Pub Date : 2017-12-21DOI: 10.12924/OF2017.03010066
S. Kuehne, D. Rossberg, P. Röhrig, Friedhelm von Mehring, F. Weihrauch, Sonja Kanthak, J. Kienzle, Wolfgang Patzwahl, E. Reiners, Julia Gitzel
Copper pesticides used to control fungal and bacterial diseases such as grapes downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ), downy mildew of hops ( Pseudoperonospora humili ), apple scab ( Venturia spp.), fireblight ( Erwinia amylovora ) and potato late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ), play an important role in plant protection. In a 2013 survey of copper application in Germany we found, that while the amounts of copper used per hectare in conventional grape (0.8 kg ha − 1 ), hop (1.7 kg ha − 1 ) and potato-farming (0.8 kg ha − 1 ) were well below those used in organic farming (2.3, 2.6 and 1.4 kg ha − 1 , respectively), they were nearly identical to those used in apple growing (1.4 kg ha − 1 ). Due to the smaller farming area, only 24% (26.5 tonnes) of the total amount of copper was applied in organic farming compared to 76% (84.8 tonnes) in conventional farming. Since 2001, the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE) promoted a copper research and minimization strategy which was funded with a total of C 10.2 million. Our status quo analysis of research in this field shows that some progress is being made concerning alternative compounds, resistant varieties and decision support systems. However, it also shows that new approaches are not yet able to replace copper pesticides completely, especially in organic farming. In integrated pest management, copper preparations are important for the necessary active substance rotation and successful resistance management. The availability of such products is often essential for organic grapes, hops and fruit production and for extending the organic farming of these crops. We conclude that the complete elimination of copper pesticides is not yet practicable in organic farming as the production of several organic crops would become unprofitable and may lead to organic farmers reverting to conventional production. Several existing copper reduction strategies were, however, identified, and some, like modified forecast models adapted to organic farming, varieties more resistant to fungal diseases and new alternative products, already contribute to copper minimization in German agriculture.
铜农药用于防治葡萄霜霉病(Plasmopara viticola)、酒花霜霉病(Pseudoperonospora humili)、苹果痂病(Venturia spp.)、火疫病(Erwinia amylovora)和马铃薯晚疫病(Phytophthora infestans)等真菌和细菌病害，在植物保护中发挥着重要作用。在2013年对德国铜应用的调查中，我们发现，虽然传统葡萄(0.8 kg ha - 1)、啤酒花(1.7 kg ha - 1)和马铃薯(0.8 kg ha - 1)的每公顷铜使用量远低于有机农业(分别为2.3、2.6和1.4 kg ha - 1)，但它们与苹果种植(1.4 kg ha - 1)的使用量几乎相同。由于种植面积较小，有机农业只使用了总铜用量的24%(26.5吨)，而传统农业则使用了76%(84.8吨)。自2001年以来，联邦农业和食品局(BLE)推动了一项铜研究和最小化战略，该战略总共获得了1020万加元的资助。目前我国在该领域的研究现状分析表明，在替代化合物、抗性品种和决策支持系统方面取得了一些进展。然而，它也表明，新方法还不能完全取代含铜农药，特别是在有机农业中。在害虫综合治理中，铜制剂对于必要的活性物质轮换和成功的抗性管理至关重要。这些产品的可用性对于有机葡萄、啤酒花和水果生产以及扩展这些作物的有机农业通常是必不可少的。我们的结论是，在有机农业中完全消除含铜农药尚不可行，因为几种有机作物的生产将变得无利可图，并可能导致有机农民回归传统生产。然而，确定了几种现有的减少铜的策略，其中一些，如适应有机农业的改进预测模型，更能抵抗真菌疾病的品种和新的替代产品，已经为德国农业中的铜最小化做出了贡献。
{"title":"The Use of Copper Pesticides in Germany and the Search for Minimization and Replacement Strategies","authors":"S. Kuehne, D. Rossberg, P. Röhrig, Friedhelm von Mehring, F. Weihrauch, Sonja Kanthak, J. Kienzle, Wolfgang Patzwahl, E. Reiners, Julia Gitzel","doi":"10.12924/OF2017.03010066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2017.03010066","url":null,"abstract":"Copper pesticides used to control fungal and bacterial diseases such as grapes downy mildew ( Plasmopara viticola ), downy mildew of hops ( Pseudoperonospora humili ), apple scab ( Venturia spp.), fireblight ( Erwinia amylovora ) and potato late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ), play an important role in plant protection. In a 2013 survey of copper application in Germany we found, that while the amounts of copper used per hectare in conventional grape (0.8 kg ha − 1 ), hop (1.7 kg ha − 1 ) and potato-farming (0.8 kg ha − 1 ) were well below those used in organic