Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i3.8232
K. Ambily, A. Ulaganathan, G. C. Sathisha
Mitigating climate change and global warming through carbon sequestration by tree ecosystems is of prime importance since they are cost-effective, environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable. Urbanization is a part of development, and rubber plantations are usually removed for this purpose, especially in Kerala, the southern state of India. Besides latex, the economic produce, and the associated income, the rubber tree is a fairly good sink for carbon in its biomass, with an average carbon content of 42 per cent and substantial carbon stock in the soil. In the present study, an account of total carbon loss by the removal of rubber plantation for urbanization and developmental activities are given. The present popular clone (RRII 105) existing in major share (85%) of the total rubber cultivation in India accounts for carbon sink loss 57 t ha-1, 57.5 t ha-1, 43.2 t ha-1 for 23 years and 148 t ha-1, 75 t ha-1 and 62.1 t ha-1 for 30 years from biomass, litterfall and sheet rubber respectively. The recent clones RRII 414, RRII 429 and RRII 417 have higher growth rates and higher biomass (44-50 per cent) carbon sink loss compared to the existing popular clone RRII 105. The carbon sink loss in the form of stored carbon in soil is 56.5, with a soil carbon content between 1.2 to 2 per cent. Due to the growth variation in diverse environments with extreme climatic conditions, the clones recorded differences in carbon stock and carbon sink loss. The central region of Kerala showed a higher loss, and a lower loss was in the drought-affected northern region than the southern region. The total carbon sink losses for 23 and 30 years were 214.2 and 341.5 t ha-1, respectively. This study points out that the serious carbon sink loss due to the removal of rubber plantations results in disturbing the self-sustained, carbon-friendly and economically sound perennial rubber ecosystem. Vegetation having higher C-sequestration potential and trees with higher lignin content is essential to increase carbon capture for mitigating the impact of the removal of plantations. From the present study, it is clear that the removal of rubber plantations is affecting the carbon sink loss, thereby the CO2 mitigating capacity, and is a serious matter of concern.
通过树木生态系统的碳封存来减缓气候变化和全球变暖至关重要，因为它们具有成本效益、环境友好性和生态可持续性。城市化是发展的一部分，橡胶种植园通常为此目的而被拆除，特别是在印度南部的喀拉拉邦。除了经济产品乳胶和相关收入外，橡胶树是其生物量中相当好的碳汇，平均碳含量为42%，土壤中有大量碳储量。在本研究中，给出了由于城市化和发展活动而取消橡胶林所造成的总碳损失。目前在印度橡胶种植总量中占主要份额(85%)的流行无克隆(RRII 105)的碳汇损失分别为57 t ha-1、57.5 t ha-1、43.2 t ha-1、148 t ha-1、75 t ha-1和62.1 t ha-1，持续23年，来自生物质、凋落物和橡胶板材。与现有的流行无性系RRII 105相比，最近的无性系RRII 414、RRII 429和RRII 417具有更高的生长率和更高的生物量(44- 50%)碳汇损失。土壤中碳储量的碳汇损失为56.5%，土壤碳含量在1.2%至2%之间。由于极端气候条件下不同环境的生长变化，无性系记录的碳储量和碳汇损失存在差异。喀拉拉邦中部地区的损失较高，而受干旱影响的北部地区的损失低于南部地区。23年和30年的总碳汇损失分别为214.2和341.5 t ha-1。研究指出，由于橡胶林的移除造成了严重的碳汇损失，从而扰乱了自给自足、碳友好型和经济良好的多年生橡胶生态系统。具有较高碳固存潜力的植被和木质素含量较高的树木对于增加碳捕获以减轻人工林砍伐的影响至关重要。从目前的研究中可以清楚地看出，橡胶林的移除正在影响碳汇的损失，从而影响二氧化碳的缓解能力，这是一个值得关注的严重问题。
{"title":"Impact of removal of rubber plantations for urbanization on CO2 mitigating capacity by the loss of carbon sink in Kerala state, India","authors":"K. Ambily, A. Ulaganathan, G. C. Sathisha","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i3.8232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i3.8232","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigating climate change and global warming through carbon sequestration by tree ecosystems is of prime importance since they are cost-effective, environmentally friendly and ecologically sustainable. Urbanization is a part of development, and rubber plantations are usually removed for this purpose, especially in Kerala, the southern state of India. Besides latex, the economic produce, and the associated income, the rubber tree is a fairly good sink for carbon in its biomass, with an average carbon content of 42 per cent and substantial carbon stock in the soil. In the present study, an account of total carbon loss by the removal of rubber plantation for urbanization and developmental activities are given. The present popular clone (RRII 105) existing in major share (85%) of the total rubber cultivation in India accounts for carbon