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The Centrality of Difference in Coalition-Building across Divides 跨党派联盟建设中差异的中心性
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/cont.2021.090202
Michelle I. Gawerc
Collective identities, as literature suggests, are constructed via an emphasis on sameness within a group and in the downplaying of internal difference. This study, however, found that collective agency, and resultingly, collective identity, was fueled just as much by a careful negotiation of difference as it was a group's core similarities. Based on interviews with Palestinian, Israeli, and international activists involved in two Palestinian-led coalitions in Israel/Palestine, the study shows how uneven privileges and other differences, could be leveraged for the benefit of the coalitions, particularly through assessing what each ethno-national group brought to the collective. When members enacted their closely negotiated and distinct roles, the coalition's sense of “we” was further solidified. Indeed, as this article illustrates, difference as well as unequal privileges, can be perceived as a defining feature of a strategically constructed collective identity and the reason for a partnership, not simply a problem to be managed.
正如文献所示,集体认同是通过强调群体内部的同一性和淡化内部差异来构建的。然而,这项研究发现,集体能动性,以及由此产生的集体身份认同,不仅受到群体核心相似性的推动,也受到对差异的谨慎协商的推动。基于对巴勒斯坦人领导的两个以巴联盟的巴勒斯坦人、以色列人和国际活动家的采访,该研究显示了如何利用不平等的特权和其他差异来促进联盟的利益,特别是通过评估每个民族-国家团体给集体带来的好处。当成员们制定了他们经过密切协商和明确的角色时,联盟的“我们”意识得到了进一步巩固。的确,正如这篇文章所说明的那样,差异和不平等的特权可以被视为战略构建的集体身份的一个决定性特征和伙伴关系的原因,而不仅仅是一个需要管理的问题。
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引用次数: 1
William A. Gamson and His Legacy for Academia and Social Movements 威廉·加姆森及其对学术界和社会运动的影响
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/cont.2021.090205
Michelle I. Gawerc, D. S. Meyer
William A. Gamson's career was nothing less than remarkable. A prolific scholar, Gamson wrote at least eight books and more than a hundred articles from 1961 to 2014. And he bequeathed social movement studies substantial theoretical contributions and methodological innovations in numerous areas including coalitions, resource mobilization, political opportunities, framing, and culture. His legacy also includes pioneering simulation games both for teaching and for use by social movements, novel pedagogies (in part inspired by his wife, sociologist, Zelda Gamson), and a well-articulated scholar-activist model that has—and will continue—to inspire. This article discusses his extraordinary career and his legacy for social movements, academia, and beyond.
威廉·a·甘森的职业生涯是非凡的。甘森是一位多产的学者,从1961年到2014年,他至少写了8本书和100多篇文章。他给社会运动研究留下了大量的理论贡献和方法论创新,涉及联盟、资源动员、政治机会、框架和文化等诸多领域。他的遗产还包括为教学和社会运动所使用的开创性模拟游戏,新颖的教学法(部分灵感来自他的妻子,社会学家Zelda Gamson),以及一个清晰的学者-活动家模式,这种模式已经并将继续激励人们。本文讨论了他非凡的职业生涯,以及他对社会运动、学术界和其他领域的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Some Psychological Implications of Black Struggle 黑人斗争的一些心理含义
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/CONT.2021.090108
C. Leach, Cátia P Teixeira
Yet another long, hot summer in 2020 brought to the broader consciousness—in the US and well beyond—what Black folks have known for centuries about the ways in which racial hegemony relies on the acute violence of a police knee on a prone neck and the chronic violence of prisons, prefects, and (public housing) projects (for discussions, see Bulhan 1985; Omi and Winant 2014; Sidanius and Pratto 1999). In their commentary, AK Thompson makes too many important points for us to address in this brief commentary. Thus, as research psychologists with a transdisciplinary social-behavioral approach to protest, resistance, and societal change, we focus on what we see as Thompson’s most psychologically oriented theses: II, III, V, and VI. In sum, we see Thompson as arguing that social movements necessarily include a (more or less latent) threat of violence (II) and that this violence is noticed and suppressed because it challenges (III) the logic (economic, political, and cultural), the ethics, and the formalization (legal, political, and institutional) of racial hegemony (V). In addition, we take Thompson to argue that Black freedom struggles are, and have always been, flexible in means and aims (VI), adjusting strategically to the multifaceted dynamics of oppression and resistance.