farming (2.3, 2.6 and 1.4 kg ha − 1 , respectively), they were nearly identical to those used in apple growing (1.4 kg ha − 1 ). Due to the smaller farming area, only 24% (26.5 tonnes) of the total amount of copper was applied in organic farming compared to 76% (84.8 tonnes) in conventional farming. Since 2001, the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE) promoted a copper research and minimization strategy which was funded with a total of C 10.2 million. Our status quo analysis of research in this field shows that some progress is being made concerning alternative compounds, resistant varieties and decision support systems. However, it also shows that new approaches are not yet able to replace copper pesticides completely, especially in organic farming. In integrated pest management, copper preparations are important for the necessary active substance rotation and successful resistance management. The availability of such products is often essential for organic grapes, hops and fruit production and for extending the organic farming of these crops. We conclude that the complete elimination of copper pesticides is not yet practicable in organic farming as the production of several organic crops would become unprofitable and may lead to organic farmers reverting to conventional production. Several existing copper reduction strategies were, however, identified, and some, like modified forecast models adapted to organic farming, varieties more resistant to fungal diseases and new alternative products, already contribute to copper minimization in German agriculture.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"3 1","pages":"66-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47491679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-01DOI: 10.12924/OF2017.03010051
T. Döring, J. Storkey, J. Baddeley, R. Collins, O. Crowley, S. Howlett, H. Jones, H. McCalman, Mark Measures, H. Pearce, S. Roderick, C. Watson, M. Wolfe
Legume-based leys (perennial sod crops) are an important component of fertility management in organic rotations in many parts of Europe. Despite their importance, however, relatively little is known about how these leys affect weed communities or how the specific composition of leys may contribute to weed management. To determine whether the choice of plant species in the ley affects weeds, we conducted replicated field trials at six locations in the UK over 24 months, measuring weed cover and biomass in plots sown with monocultures of 12 legume and 4 grass species, and in plots sown with a mixture of 10 legume species and 4 grass species. Additionally, we monitored weed communities in leys on 21 organic farms across the UK either sown with a mixture of the project species or the farmers’ own species mix. In total, 63 weed species were found on the farms, with the annuals Stellaria media , Sonchus arvensis , and Veronica persica being the most frequent species in the first year after establishment of the ley, while Stellaria media and the two perennials Ranunculus repens and Taraxacum officinale dominated the weed spectrum in the second year. Our study shows that organic leys constitute an important element of farm biodiversity. In both replicated and on-farm trials, weed cover and species richness were significantly lower in the second year than in the first, owing to lower presence of annual weeds in year two. In monocultures, meadow pea ( Lathyrus pratensis ) was a poor competitor against weeds, and a significant increase in the proportion of weed biomass was observed over time, due to poor recovery of meadow pea after mowing. For red clover ( Trifolium pratense ), we observed the lowest proportion of weed biomass in total biomass among the tested legume species. Crop biomass and weed biomass were negatively correlated across species. Residuals from the linear regression between crop biomass and weed biomass indicated that at similar levels of crop biomass, grasses had lower weed levels than legumes. We conclude that choice of crop species is an important tool for weed management in leys.