sink loss 57 t ha-1, 57.5 t ha-1, 43.2 t ha-1 for 23 years and 148 t ha-1, 75 t ha-1 and 62.1 t ha-1 for 30 years from biomass, litterfall and sheet rubber respectively. The recent clones RRII 414, RRII 429 and RRII 417 have higher growth rates and higher biomass (44-50 per cent) carbon sink loss compared to the existing popular clone RRII 105. The carbon sink loss in the form of stored carbon in soil is 56.5, with a soil carbon content between 1.2 to 2 per cent. Due to the growth variation in diverse environments with extreme climatic conditions, the clones recorded differences in carbon stock and carbon sink loss. The central region of Kerala showed a higher loss, and a lower loss was in the drought-affected northern region than the southern region. The total carbon sink losses for 23 and 30 years were 214.2 and 341.5 t ha-1, respectively. This study points out that the serious carbon sink loss due to the removal of rubber plantations results in disturbing the self-sustained, carbon-friendly and economically sound perennial rubber ecosystem. Vegetation having higher C-sequestration potential and trees with higher lignin content is essential to increase carbon capture for mitigating the impact of the removal of plantations. From the present study, it is clear that the removal of rubber plantations is affecting the carbon sink loss, thereby the CO2 mitigating capacity, and is a serious matter of concern.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41858566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7985
V. Prathibha, Daliyamol, M. Monisha, V. Hegde
Corresponding Author: prathibhacpcri@gmail.com The complexity and intensity of crop diseases have increased with the advent of intensive agriculture. To control these diseases, using an indiscriminate amount of pesticides leads to unforeseen problems like environmental pollution and health hazards worldwide. Now the scenario has changed since technologies are available for quality crop production with increasing awareness of alternative plant protection options such as the use of biocontrol agents. Management of plant diseases using biocontrol agents is increasingly becoming popular, as it has an advantage over chemical pesticides that it doesn’t cause any harmful effects to the environment. Trichoderma spp. is one of the most extensively used bioagents, well known for their ability to induce mycoparasitism, producing several secondary metabolites inducing resistance, both local and systemic, in plants against invading pathogens and improving nutrient use efficiency (Elad et al., 1980; Harman et al., 2004; Nidhina et al., 2016). The success of biological control mainly relies on bio-efficacy, shelf life, easy availability of costeffective substrates and simple preparation procedure and delivery system. An appropriate medium for mass production is essential for the large-scale application of bio-control agents in the field. Different formulations of Trichoderma were developed (lignite, lignite and fly ash-based powder formulation, and talc powder) for seed treatment with viability up to nine months at storage at 24 °C (Jayaraj et al., 2006). Substrates such as coir pith, vermiculite and neem cake were suggested for mass production of Trichoderma (Mustaf et al., 2009; Prathibha et al., 2015). Conventionally used costly raw materials, sophisticated laboratory facilities for commercial production of biocontrol agents, and the short shelf life of the products are the major limitations behind the restricted use. Developing a feasible and effective biocontrol agent using locally available agricultural waste is an important component of biocontrol programme and effective utilization of agricultural waste. The arecanut leaf sheath is an easily and freely available agricultural waste in arecanut gardens and is also available as a byproduct from plate and bowl production units. The arecanut leaf sheaths can be exploited as a medium for multiplication and transferring the rapidly multiplied biocontrol agents to the soil system. Hence, attempts were made to develop an easy, costeffective and farmer-friendly technology for mass production of a potential native isolate of Trichoderma harzianum (CPTD 28) using an areca leaf sheath with a higher population and extended shelf life.