2020年又一个漫长而炎热的夏天,让美国乃至世界范围内的黑人更广泛地意识到,几个世纪以来,种族霸权是如何依赖于警察膝盖对俯首颈部的剧烈暴力,以及监狱、地方长官和(公共住房)项目的长期暴力的(有关讨论,见Bulhan 1985;Omi and Winant 2014;Sidanius and Pratto 1999)。在他们的评论中,AK汤普森提出了太多重要的观点,我们在这个简短的评论中无法解决。因此,作为研究心理学家,我们用跨学科的社会行为方法来研究抗议、抵抗和社会变革,我们关注的是汤普森最具心理学导向的论点:总而言之,我们看到汤普森认为社会运动必然包含(或多或少潜在的)暴力威胁(II),并且这种暴力被注意和压制是因为它挑战了(III)种族霸权的逻辑(经济、政治和文化)、伦理和形式化(法律、政治和制度)(V)。此外,我们认为汤普森认为黑人自由斗争在手段和目标上一直是灵活的(VI)。战略性地调整以适应压迫和抵抗的多方面动态。
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引用次数: 3
Protesting in Pandemic Times 大流行时期的抗议
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/cont.2020.080202
B. Kampmark
The COVID-19 pandemic raised questions about reconciling health priorities with the exercise of certain liberties and rights. Public safety has come into conflict with matters of mobility, freedom of expression, and the right to protest. How can the threat of viral transmission be reconciled with the urgency of political protests, such as in the Black Lives Matter movement? This article discusses various approaches, referring to debates in the United States and Australia, where law enforcement authorities and politicians warned against protest marches, generally citing the protection of public health as a qualifying exception. Numerous epidemiologists, while acknowledging risks, argued that a calculus of risk be deployed, citing public health as a variegated, multilayered concept. A similar balancing act was deployed in Australian courts. Such reasoning led to accusations that public health science had been politicized. Striking the balance remains a pragmatic approach to holding such gatherings during times of pandemic.
COVID-19大流行提出了如何协调卫生优先事项与行使某些自由和权利的问题。公共安全与流动性、言论自由和抗议权发生了冲突。病毒传播的威胁如何与政治抗议的紧迫性相协调,比如“黑人的命也是命”运动?本文讨论了各种方法,并参考了美国和澳大利亚的辩论,在这些辩论中,执法当局和政界人士对抗议游行提出了警告,通常将保护公众健康作为合格的例外。许多流行病学家在承认存在风险的同时,认为应该对风险进行计算,因为公共卫生是一个多样化、多层次的概念。澳大利亚法院也采取了类似的平衡措施。这种推理导致人们指责公共卫生科学被政治化了。保持平衡仍然是在大流行期间举行此类聚会的务实做法。
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引用次数: 5
Asymmetries of Spatial Contestations 空间竞争的不对称性
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/cont.2020.080105
Tareq Sydiq
Based on fieldwork carried out from 2017 and 2018, this article examines various attempts to both organize publicly and disrupt such attempts during the Iranian protests during that time. It argues that interference with spatial realities influenced the social coalitions built during the protests, impacting the capacity of actors to build such coalitions. The post-2009 adaptation of the state inhibited cross-class coalitions despite being challenged, while actors used spatial phrasing indicating they perceived spatial divisions to emulate political ones. Meanwhile, in the immediate aftermath of the December 2017 protests, further attempts to control protest actions impacted not only those who would be able to participate in such events in the future, but also those who felt represented by them and who would be likely to sympathize with them. Based on the spatial conditions under which coalitions form, I argue that asymmetrical contestations of spatiality determined the outcome of the December 2017 protests and may contribute to an understanding of how alliances in Iran will form in the future.