{"title":"Weeds in Organic Fertility-Building Leys: Aspects of Species Richness and Weed Management","authors":"T. Döring, J. Storkey, J. Baddeley, R. Collins, O. Crowley, S. Howlett, H. Jones, H. McCalman, Mark Measures, H. Pearce, S. Roderick, C. Watson, M. Wolfe","doi":"10.12924/OF2017.03010051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2017.03010051","url":null,"abstract":"Legume-based leys (perennial sod crops) are an important component of fertility management in organic rotations in many parts of Europe. Despite their importance, however, relatively little is known about how these leys affect weed communities or how the specific composition of leys may contribute to weed management. To determine whether the choice of plant species in the ley affects weeds, we conducted replicated field trials at six locations in the UK over 24 months, measuring weed cover and biomass in plots sown with monocultures of 12 legume and 4 grass species, and in plots sown with a mixture of 10 legume species and 4 grass species. Additionally, we monitored weed communities in leys on 21 organic farms across the UK either sown with a mixture of the project species or the farmers’ own species mix. In total, 63 weed species were found on the farms, with the annuals Stellaria media , Sonchus arvensis , and Veronica persica being the most frequent species in the first year after establishment of the ley, while Stellaria media and the two perennials Ranunculus repens and Taraxacum officinale dominated the weed spectrum in the second year. Our study shows that organic leys constitute an important element of farm biodiversity. In both replicated and on-farm trials, weed cover and species richness were significantly lower in the second year than in the first, owing to lower presence of annual weeds in year two. In monocultures, meadow pea ( Lathyrus pratensis ) was a poor competitor against weeds, and a significant increase in the proportion of weed biomass was observed over time, due to poor recovery of meadow pea after mowing. For red clover ( Trifolium pratense ), we observed the lowest proportion of weed biomass in total biomass among the tested legume species. Crop biomass and weed biomass were negatively correlated across species. Residuals from the linear regression between crop biomass and weed biomass indicated that at similar levels of crop biomass, grasses had lower weed levels than legumes. We conclude that choice of crop species is an important tool for weed management in leys.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"3 1","pages":"51-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41983641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-16DOI: 10.12924/OF2017.03010034
Sarah Brumlop, T. Pfeiffer, M. Finckh
Three winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) composite cross populations (CCPs) that had been maintained in repeated parallel populations under organic and conventional conditions from the F5 to the F10 were compared in a two-year replicated field trial under organic conditions. The populations were compared to each other, to a mixture of the parental varieties used to establish the CCPs, and to three winter wheat varieties currently popular in organic farming. Foot and foliar diseases, straw length, ear length, yield parameters, and baking quality parameters were assessed. The overall performance of the CCPs differed clearly from each other due to differences in their parental genetics and not because of their conventional or organic history. The CCPs with high yielding background (YCCPs) also yielded higher than the CCPs with a high baking quality background (QCCPs; in the absence of extreme winter stress). The QCCPs performed equally well in comparison to the reference varieties, which were also of high baking quality. Compared to the parental mixture the CCPs proved to be highly resilient, recovering much better from winter kill in winter 2011/12. Nevertheless, they were out yielded by the references in that year. No such differences were seen in 2013, indicating that the CCPs are comparable with modern cultivars in yielding ability under organic conditions. We conclude that—especially when focusing on traits that are not directly influenced by natural selection (e.g. quality traits)—the choice of parents to establish a CCP is crucial. In the case of the QCCPs the establishment of a reliable high-quality population worked very well and quality traits were successfully maintained over time. However, in the YCCPs lack of winter hardiness in the YCCP parents also became clearly visible under relevant winter conditions.