{"title":"Farmer-friendly technology for mass production of Trichoderma harzianum (CPTD28)","authors":"V. Prathibha, Daliyamol, M. Monisha, V. Hegde","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7985","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: prathibhacpcri@gmail.com The complexity and intensity of crop diseases have increased with the advent of intensive agriculture. To control these diseases, using an indiscriminate amount of pesticides leads to unforeseen problems like environmental pollution and health hazards worldwide. Now the scenario has changed since technologies are available for quality crop production with increasing awareness of alternative plant protection options such as the use of biocontrol agents. Management of plant diseases using biocontrol agents is increasingly becoming popular, as it has an advantage over chemical pesticides that it doesn’t cause any harmful effects to the environment. Trichoderma spp. is one of the most extensively used bioagents, well known for their ability to induce mycoparasitism, producing several secondary metabolites inducing resistance, both local and systemic, in plants against invading pathogens and improving nutrient use efficiency (Elad et al., 1980; Harman et al., 2004; Nidhina et al., 2016). The success of biological control mainly relies on bio-efficacy, shelf life, easy availability of costeffective substrates and simple preparation procedure and delivery system. An appropriate medium for mass production is essential for the large-scale application of bio-control agents in the field. Different formulations of Trichoderma were developed (lignite, lignite and fly ash-based powder formulation, and talc powder) for seed treatment with viability up to nine months at storage at 24 °C (Jayaraj et al., 2006). Substrates such as coir pith, vermiculite and neem cake were suggested for mass production of Trichoderma (Mustaf et al., 2009; Prathibha et al., 2015). Conventionally used costly raw materials, sophisticated laboratory facilities for commercial production of biocontrol agents, and the short shelf life of the products are the major limitations behind the restricted use. Developing a feasible and effective biocontrol agent using locally available agricultural waste is an important component of biocontrol programme and effective utilization of agricultural waste. The arecanut leaf sheath is an easily and freely available agricultural waste in arecanut gardens and is also available as a byproduct from plate and bowl production units. The arecanut leaf sheaths can be exploited as a medium for multiplication and transferring the rapidly multiplied biocontrol agents to the soil system. Hence, attempts were made to develop an easy, costeffective and farmer-friendly technology for mass production of a potential native isolate of Trichoderma harzianum (CPTD 28) using an areca leaf sheath with a higher population and extended shelf life.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48102081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7982
M. C. S. Rao, D. V. Swami, P. Ashok, D. Suneetha, R. Sujatha, V. Sekhar
Palmyrah neera (inflorescence sap) is susceptible to natural fermentation at ambient temperature within a few hours of extraction due to enzymatic and microbial activity. Once fermented, neera becomes toddy which is unsuitable as a health drink or as a value-added product. Therefore, a study was carried out to investigate the influence of different packing materials and storage conditions on the shelf life and to keep the quality of palmyrah neera. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised factorial design with two factors at unequal levels replicated thrice. HDPE 50 micron pouch (P1), PET bottle (P2) and glass bottle (P3) and cold storage at 2 oC (S1), cold storage at 4 oC (S2) and refrigerated storage (8-10 oC) (S3) were the packing material and storage conditions respectively used during experimentation. Physio-chemical properties viz., total soluble solids, pH and reducing sugars showed an increasing trend up to the 4th week of storage. At the same time, phenols, titrable acidity and alcohol content increased up to the 6th week of storage. Maximum total soluble solids (10.80 oBrix), reducing sugars (5.76%), minimum phenolic content (0.323 mg) and titrable acidity (1.116%) were recorded when palmyrah neera was packed in HDPE 50 micron pouch, whereas the maximum total soluble solids (10.83oBrix), reducing sugars (5.75%), minimum phenolic content (0.322 mg) and titrable acidity (1.14%) were recorded when palmyrah neera was stored at 2 oC. Among the different packing material and storage conditions, HDPE 50 micron and storage at 2 oC was effective in extending the shelf life and quality attributes of palmyrah neera.
