Pub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.12924/of2019.05010023
M. Grosse, T. Haase, J. Heß
The nitrogen supply can be a yield-limiting factor in organic farming, especially when reduced tillage is applied. An organic field experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2013 to analyse the potential of the nitrogen supply through the efficient use of green manure crops in different tillage systems. Three farming systems were compared: a stubble cleaner system (SC) and a plough system (PL), both in a cereal-based crop rotation, and another plough system in a crop rotation that included alfalfa grass ley (PLALF). In the fifth year of the experiment, the experimental design was extended into a split plot design, and seven green manure treatments ( Lolium perenne , Phacelia tanacetifolia , Sinapis alba , a mixture of Sinapis alba and Trifolium resupinatum , Trifolium resupinatum , Vicia sativa , and bare fallow as the control) were integrated into each of the three systems. The effects of the three systems and the green manure treatments on N mineralization, the soil microbial biomass and the yield of the main crops of oats and field beans in the sixth and seventh years of the experiment were analysed. The results showed that the choice of green manure species was of minor importance in the PLALF system. This system generally success- fully supplied N to the oats with oat yields from 3.6 to 5.1 t per ha. Vicia sativa was the most promising green manure crop in the SC and PL systems, with the N min values and oat yields (4.0 and 4.6 t per ha) being similar to those in the PLALF system. In the subsequent year, the PLALF system again was more successful in most of the N min assessments than the PL and SC systems, which often had rather similar results. In addition, a main crop of field beans was able to compensate for the differences in the N min content, and the yields were similar in all three systems (3.1 to 3.7 t per ha). The microbial biomass in the top soil was significantly increased in the reduced tillage system compared to the plough systems. In conclusion, reduced tillage in organic farming can promote soil microorganisms and be competitive if the nitrogen supply is improved through the efficient use of green manure or an adequate leguminous main crop.
{"title":"Tillage System Comparison in Organic Farming: Effects on N Mineralization, Soil Microbial Biomass, and Yield","authors":"M. Grosse, T. Haase, J. Heß","doi":"10.12924/of2019.05010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/of2019.05010023","url":null,"abstract":"The nitrogen supply can be a yield-limiting factor in organic farming, especially when reduced tillage is applied. An organic field experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2013 to analyse the potential of the nitrogen supply through the efficient use of green manure crops in different tillage systems. Three farming systems were compared: a stubble cleaner system (SC) and a plough system (PL), both in a cereal-based crop rotation, and another plough system in a crop rotation that included alfalfa grass ley (PLALF). In the fifth year of the experiment, the experimental design was extended into a split plot design, and seven green manure treatments ( Lolium perenne , Phacelia tanacetifolia , Sinapis alba , a mixture of Sinapis alba and Trifolium resupinatum , Trifolium resupinatum , Vicia sativa , and bare fallow as the control) were integrated into each of the three systems. The effects of the three systems and the green manure treatments on N mineralization, the soil microbial biomass and the yield of the main crops of oats and field beans in the sixth and seventh years of the experiment were analysed. The results showed that the choice of green manure species was of minor importance in the PLALF system. This system generally success- fully supplied N to the oats with oat yields from 3.6 to 5.1 t per ha. Vicia sativa was the most promising green manure crop in the SC and PL systems, with the N min values and oat yields (4.0 and 4.6 t per ha) being similar to those in the PLALF system. In the subsequent year, the PLALF system again was more successful in most of the N min assessments than the PL and SC systems, which often had rather similar results. In addition, a main crop of field beans was able to compensate for the differences in the N min content, and the yields were similar in all three systems (3.1 to 3.7 t per ha). The microbial biomass in the top soil was significantly increased in the reduced tillage system compared to the plough systems. In conclusion, reduced tillage in organic farming can promote soil microorganisms and be competitive if the nitrogen supply is improved through the efficient use of green manure or an adequate leguminous main crop.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44672809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.12924/OF2019.05010014
Roland Ebel, Susanne Kissmann
Fermented leaf fertilizers (FLF) are made of anaerobically fermented plant and/or animal re sources and principally used for foliar plant nutrition, as they provide a quick nutrient supply, especially of micronutrients. Their use is most common in horticultural production as a complementary measure to or ganic basal fertilization in the case of nutrient deficiencies. Since FLF are commonly made of farm residues, their formulation varies according to the available resources and the treated crops. The most common raw materials are cattle manure, cow milk, cane molasses, and water. Within Latin America, the production of FLF is popular with smallholders. Most of these farmers produce them on-farm using adapted plastic barrels as fermenters. Industrial production is conceivable. FLF have been successfully tested in banana, bean, broccoli, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, maize, papaya, and spinach production. This review highlights the principles of this sustainable and promising organic fertilization strategy, emphasizing the preparation of FLF.