{"title":"Evolutionary Effects on Morphology and Agronomic Performance of Three Winter Wheat Composite Cross Populations Maintained for Six Years under Organic and Conventional Conditions","authors":"Sarah Brumlop, T. Pfeiffer, M. Finckh","doi":"10.12924/OF2017.03010034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2017.03010034","url":null,"abstract":"Three winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) composite cross populations (CCPs) that had been maintained in repeated parallel populations under organic and conventional conditions from the F5 to the F10 were compared in a two-year replicated field trial under organic conditions. The populations were compared to each other, to a mixture of the parental varieties used to establish the CCPs, and to three winter wheat varieties currently popular in organic farming. Foot and foliar diseases, straw length, ear length, yield parameters, and baking quality parameters were assessed. The overall performance of the CCPs differed clearly from each other due to differences in their parental genetics and not because of their conventional or organic history. The CCPs with high yielding background (YCCPs) also yielded higher than the CCPs with a high baking quality background (QCCPs; in the absence of extreme winter stress). The QCCPs performed equally well in comparison to the reference varieties, which were also of high baking quality. Compared to the parental mixture the CCPs proved to be highly resilient, recovering much better from winter kill in winter 2011/12. Nevertheless, they were out yielded by the references in that year. No such differences were seen in 2013, indicating that the CCPs are comparable with modern cultivars in yielding ability under organic conditions. We conclude that—especially when focusing on traits that are not directly influenced by natural selection (e.g. quality traits)—the choice of parents to establish a CCP is crucial. In the case of the QCCPs the establishment of a reliable high-quality population worked very well and quality traits were successfully maintained over time. However, in the YCCPs lack of winter hardiness in the YCCP parents also became clearly visible under relevant winter conditions.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"3 1","pages":"34-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46936002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-05DOI: 10.12924/OF2017.03010020
L. Ortolani, R. Bocci, P. Bàrberi, S. Howlett, V. Chable
The “transfer of technology”, typical of a top-down linear process of innovation cannot be used in the new contexts of sustainability, characterised by uncertainty and complexity. There is a need to redefine categories and concepts around which innovation and agricultural policies are built, as those currently in use provide only a partial representation of reality. Innovation paradigms underpinning technological development and public policies design will have a direct impact on decisions regarding which agricultural models will ultimately be supported. Looking at local learning capacity and systems of relations can help to understand the potential to develop innovation within a specific context. This work contributes to the definition of new actors who are developing innovation for sustainability in rural areas. The study focuses on the knowledge systems of farmers who are applying alternative breeding strategies: it uses a network approach to explore the knowledge system in which individual farmers are embedded in order to understand their specific relational features. Three main conclusions emerge from the study: for enhancing the agro-ecological innovation paradigm there is a need to define the ‘innovation broker’, to revise the evaluation system of public research and to integrate innovation and agricultural policies.
{"title":"Changes in Knowledge Management Strategies Can Support Emerging Innovative Actors in Organic Agriculture: The Case of Participatory Plant Breeding in Europe","authors":"L. Ortolani, R. Bocci, P. Bàrberi, S. Howlett, V. Chable","doi":"10.12924/OF2017.03010020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2017.03010020","url":null,"abstract":"The “transfer of technology”, typical of a top-down linear process of innovation cannot be used in the new contexts of sustainability, characterised by uncertainty and complexity. There is a need to redefine categories and concepts around which innovation and agricultural policies are built, as those currently in use provide only a partial representation of reality. Innovation paradigms underpinning technological development and public policies design will have a direct impact on decisions regarding which agricultural models will ultimately be supported. Looking at local learning capacity and systems of relations can help to understand the potential to develop innovation within a specific context. This work contributes to the definition of new actors who are developing innovation for sustainability in rural areas. The study focuses on the knowledge systems of farmers who are applying alternative breeding strategies: it uses a network approach to explore the knowledge system in which individual farmers are embedded in order to understand their specific relational features. Three main conclusions emerge from the study: for enhancing the agro-ecological innovation paradigm there is a need to define the ‘innovation broker’, to revise the evaluation system of public research and to integrate innovation and agricultural policies.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"12 11","pages":"20-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41298086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-19DOI: 10.12924/OF2017.03010016
P. Marchand
Some of the active substances allowed in organic production are now approved as basic sub- stances under the EU plant protection products regulation. Previously, all organic farming permitted active substances were approved as conventional plant protection products. In accordance with the criteria of Article 23 of the EU regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, basic substances are granted without maximum residue limits and have a good prospect for being included in Annex II of organic farming Regulation (EC) 889/2008. In fact, most of them are already permitted in organic farming. At this stage, it seems desirable to organize applications in order to avoid duplications and to clarify strategy across Europe. This organization should be planned in order to identify corresponding knowledge and data from field experiments, and to further constitute the most crucial issues related to organic production. A work of this nature was initially supported by IFOAM-EU for lecithin, calcium hydroxide and Quassia extract. The Institut Technique de l’Agriculture Biologique (ITAB) was previously engaged in a large-scale approval plan motivated by the continuous demand for the regularization of compounds/substances already in use and has a mandate for testing and approving new compatible substances. Thus, the horsetail extract (Equisetum arvense) was the first approved basic substance and ITAB has obtained 11 of the 15 basic substances approved at the EU level.