{"title":"Influence of different storage temperatures and packing material in extending shelf life and quality attributes of palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L.) neera","authors":"M. C. S. Rao, D. V. Swami, P. Ashok, D. Suneetha, R. Sujatha, V. Sekhar","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7982","url":null,"abstract":"Palmyrah neera (inflorescence sap) is susceptible to natural fermentation at ambient temperature within a few hours of extraction due to enzymatic and microbial activity. Once fermented, neera becomes toddy which is unsuitable as a health drink or as a value-added product. Therefore, a study was carried out to investigate the influence of different packing materials and storage conditions on the shelf life and to keep the quality of palmyrah neera. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised factorial design with two factors at unequal levels replicated thrice. HDPE 50 micron pouch (P1), PET bottle (P2) and glass bottle (P3) and cold storage at 2 oC (S1), cold storage at 4 oC (S2) and refrigerated storage (8-10 oC) (S3) were the packing material and storage conditions respectively used during experimentation. Physio-chemical properties viz., total soluble solids, pH and reducing sugars showed an increasing trend up to the 4th week of storage. At the same time, phenols, titrable acidity and alcohol content increased up to the 6th week of storage. Maximum total soluble solids (10.80 oBrix), reducing sugars (5.76%), minimum phenolic content (0.323 mg) and titrable acidity (1.116%) were recorded when palmyrah neera was packed in HDPE 50 micron pouch, whereas the maximum total soluble solids (10.83oBrix), reducing sugars (5.75%), minimum phenolic content (0.322 mg) and titrable acidity (1.14%) were recorded when palmyrah neera was stored at 2 oC. Among the different packing material and storage conditions, HDPE 50 micron and storage at 2 oC was effective in extending the shelf life and quality attributes of palmyrah neera.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45847821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7984
K. Gangaraj, M. K. Rajesh
Phytophthora species are phytopathogenic oomycetes that damage a wide variety of crops. Phytophthora delivers effectors, which are secretory proteins, into the host cells. Effectors promote infection by reprogramming the host cellular machinery and are key determinants of oomycete virulence. The major class of Phytophthora effector proteins contains the RXLR motif. In this study, we have carried out the molecular and structural characterisation of an RXLR effector (RXLR6744) from a virulent P. palmivora isolated from bud rot disease-affected coconut palm. The open reading frame (ORF) of the RXLR6744, amplified using RT-PCR, had a length of 411 bp. The gene was found to encode a predicted protein of 136 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 15.52 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed that it was closely related to RXLR proteins from P. palmivora (causing black pod disease in cocoa) and related species P. megakarya. Topology analysis revealed that the protein was composed of six α-helices. The structural prediction was undertaken by computer-aided homology modelling. From the Ramachandran plot analysis, it could be observed that the majority (96.3%) of amino acids were present in the preferred region, 3.7 per cent of amino acid residues were present in the allowed region, and no residues were observed in the disallowed region. The structure showed an average quality of 94.4 per cent, indicating it to be a high-quality structure. This study provides the detailed characterisation of an RXLR effector from P. palmivora. It will aid the elucidation of its role in pathogenesis and facilitate further refined investigations of the structure/function relationships of oomycete effectors.
{"title":"Molecular characterisation and structural assessment of an RXLR effector from Phytophthora palmivora, the coconut bud rot pathogen","authors":"K. Gangaraj, M. K. Rajesh","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7984","url":null,"abstract":"Phytophthora species are phytopathogenic oomycetes that damage a wide variety of crops. Phytophthora delivers effectors, which are secretory proteins, into the host cells. Effectors promote infection by reprogramming the host cellular machinery and are key determinants of oomycete virulence. The major class of Phytophthora effector proteins contains the RXLR motif. In this study, we have carried out the molecular and structural characterisation of an RXLR effector (RXLR6744) from a virulent P. palmivora isolated from bud rot disease-affected coconut palm. The open reading frame (ORF) of the RXLR6744, amplified using RT-PCR, had a length of 411 bp. The gene was found to encode a predicted protein of 136 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 15.52 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed that it was closely related to RXLR proteins from P. palmivora (causing black pod disease in cocoa) and related species P. megakarya. Topology analysis revealed that the protein was composed of six α-helices. The structural prediction was undertaken by computer-aided homology modelling. From the Ramachandran plot analysis, it could be observed that the majority (96.3%) of amino acids were present in the preferred region, 3.7 per cent of amino acid residues were present in the allowed region, and no residues were observed in the disallowed region. The structure showed an average quality of 94.4 per cent, indicating it to be a high-quality structure. This study provides the detailed characterisation of an RXLR effector from P. palmivora. It will aid the elucidation of its role in pathogenesis and facilitate further refined investigations of the structure/function relationships of oomycete effectors.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43691811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7978
B.V. Ranjeeth Kumar, C. Kathrivelu, Kencharaddi
Coffee is an important commercial crop attacked by various insect pests. Among them, coffee white stem borer (CWSB), Xylotrechus quadripes (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is the most serious and economically important pest of arabica coffee. The incidence of CWSB has been noticed in arabica coffee, whereas the other commercial variety, viz., robusta, has been tolerant against this pest so far. Of late, the incidence of CWSB is reported regularly in robusta plantations in the Kodagu region of Karnataka State, India. To understand the extent of CWSB incidence in robusta coffee, a systematic survey was conducted in 40 estates of Polibetta and Siddapura liaison Zones during the year 2019. CWSB infestation and the details on the percentage of CWSB, cultivar types, and age of the plants were recorded. The results of the survey revealed that the incidence was more in aged plants of Old Peridenia and S.274 (>50 years) compared to young plants and C × R hybrid (Coffea congensis × Coffea canephora). Data on the percentage infestation was found more in Old Peridenia (16.81%), followed by S.274 (4.8%) and C × R (0.88%). The infested plants of Old Peridenia and S.274 showed typical symptoms as in the case of arabica plants like ridge formation, drooping and yellowing of leaves, wilting, defoliation, exit holes and death of branches and whole plants. Hence, Indian coffee farmers are shifting slowly from arabica to robusta coffee because of CWSB infestation. This survey emphasized that a complete shift from arabica to robusta cultivation may face a similar infestation problem unless management practices are followed promptly.