{"title":"Fermented Leaf Fertilizers—Principles and Preparation","authors":"Roland Ebel, Susanne Kissmann","doi":"10.12924/OF2019.05010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2019.05010014","url":null,"abstract":"Fermented leaf fertilizers (FLF) are made of anaerobically fermented plant and/or animal re sources and principally used for foliar plant nutrition, as they provide a quick nutrient supply, especially of micronutrients. Their use is most common in horticultural production as a complementary measure to or ganic basal fertilization in the case of nutrient deficiencies. Since FLF are commonly made of farm residues, their formulation varies according to the available resources and the treated crops. The most common raw materials are cattle manure, cow milk, cane molasses, and water. Within Latin America, the production of FLF is popular with smallholders. Most of these farmers produce them on-farm using adapted plastic barrels as fermenters. Industrial production is conceivable. FLF have been successfully tested in banana, bean, broccoli, carrot, cucumber, lettuce, maize, papaya, and spinach production. This review highlights the principles of this sustainable and promising organic fertilization strategy, emphasizing the preparation of FLF.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49393090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-10DOI: 10.12924/OF2019.05010003
Mareike Beiküfner, Bianka Hüsing, D. Trautz, Insa Kühling
Today, the demand for soybean for feed industry and food production in Germany is met by imports from South and North America. Soybean cultivation in Germany, although challenging, will be of interest in the future due to an increasing demand for non-genetically modified (NGM) soybeans. To meet this rising demand for NGM soybeans and to increase resource use efficiency there is a need to reduce soybean harvest losses arising from harvesting with combine harvester. The height of the first pod can be a major factor affecting harvest losses, especially when it is not possible to maintain a sufficiently low cutting height. From 2011 to 2013, six soybean varieties were cultivated using two cropping systems (conventional ‘CON’ and organic ‘ORG’) at the Osnabru ck University of Applied Sciences in a randomized block design with four replications to investigate the effect of first pod height and plant length on harvest losses and the effect of the cropping system on these parameters. Before harvesting with an experimental harvester, 1.5 m 2 per plot were harvested manually as a reference. First pod height, number of pods per plant and plant length were determined on 10 plants per plot. Over the three years of the study, the first pod height (10.4 cm) and plant length (81.4 cm) were on average higher under conventional conditions compared to organic cultivation (7.3 cm; 60.9 cm). On average, lower harvest losses (25.6% vs. 39.2%) and higher grain yields (20.8 dt ha − 1 vs. 16.9 dt ha − 1 ) were also observed under conventional cultivation. Varieties differed significantly in grain yield, first pod height and plant length. A high first pod height was related to a longer plant length and lower harvest losses at both sites. However, a high first pod height and a high plant length did not lead to higher grain yields on any of the plots. These results indicate that harvest efficiency can be improved by choosing varieties with long plant lengths if it is not possible to maintain a low cutting height when harvesting with a combine harvester.
今天，德国饲料工业和食品生产对大豆的需求是通过从南美和北美进口来满足的。德国的大豆种植虽然具有挑战性，但由于对非转基因(NGM)大豆的需求不断增加，未来将引起人们的兴趣。为了满足对转基因大豆日益增长的需求并提高资源利用效率，需要减少联合收割机收获大豆造成的损失。第一个豆荚的高度可能是影响收获损失的主要因素，特别是当不可能保持足够低的切割高度时。从2011年到2013年,六个大豆品种栽培使用两个种植制度(传统的“反对”和有机“ORG”)Osnabru ck大学应用科学的随机区组设计有四个复制调查第一圆荚体高度和植物长度的影响收成损失和耕作制度的影响在这些参数。在使用实验收割机收获前，每块1.5 m2人工收获作为参考。每亩10株，测定首荚高、单株荚数和株长。在三年的研究中，常规条件下的第一个荚果高度(10.4厘米)和植株长度(81.4厘米)平均高于有机栽培(7.3厘米;60.9厘米)。平均而言，在常规栽培下，收获损失较低(25.6%比39.2%)，粮食产量较高(20.8 dt ha - 1比16.9 dt ha - 1)。籽粒产量、首荚高和株长差异显著。高的首荚高与较长的株长和较低的收获损失有关。然而，高首荚高和高株长在任何地块上都没有导致更高的籽粒产量。这些结果表明，如果联合收割机收割时不能保持较低的切割高度，可以通过选择长株长的品种来提高收获效率。
{"title":"Comparative Harvest Efficiency of Soybeans between Cropping Systems Affected by First Pod Height and Plant Length","authors":"Mareike Beiküfner, Bianka Hüsing, D. Trautz, Insa Kühling","doi":"10.12924/OF2019.05010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2019.05010003","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the demand for soybean for feed industry and food production in Germany is met by imports from South and North America. Soybean cultivation in Germany, although challenging, will be of interest in the future due to an increasing demand for non-genetically modified (NGM) soybeans. To meet this rising demand for NGM soybeans and to increase resource use efficiency there is a need to reduce soybean harvest losses arising from harvesting with combine harvester. The height of the first pod can be a major factor affecting harvest losses, especially when it is not possible to maintain a sufficiently low cutting height. From 2011 to 2013, six soybean varieties were cultivated using two cropping systems (conventional ‘CON’ and organic ‘ORG’) at the Osnabru ck University of Applied Sciences in a randomized block design with four replications to