在欧盟植物保护产品法规下，有机生产中允许的一些活性物质现已被批准为基本物质。以前，所有有机农业允许的活性物质都被批准为传统的植物保护产品。根据欧盟法规(EC) No 1107/2009第23条的标准，基本物质被授予无最大残留限量，并且有很好的前景被纳入有机农业法规(EC) 889/2008附件II。事实上，他们中的大多数已经被允许在有机农业中使用。在这个阶段，组织申请以避免重复和澄清整个欧洲的战略似乎是可取的。应规划这一组织，以便从实地试验中确定相应的知识和数据，并进一步构成与有机生产有关的最关键问题。这项性质的工作最初得到了IFOAM-EU对卵磷脂、氢氧化钙和番石榴提取物的支持。农业生物技术研究所(ITAB)以前参与了一项大规模的批准计划，其动机是对已经使用的化合物/物质的持续规范化需求，并具有测试和批准新的相容物质的任务。因此，马尾提取物(Equisetum arvense)是第一个获得批准的基本物质，ITAB获得了欧盟批准的15种基本物质中的11种。
{"title":"Basic Substances under EU Pesticide Regulation: An Opportunity for Organic Production?","authors":"P. Marchand","doi":"10.12924/OF2017.03010016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2017.03010016","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the active substances allowed in organic production are now approved as basic sub- stances under the EU plant protection products regulation. Previously, all organic farming permitted active substances were approved as conventional plant protection products. In accordance with the criteria of Article 23 of the EU regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, basic substances are granted without maximum residue limits and have a good prospect for being included in Annex II of organic farming Regulation (EC) 889/2008. In fact, most of them are already permitted in organic farming. At this stage, it seems desirable to organize applications in order to avoid duplications and to clarify strategy across Europe. This organization should be planned in order to identify corresponding knowledge and data from field experiments, and to further constitute the most crucial issues related to organic production. A work of this nature was initially supported by IFOAM-EU for lecithin, calcium hydroxide and Quassia extract. The Institut Technique de l’Agriculture Biologique (ITAB) was previously engaged in a large-scale approval plan motivated by the continuous demand for the regularization of compounds/substances already in use and has a mandate for testing and approving new compatible substances. Thus, the horsetail extract (Equisetum arvense) was the first approved basic substance and ITAB has obtained 11 of the 15 basic substances approved at the EU level.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"3 1","pages":"16-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42235880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-13DOI: 10.12924/OF2017.03010003
E. Roche, E. Mallory, H. Darby
Achieving high grain yields and crude protein (CP) standards in organic winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is challenging because ensuring that adequate nitrogen (N) is available at key periods of wheat growth is difficult in organic systems. Split application regimes and in-season N management tests may improve organic production. In field trials conducted over four site-years in Maine and Vermont, USA, N application regimes were analyzed for their effects on organic winter wheat, N uptake, grain yield, and CP. Tiller density and tissue N tests were evaluated as in-season decision tools. Eight treatments arranged in a non-factorial design differed in terms of N application timing (pre-plant (PP), topdress at tillering (T1), and topdress at pre-stem extension (T2)) and N rate. Treatments were: (1) an untreated check, (2) pre-plant N at a low rate of 78 kg N ha −1 (PP L ), (3) pre-plant N at a high rate of 117 or 157 kg N ha −1 (PP H ), (4) T1 78 , (5) PP L + T1 39 , (6) PP L + T2 39 , (7) PP H + T2 39 , and (8) PP L + T1 39 +T2 39 . Responses to N treatments were variable among site-years, however some common results were identified. The PP-only treatments increased grain yields more than they increased CP. The T1 78 and PP H + T2 39 treatments were the most effective at increasing yield and CP, compared with the PP-only treatments. Tiller density and tissue N tests were good predictors of grain yield (r = 0.52, p < and CP (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) respectively. Future work should test in-season decision tools using a wider range of tiller densities, and topdress N rates against tissue N measurements.