{"title":"Survey for incidence of coffee white stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes (Chevrolet) on robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) plantations at Kodagu region of Karnataka state, India","authors":"B.V. Ranjeeth Kumar, C. Kathrivelu, Kencharaddi","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7978","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is an important commercial crop attacked by various insect pests. Among them, coffee white stem borer (CWSB), Xylotrechus quadripes (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is the most serious and economically important pest of arabica coffee. The incidence of CWSB has been noticed in arabica coffee, whereas the other commercial variety, viz., robusta, has been tolerant against this pest so far. Of late, the incidence of CWSB is reported regularly in robusta plantations in the Kodagu region of Karnataka State, India. To understand the extent of CWSB incidence in robusta coffee, a systematic survey was conducted in 40 estates of Polibetta and Siddapura liaison Zones during the year 2019. CWSB infestation and the details on the percentage of CWSB, cultivar types, and age of the plants were recorded. The results of the survey revealed that the incidence was more in aged plants of Old Peridenia and S.274 (>50 years) compared to young plants and C × R hybrid (Coffea congensis × Coffea canephora). Data on the percentage infestation was found more in Old Peridenia (16.81%), followed by S.274 (4.8%) and C × R (0.88%). The infested plants of Old Peridenia and S.274 showed typical symptoms as in the case of arabica plants like ridge formation, drooping and yellowing of leaves, wilting, defoliation, exit holes and death of branches and whole plants. Hence, Indian coffee farmers are shifting slowly from arabica to robusta coffee because of CWSB infestation. This survey emphasized that a complete shift from arabica to robusta cultivation may face a similar infestation problem unless management practices are followed promptly.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44919287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7983
E. Saneera, S. Raguraman, A. Suganthi, K. Venkatesan
Microwave-assisted heat extraction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) yielded 1.64 per cent w/v of yellow to amber coloured and less viscous oil with a peculiar aroma. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 20 compounds, out of which thymol (51.94%), p-cymene (14.5%), γ-terpinene (10.09%), linalool (3.48%), and endo-borneol (3.95%) were the major compounds. Eggs, second instar nymphs and pupae of rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) were subjected to contact toxicity assessment by complete immersion (dip method) in various concentrations of thyme oil. The results showed that essential oils at 0.35 per cent concentration exhibited 100 per cent mortality in the second instar nymphs. Thyme oil (0.5%) inhibited egg hatching and adult emergence to the tune of 100 per cent when the eggs and pupal stages were treated. Probit analysis indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of thyme oil to eggs, second instar nymph sand pupal stages were 0.19, 0.13 and 0.21 per cent, respectively. Thyme oil proved to be an excellent toxicant to different developmental life stages of RSW; hence it can be successfully incorporated into the integrated pest management (IPM) programme for whitefly management in the coconut ecosystem.