investigate the effect of first pod height and plant length on harvest losses and the effect of the cropping system on these parameters. Before harvesting with an experimental harvester, 1.5 m 2 per plot were harvested manually as a reference. First pod height, number of pods per plant and plant length were determined on 10 plants per plot. Over the three years of the study, the first pod height (10.4 cm) and plant length (81.4 cm) were on average higher under conventional conditions compared to organic cultivation (7.3 cm; 60.9 cm). On average, lower harvest losses (25.6% vs. 39.2%) and higher grain yields (20.8 dt ha − 1 vs. 16.9 dt ha − 1 ) were also observed under conventional cultivation. Varieties differed significantly in grain yield, first pod height and plant length. A high first pod height was related to a longer plant length and lower harvest losses at both sites. However, a high first pod height and a high plant length did not lead to higher grain yields on any of the plots. These results indicate that harvest efficiency can be improved by choosing varieties with long plant lengths if it is not possible to maintain a low cutting height when harvesting with a combine harvester.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43259841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-09DOI: 10.12924/OF2019.05010001
T. Döring
Organic farming is often subject of heated scientific and public debates. This raises the question: How can scientists working in organic farming research achieve being impartial while simultaneously sharing enthusiasm about organic farming and promoting it as a solution to many of the problems of agricultural and food systems? Science needs to be unbiased and detached from its object of inves tigation. It should be hesitant to draw conclusions. Public statements must wait until evidence is strong and reproducible. Complex matters need to be communicated in a differentiated way that acknowledges pros and cons. Finally, science needs to follow a strict separation of facts and opinion. In which ways does this culture go hand in hand with a burning passion for organic farming?
{"title":"Unbiased but Not Neutral","authors":"T. Döring","doi":"10.12924/OF2019.05010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2019.05010001","url":null,"abstract":"Organic farming is often subject of heated scientific and public debates. This raises the question: How can scientists working in organic farming research achieve being impartial while simultaneously sharing enthusiasm about organic farming and promoting it as a solution to many of the problems of agricultural and food systems? Science needs to be unbiased and detached from its object of inves tigation. It should be hesitant to draw conclusions. Public statements must wait until evidence is strong and reproducible. Complex matters need to be communicated in a differentiated way that acknowledges pros and cons. Finally, science needs to follow a strict separation of facts and opinion. In which ways does this culture go hand in hand with a burning passion for organic farming?","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44594256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00003-3
C. Costa, R. Guiné, Daniela Costa, H. Correia, A. Nave
{"title":"Pest Control in Organic Farming","authors":"C. Costa, R. Guiné, Daniela Costa, H. Correia, A. Nave","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00003-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00003-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"438 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00003-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54177268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813272-2.00008-2
J. Deguine, D. Muru, S. Plessix
{"title":"Interactions Between Flowering Plants and Arthropods in Organic Agroecosystems","authors":"J. Deguine, D. Muru, S. Plessix","doi":"10.1016/b978-0-12-813272-2.00008-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813272-2.00008-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/b978-0-12-813272-2.00008-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54176871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00013-6
B. Naseri
{"title":"The Potential of Agro-Ecological Properties in Fulfilling the Promise of Organic Farming","authors":"B. Naseri","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00013-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00013-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/B978-0-12-813272-2.00013-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54177739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_4
K. Usha, Pankaj Kumar, B. Singh
{"title":"Pest and Disease Control Strategies in Organic Fruit Production","authors":"K. Usha, Pankaj Kumar, B. Singh","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51067980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_1
S. Sivaranjani, A. Rakshit
{"title":"Organic Farming in Protecting Water Quality","authors":"S. Sivaranjani, A. Rakshit","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/978-3-030-04657-6_1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51067926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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