在有机冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中实现高产量和粗蛋白质(CP)标准是具有挑战性的，因为在小麦生长的关键时期确保足够的氮(N)是困难的。分施氮肥制度和当季氮肥管理试验可提高有机产量。在美国缅因州和佛蒙特州进行了为期4年的田间试验，分析了施氮制度对有机冬小麦、氮素吸收、籽粒产量和CP的影响。分蘖密度和组织氮测试作为当季决策工具进行了评估。按非因子设计安排的8个处理在施氮时机(孕前施氮、分蘖期施氮、茎伸期施氮)和施氮量方面存在差异。处理方法为:(1)未经处理，(2)低施氮量为78 kg N ha−1 (PP L)，(3)高施氮量为117或157 kg N ha−1 (PP H)， (4) T1 78， (5) PP L + T1 39， (6) PP L +T2 39， (7) PP H +T2 39， (8) PP L + T1 39 +T2 39。对氮处理的反应在不同的站点年之间是不同的，但是确定了一些共同的结果。单用PP处理对籽粒产量的提高大于单用PP处理对CP的提高，单用T1 78和PP H + T2 39处理对产量和CP的提高效果最好。分蘖密度和组织氮试验分别是籽粒产量的良好预测因子(r = 0.52, p <)和CP (r = 0.75, p < 0.001)。未来的工作应该测试当季决策工具，使用更大范围的分蘖密度，以及顶施氮率与组织氮测量值。
{"title":"Evaluating Split Nitrogen Applications and In-Season Tests for Organic Winter Bread Wheat","authors":"E. Roche, E. Mallory, H. Darby","doi":"10.12924/OF2017.03010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2017.03010003","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving high grain yields and crude protein (CP) standards in organic winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is challenging because ensuring that adequate nitrogen (N) is available at key periods of wheat growth is difficult in organic systems. Split application regimes and in-season N management tests may improve organic production. In field trials conducted over four site-years in Maine and Vermont, USA, N application regimes were analyzed for their effects on organic winter wheat, N uptake, grain yield, and CP. Tiller density and tissue N tests were evaluated as in-season decision tools. Eight treatments arranged in a non-factorial design differed in terms of N application timing (pre-plant (PP), topdress at tillering (T1), and topdress at pre-stem extension (T2)) and N rate. Treatments were: (1) an untreated check, (2) pre-plant N at a low rate of 78 kg N ha −1 (PP L ), (3) pre-plant N at a high rate of 117 or 157 kg N ha −1 (PP H ), (4) T1 78 , (5) PP L + T1 39 , (6) PP L + T2 39 , (7) PP H + T2 39 , and (8) PP L + T1 39 +T2 39 . Responses to N treatments were variable among site-years, however some common results were identified. The PP-only treatments increased grain yields more than they increased CP. The T1 78 and PP H + T2 39 treatments were the most effective at increasing yield and CP, compared with the PP-only treatments. Tiller density and tissue N tests were good predictors of grain yield (r = 0.52, p < and CP (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) respectively. Future work should test in-season decision tools using a wider range of tiller densities, and topdress N rates against tissue N measurements.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"3 1","pages":"3-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48182425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-13DOI: 10.12924/OF2017.03010001
T. Döring
Opening the third volume of this journal provides a re- newed opportunity to reflect on the current developments within the world of organic farming. As the most recent international data show, the organic sector continues to grow on a global scale, in terms of organic area, mar- ket share and number of producers [1]. Yet, for organic farming—as for any movement—expansion always en- tails the difficulty of maintaining identity. Achieving both, i.e. becoming ‘bigger’ and ‘better’, is the explicit goal of Organic 3.0 [2], the international initiative to advance and evolve organic farming. Launched in 2014, Organic 3.0 is now gaining increasing momentum, e.g. as a key topic at the upcoming Organic World Congress in India this autumn. The Organic 3.0 initiative proposes an am- bitious plan for promoting “a widespread uptake of truly sustainable farming systems” [2]. One of the suggested pathways to achieve the goals of Organic 3.0 is improved and extended research and development.