基于2017年至2018年的实地调查,本文考察了在此期间伊朗抗议活动中公开组织和破坏此类尝试的各种尝试。它认为,对空间现实的干预影响了抗议期间建立的社会联盟,影响了行动者建立这种联盟的能力。2009年后,尽管受到挑战,但国家的适应抑制了跨阶级联盟,而行动者使用空间措辞表明他们认为空间划分是为了模仿政治划分。与此同时,在2017年12月的抗议活动之后,进一步控制抗议活动的企图不仅影响了那些将来能够参加此类活动的人,还影响了那些觉得自己被这些活动所代表并可能同情他们的人。基于联盟形成的空间条件,我认为,不对称的空间争夺决定了2017年12月抗议活动的结果,并可能有助于理解未来伊朗的联盟将如何形成。
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引用次数: 3
Using Art to Resist Epistemic Injustice 用艺术抵制认知不公
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/cont.2020.080107
Gustavo H. Dalaqua
This article argues that the aesthetics of the oppressed—a series of artistic practices elaborated by Augusto Boal that comprises the theatre of the oppressed, the rainbow of desire technique, and legislative theatre—utilizes art in order to resist epistemic injustice and promote democratic freedom. By constraining people’s ability to know and explore the potentialities of their bodies and desires, epistemic injustice perpetuates oppression and blocks the advent of democratic freedom. Whereas the theatre of the oppressed tackles corporal oppression, the rainbow of desire technique resists psychological oppression by encouraging the oppressed to critically examine their desires and self-knowledge. Finally, legislative theatre furthers democratic freedom by allowing citizens to protest against any epistemic injustice that might result from the enactment of laws made by representatives.
被压迫者美学是奥古斯托·波尔阐述的一系列艺术实践,包括被压迫者的戏剧、欲望的彩虹技术和立法的戏剧,它利用艺术来抵制认识上的不公正,促进民主自由。通过限制人们了解和探索其身体和欲望潜力的能力,认知上的不公正使压迫永久化,阻碍了民主自由的到来。被压迫者的戏剧处理肉体上的压迫,欲望的彩虹技巧通过鼓励被压迫者批判性地审视他们的欲望和自我认识来抵制心理上的压迫。最后,立法剧场通过允许公民抗议可能由代表制定的法律的颁布而导致的任何认识上的不公正,从而进一步促进了民主自由。
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引用次数: 2
The Contribution of Social Movement Theory to Understanding Genocide 社会运动理论对理解种族灭绝的贡献
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/cont.2019.070202
Aliza Luft
Recent years have witnessed a turn in the field of contentious politics toward the study of political violence, yet scholars have yet to focus their lens on genocide. Moreover, research on genocide is characterized by fundamental disagreements about its definition, origins, and dynamics, leading to a lack of generalizable theory. As a remedy, this article suggests that research on genocide can be improved by incorporating concepts from social movements. After reviewing the history of research on social movements and genocide, I analyze civilian participation in the Rwandan genocide as an example of how social movement theory helps explain civilian mobilization for genocide. Finally, I propose that a contentious politics approach to genocide would consider it one among many forms of contentious collective action, analyzable within the existing framework of social movement theory.
近年来,有争议的政治领域转向了政治暴力的研究,但学者们还没有把目光集中在种族灭绝上。此外,种族灭绝研究的特点是对其定义、起源和动态存在根本分歧,导致缺乏可概括的理论。作为补救措施,本文建议可以通过纳入社会运动的概念来改进对种族灭绝的研究。在回顾了社会运动和种族灭绝的研究历史之后,我分析了卢旺达种族灭绝中的平民参与,作为社会运动理论如何帮助解释平民动员种族灭绝的一个例子。最后,我建议对种族灭绝采取有争议的政治方法,将其视为许多有争议的集体行动形式之一,可以在现有的社会运动理论框架内进行分析。
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引用次数: 2
Space, Place, and Agency in the Roe 8 Highway Protest, Western Australia 西澳大利亚州罗伊8号公路抗议活动中的空间、地点和机构
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.3167/CONT.2019.070104
Danielle Brady
The struggle to save the Beeliar Wetlands, an urban remnant bushland in Perth, Western Australia, demonstrates elements of both urban social and urban environmental movements. At the end of 2016, 30 years of objection to the continuation of the Roe Highway development (Roe 8) culminated in months of intense protest leading up to a state election and a cessation of work in 2017. During the long-running campaign, protestors fought to preserve high-conservation-value bushland that was contained in theplanned road reserve. At the heart of this dispute were competing spatial uses. This article will analyze four protest actions from the dispute using Henri Lefebvre’s concept of the production of space, and will demonstrate that the practices of protest gave those fighting to preserve Roe 8 the agency to reinscribe meaning to the natural uses of the Beeliar Wetlands over and against the uses privileged by the state.