{"title":"Phytochemical profile and toxicity of thyme-derived (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil against the exotic rugose spiraling whitefly (Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin) infesting coconut","authors":"E. Saneera, S. Raguraman, A. Suganthi, K. Venkatesan","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7983","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave-assisted heat extraction of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) yielded 1.64 per cent w/v of yellow to amber coloured and less viscous oil with a peculiar aroma. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 20 compounds, out of which thymol (51.94%), p-cymene (14.5%), γ-terpinene (10.09%), linalool (3.48%), and endo-borneol (3.95%) were the major compounds. Eggs, second instar nymphs and pupae of rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) were subjected to contact toxicity assessment by complete immersion (dip method) in various concentrations of thyme oil. The results showed that essential oils at 0.35 per cent concentration exhibited 100 per cent mortality in the second instar nymphs. Thyme oil (0.5%) inhibited egg hatching and adult emergence to the tune of 100 per cent when the eggs and pupal stages were treated. Probit analysis indicated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) of thyme oil to eggs, second instar nymph sand pupal stages were 0.19, 0.13 and 0.21 per cent, respectively. Thyme oil proved to be an excellent toxicant to different developmental life stages of RSW; hence it can be successfully incorporated into the integrated pest management (IPM) programme for whitefly management in the coconut ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49280339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7977
A. Karun, K. K. Sajini, K. S. Muralikrishna, M. K. Rajesh
In the present investigation, four types of explants from mature zygotic embryos of coconut, viz., whole upper cotyledonary region without haustorium, half of the upper cotyledonary region without haustorium, plumule with a portion of radicle and exclusively plumular tissue, were cultured in 12 different media combinations to find a suitable explant which could be regenerated after cryopreservation. Explants were pre-cultured in medium with 0.4 and 0.5 M sucrose for three days followed by dehydration in PVS3 solution for different durations on a sterile aluminum strip after treating with loading solution. Strips were treated with liquid nitrogen inside a cryoflask until bubbling stopped and quickly transferred to a cryovial and stored for a minimum period of 24 hours in liquid nitrogen. It was observed that plumule alone or with a small portion of outer tissue was ideal for fast in vitro growth and recovery of whole plantlets of coconut in a medium supplemented with NAA alone. Addition of glutamine (5 mg L-1), TDZ (1 mg L-1) and NAA (18 mg L-1) aided the vigorous growth of plantlets. In control, the survival rate ranged from 60 to 90 per cent in plumule pre-grown in media containing 0.5 M sucrose after dehydration with PVS3 for various durations, whereas it was 14 to 75 per cent in cryopreserved ones. Considering the high survival (75%) and regrowth (35%) of cryopreserved plumule in the present study, there is much scope for further improvement of the procedure to find the right combination of factors so as to enhance complete recovery of plantlets without much injury to plumules during cooling and rewarming.
{"title":"Cryopreservation of coconut plumule using droplet vitrification","authors":"A. Karun, K. K. Sajini, K. S. Muralikrishna, M. K. Rajesh","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7977","url":null,"abstract":"In the present investigation, four types of explants from mature zygotic embryos of coconut, viz., whole upper cotyledonary region without haustorium, half of the upper cotyledonary region without haustorium, plumule with a portion of radicle and exclusively plumular tissue, were cultured in 12 different media combinations to find a suitable explant which could be regenerated after cryopreservation. Explants were pre-cultured in medium with 0.4 and 0.5 M sucrose for three days followed by dehydration in PVS3 solution for different durations on a sterile aluminum strip after treating with loading solution. Strips were treated with liquid nitrogen inside a cryoflask until bubbling stopped and quickly transferred to a cryovial and stored for a minimum period of 24 hours in liquid nitrogen. It was observed that plumule alone or with a small portion of outer tissue was ideal for fast in vitro growth and recovery of whole plantlets of coconut in a medium supplemented with NAA alone. Addition of glutamine (5 mg L-1), TDZ (1 mg L-1) and NAA (18 mg L-1) aided the vigorous growth of plantlets. In control, the survival rate ranged from 60 to 90 per cent in plumule pre-grown in media containing 0.5 M sucrose after dehydration with PVS3 for various durations, whereas it was 14 to 75 per cent in cryopreserved ones. Considering the high survival (75%) and regrowth (35%) of cryopreserved plumule in the present study, there is much scope for further improvement of the procedure to find the right combination of factors so as to enhance complete recovery of plantlets without much injury to plumules during cooling and rewarming.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46091394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7981
Somashekhargouda Patil, J. Devasia, G. Daniel, N. S. P. Rao
The study was undertaken to analyze the behaviour of coffee under changing climatic conditions in different coffee liaison zones of Karnataka State, India, during 2017-2020. Sample estates were identified based on elevation and rainfall patterns in different zones of the Chikkamagaluru and Hassan districts. The leaf growth parameters, bean characteristics and yield components were recorded in all the sample estates. Correlation studies indicated a significant positive relationship between the elevation, rainfall with specific leaf area (r = +0.912) and productivity (r = 0.475) during the pre-monsoon period. The monthly summer rainfall during March and April showed a significant correlation with yield in robusta (r = 0.511) and arabica (r = 0.451), indicating that blossom shower during this period significantly influenced the productivity of coffee. The studies between elevation, the quantum of rainfall and bean defect parameters indicated a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation. A positive relationship was also found between elevation and peaberry production in both robusta (r = 0.716) and arabica coffee (r= 0.456), respectively. However, there was also a significant relationship between rainfall (2020) and Jollu percentage (r = 0.386) in robusta coffee, indicating that higher elevation and rainfall-induced more peaberry content and Jollu percentage under changing climatic conditions. The overall result indicated that changes in climatic conditions such as excess rainfall and continuous soil moisture led to more vegetative growth than reproductive growth. This also produced more bean abnormalities which in turn affected the yield and quality of the coffee.
