction reaction was effective for controlling crystal formation.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44114725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-27DOI: 10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.1.71
Tobias Müller
Support of manual procedural tasks such as repair or maintenance is one of the most promising areas for the application of augmented reality in industry. However, it is not yet fully understood how information like work instructions or CAD models must be represented in a way that users are optimally supported in accomplishing this kind of tasks. As an approach to this research challenge, a conceptual framework for modelling information representation in augmented reality is presented here. It introduces the idea of information objects, which are physical and virtual objects that provide relevant information for completing work steps of a task. These can be distinguished into multiple classes based on the levels of spatial connection that information in augmented reality can have. The classes are then used to identify possible sources of sensory or cognitive e ort for a user that is caused by the way information objects are included in an augmented reality system and not by the complexity of the task to be performed. Based on these sources, information representation challenges are formulated that must be addressed when creating augmented reality based support systems for procedural tasks. The five identified challenges are clarity, consistency, visibility, orientation and information linking. For each of them, a detailed explanation is given and literature is collected that provides indications of what can be done to overcome them.
{"title":"Challenges in representing information with augmented reality to support manual procedural tasks","authors":"Tobias Müller","doi":"10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.1.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3934/ELECTRENG.2019.1.71","url":null,"abstract":"Support of manual procedural tasks such as repair or maintenance is one of the most promising areas for the application of augmented reality in industry. However, it is not yet fully understood how information like work instructions or CAD models must be represented in a way that users are optimally supported in accomplishing this kind of tasks. As an approach to this research challenge, a conceptual framework for modelling information representation in augmented reality is presented here. It introduces the idea of information objects, which are physical and virtual objects that provide relevant information for completing work steps of a task. These can be distinguished into multiple classes based on the levels of spatial connection that information in augmented reality can have. The classes are then used to identify possible sources of sensory or cognitive e ort for a user that is caused by the way information objects are included in an augmented reality system and not by the complexity of the task to be performed. Based on these sources, information representation challenges are formulated that must be addressed when creating augmented reality based support systems for procedural tasks. The five identified challenges are clarity, consistency, visibility, orientation and information linking. For each of them, a detailed explanation is given and literature is collected that provides indications of what can be done to overcome them.","PeriodicalId":36329,"journal":{"name":"AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44020592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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