拯救比利尔湿地(Beeliar Wetlands)的斗争展示了城市社会和城市环境运动的要素。比利尔湿地是西澳大利亚州珀斯的一块城市残余丛林。2016年底,长达30年的反对罗伊高速公路继续发展(罗伊8号)的抗议活动在持续数月的激烈抗议中达到高潮,最终导致了2017年的州选举和停工。在这场旷日持久的运动中,抗议者为保护计划中的公路保护区中具有高保护价值的丛林而斗争。争论的核心是相互竞争的空间用途。本文将运用Henri Lefebvre的空间生产概念分析争议中的四种抗议行动,并将证明抗议的实践使那些为保护Roe 8而斗争的机构重新赋予Beeliar湿地的自然用途意义,而不是反对国家特权的使用。
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引用次数: 2
The Multiple Modes of Protesting Live Exports in Australia 澳大利亚活体出口抗议的多种模式
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/CONT.2019.070105
Jane Mummery, D. Rodan
Signaling dissatisfaction with particular events, policies, or situations, modes of protest encompass individual expressions through to the development and mobilization of social movements. Indeed, protests can range from bodies blocking space and time to the aggregation of clicked signatures in an online petition andthe sharing of campaign content through social media. All of these modes are currently employed within the Australian public sphere to bring about change or closure of the live export industry. This article analyzes the current dimensions and flows of public protest against Australia’s live export industry, examining how they are shaped not only by a myriad of organizations but also by differing modes of protest, as well as by the different modes of appeal in use by activists to mobilize the Australian public sphere in protest. Through this discussion, insight is gained into some of the capacities and efficacies of multimodal protest and its significance for both public engagement and political and industry uptake.
表达对特定事件、政策或情况的不满,抗议方式包括通过发展和动员社会运动的个人表达。事实上,抗议活动的范围很广,从封锁空间和时间的实体,到在线请愿书中点击签名的集合,以及通过社交媒体分享活动内容。所有这些模式目前都在澳大利亚公共领域内被采用,以改变或关闭活体出口行业。本文分析了目前公众抗议澳大利亚活体出口行业的规模和流动,研究了它们是如何被无数组织塑造的,还有不同的抗议模式,以及活动家在抗议中动员澳大利亚公共领域所使用的不同呼吁模式。通过这次讨论,深入了解了多式联运抗议的一些能力和效果,以及它对公众参与、政治和行业吸收的重要性。
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引用次数: 1
"Welcome to Country" and "Acknowledgment of Country" “欢迎来到国家”及“国家致谢”
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/CONT.2019.070103
Alessandro Pelizzon, Jade Kennedy
In the past two decades, “Welcome to Country” and “Acknowledgment of Country” practices have become commonplace at the commencement of most public events throughout Australia, and it is highly unusual to participate in a public event where some words of acknowledgment of the traditional owners and custodians of the locale are omitted. This article traces the origins of such practices while identifying the semantic, political, and conceptual differences between them. It articulates how precolonial protocols of encounter among distinct groups and individuals inform “Welcome to Country” practices, attesting to the ontological and epistemological continuity of the latter in relation to the former. It explores recent trends in the public understanding and positioning of both “Welcome to Country” and “Acknowledgment of Country” speeches and events, contextualizing their emerging positioning within the fabric of Australian settler colonial relations, particularly in the context of contemporary discourses on Aboriginal sovereignty and the constitutional recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.
在过去的二十年里,“欢迎来到国家”和“感谢国家”的做法在澳大利亚大多数公共活动开始时已经变得司空见惯,参加公共活动时省略一些对该地区传统所有者和保管人的感谢的话是极不寻常的。本文追溯了这些实践的起源,同时确定了它们之间的语义、政治和概念差异。它阐明了不同群体和个人之间相遇的前殖民协议如何为“欢迎来到国家”的实践提供信息,证明了后者相对于前者的本体论和认识论连续性。它探讨了公众对“欢迎来到国家”和“承认国家”演讲和活动的理解和定位的最新趋势,将它们在澳大利亚定居者殖民关系结构中的新兴定位置于背景下,特别是在当代关于土著主权的话语和宪法承认土著和托雷斯海峡岛民的背景下。
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引用次数: 1
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