{"title":"Influence of elevation and rainfall on leaf growth, bean characteristics and yield components of arabica and robusta coffee under changing climatic conditions in Karnataka state, India","authors":"Somashekhargouda Patil, J. Devasia, G. Daniel, N. S. P. Rao","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7981","url":null,"abstract":"The study was undertaken to analyze the behaviour of coffee under changing climatic conditions in different coffee liaison zones of Karnataka State, India, during 2017-2020. Sample estates were identified based on elevation and rainfall patterns in different zones of the Chikkamagaluru and Hassan districts. The leaf growth parameters, bean characteristics and yield components were recorded in all the sample estates. Correlation studies indicated a significant positive relationship between the elevation, rainfall with specific leaf area (r = +0.912) and productivity (r = 0.475) during the pre-monsoon period. The monthly summer rainfall during March and April showed a significant correlation with yield in robusta (r = 0.511) and arabica (r = 0.451), indicating that blossom shower during this period significantly influenced the productivity of coffee. The studies between elevation, the quantum of rainfall and bean defect parameters indicated a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation. A positive relationship was also found between elevation and peaberry production in both robusta (r = 0.716) and arabica coffee (r= 0.456), respectively. However, there was also a significant relationship between rainfall (2020) and Jollu percentage (r = 0.386) in robusta coffee, indicating that higher elevation and rainfall-induced more peaberry content and Jollu percentage under changing climatic conditions. The overall result indicated that changes in climatic conditions such as excess rainfall and continuous soil moisture led to more vegetative growth than reproductive growth. This also produced more bean abnormalities which in turn affected the yield and quality of the coffee.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47667642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-30DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7979
T. Misra, A. Saha, A. Nanda, Subhrajyoti Bagchi, P. Mandal
This study was performed in 18 tea gardens in North Bengal, India, from 2012 to 2017. The data were pooled to investigate the relationship with soil physico-chemical properties, phyto-constituents, antioxidant attributes and age of the tea bushes and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA and dendro-hit maps were also performed with each region. The 28 principal components were chosen based on their eigen values, explaining the total data variance for tea in Dooars, Terai and Darjeeling hill. In almost all cases, composite soil physico-chemical attributes were heavily loaded on the second principal component and clustered, as visual evidenced by the dendro-hit map. Different attributes were significantly correlated each other in case of Terai i.e. (value of “r’’ at P<0.01 level) clay fraction (0.778), electrical conductivity (0.618), N (0.777), S (0.748), P (0.514 ppm), flavour index (0.918), total polyphenol (0.687) DPPH (0.794), nitric oxide (0.913), anti-lipid peroxidation (0.717) and metal chelating (0.665). In Dooars region, attributes were significantly correlated with silt (0.718), pH (0.875), P (0.615 ), chloride (0.858), TP (0.776), flavonol (0.923), quinone (0.666), tannins (0.865), DPPH (0.536), superoxide (0.576), ABTS (0.520) and MC (0.777) and in the case of Darjeeling hills, attributes were highly correlated with clay (0.812), sand (0.818), silt fraction (0.974), K (0.932), S (0.999), MC of soil (0.671), TP (0.853), tannins (0.912), DPPH (0.624), ABTS (0.661) and MC (0.633) repectively.
{"title":"Antioxidant attributes of tea in North Bengal, India: Relation with its principal constituents and properties of soil","authors":"T. Misra, A. Saha, A. Nanda, Subhrajyoti Bagchi, P. Mandal","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2022.v50.i2.7979","url":null,"abstract":"This study was performed in 18 tea gardens in North Bengal, India, from 2012 to 2017. The data were pooled to investigate the relationship with soil physico-chemical properties, phyto-constituents, antioxidant attributes and age of the tea bushes and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA and dendro-hit maps were also performed with each region. The 28 principal components were chosen based on their eigen values, explaining the total data variance for tea in Dooars, Terai and Darjeeling hill. In almost all cases, composite soil physico-chemical attributes were heavily loaded on the second principal component and clustered, as visual evidenced by the dendro-hit map. Different attributes were significantly correlated each other in case of Terai i.e. (value of “r’’ at P<0.01 level) clay fraction (0.778), electrical conductivity (0.618), N (0.777), S (0.748), P (0.514 ppm), flavour index (0.918), total polyphenol (0.687) DPPH (0.794), nitric oxide (0.913), anti-lipid peroxidation (0.717) and metal chelating (0.665). In Dooars region, attributes were significantly correlated with silt (0.718), pH (0.875), P (0.615 ), chloride (0.858), TP (0.776), flavonol (0.923), quinone (0.666), tannins (0.865), DPPH (0.536), superoxide (0.576), ABTS (0.520) and MC (0.777) and in the case of Darjeeling hills, attributes were highly correlated with clay (0.812), sand (0.818), silt fraction (0.974), K (0.932), S (0.999), MC of soil (0.671), TP (0.853), tannins (0.912), DPPH (0.624), ABTS (0.661) and MC (0.633) repectively.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41666213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-21DOI: 10.25081/jpc.2021.v49.i2.7258
S. Sahoo, S. Sumitha, A. K. Karna, G. Mishra, H. P. Maheswarappa
Cocos nucifera L. is a perennial oil yielding crop with a long productive life span (>60 years); thus, identifying a suitable high yielding hybrid to a particular agro-climatic region plays a prime role in achieving sustainable coconut yield. In this context, an evaluation trial with varietal cross combinations involving Tall × Dwarf (six crosses) and Dwarf × Tall (two crosses) was conducted at All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Palms, Bhubaneshwar Centre, Odisha, for 15 years. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications maintaining six palms per replication. Observations on yield and yield attributing characters during 2018 to 2020 revealed the superior performance of ECT × GBGD (99.1 nuts), which was followed by ECT × MYD (86.9 nuts) over the local check (ECT) by recording higher nut yield. Copra output per palm was significantly the highest under ECT × GBGD (20.6 kg palm-1), followed by LCT × COD (18.6 kg palm-1). Hybrids possessed a higher quantity of organoleptically ‘good’ tender nut water (270.3 to 354.1 mL) with TSS of 5.8 to 6.9 °Brix, 25.4 to 34.0 ppm of sodium and 2065.9 to 2885.0 ppm of potassium.
{"title":"Performance of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) hybrids for yield and quality in the Utkal plain region of Odisha state, India","authors":"S. Sahoo, S. Sumitha, A. K. Karna, G. Mishra, H. P. Maheswarappa","doi":"10.25081/jpc.2021.v49.i2.7258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2021.v49.i2.7258","url":null,"abstract":"Cocos nucifera L. is a perennial oil yielding crop with a long productive life span (>60 years); thus, identifying a suitable high yielding hybrid to a particular agro-climatic region plays a prime role in achieving sustainable coconut yield. In this context, an evaluation trial with varietal cross combinations involving Tall × Dwarf (six crosses) and Dwarf × Tall (two crosses) was conducted at All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Palms, Bhubaneshwar Centre, Odisha, for 15 years. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications maintaining six palms per replication. Observations on yield and yield attributing characters during 2018 to 2020 revealed the superior performance of ECT × GBGD (99.1 nuts), which was followed by ECT × MYD (86.9 nuts) over the local check (ECT) by recording higher nut yield. Copra output per palm was significantly the highest under ECT × GBGD (20.6 kg palm-1), followed by LCT × COD (18.6 kg palm-1). Hybrids possessed a higher quantity of organoleptically ‘good’ tender nut water (270.3 to 354.1 mL) with TSS of 5.8 to 6.9 °Brix, 25.4 to 34.0 ppm of sodium and 2065.9 to 2885.0 ppm of potassium.","PeriodicalId":36468,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Plantation Crops","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43793180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：