{"title":"How Scientific Is Organic Farming Research","authors":"T. Döring","doi":"10.12924/OF2017.03010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2017.03010001","url":null,"abstract":"Opening the third volume of this journal provides a re- newed opportunity to reflect on the current developments within the world of organic farming. As the most recent international data show, the organic sector continues to grow on a global scale, in terms of organic area, mar- ket share and number of producers [1]. Yet, for organic farming—as for any movement—expansion always en- tails the difficulty of maintaining identity. Achieving both, i.e. becoming ‘bigger’ and ‘better’, is the explicit goal of Organic 3.0 [2], the international initiative to advance and evolve organic farming. Launched in 2014, Organic 3.0 is now gaining increasing momentum, e.g. as a key topic at the upcoming Organic World Congress in India this autumn. The Organic 3.0 initiative proposes an am- bitious plan for promoting “a widespread uptake of truly sustainable farming systems” [2]. One of the suggested pathways to achieve the goals of Organic 3.0 is improved and extended research and development.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43053091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-29DOI: 10.12924/OF2016.02010023
M. Pautasso, A. Vieweger, A. Barbosa
Organic farming adoption is on the rise in many countries, due to the increased awareness of farmers, citizens, governments and other stakeholders of its more sustainable nature. Various studies have investigated the socio-economic drivers (e.g., consumer demand, support measures, agricultural policies) of organic farming adoption, but less attention has been paid to whether biogeographic factors could also be associated with variation in rates of organically managed farms in certain regions within countries. We investigate whether biogeographic factors are associated with variation in the proportion of land under organic farming in French departments. The proportion of land under organic farming increased with decreasing latitude and increasing department area. Non-significant factors were number of plant taxa, proportion of Natura 2000 protected areas, connectivity, longitude, altitude and department population. These results were robust to controlling for spatial autocorrelation. Larger and southern French departments tend to have a greater adoption of organic farming, possibly because of the more extensive nature of agriculture in such regions. Biogeographic factors have been relatively neglected in investigations of the drivers of organic farming adoption, but may have an important explanatory value.
{"title":"Can the Adoption of Organic Farming Be Predicted by Biogeographic Factors? A French Case Study","authors":"M. Pautasso, A. Vieweger, A. Barbosa","doi":"10.12924/OF2016.02010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2016.02010023","url":null,"abstract":"Organic farming adoption is on the rise in many countries, due to the increased awareness of farmers, citizens, governments and other stakeholders of its more sustainable nature. Various studies have investigated the socio-economic drivers (e.g., consumer demand, support measures, agricultural policies) of organic farming adoption, but less attention has been paid to whether biogeographic factors could also be associated with variation in rates of organically managed farms in certain regions within countries. We investigate whether biogeographic factors are associated with variation in the proportion of land under organic farming in French departments. The proportion of land under organic farming increased with decreasing latitude and increasing department area. Non-significant factors were number of plant taxa, proportion of Natura 2000 protected areas, connectivity, longitude, altitude and department population. These results were robust to controlling for spatial autocorrelation. Larger and southern French departments tend to have a greater adoption of organic farming, possibly because of the more extensive nature of agriculture in such regions. Biogeographic factors have been relatively neglected in investigations of the drivers of organic farming adoption, but may have an important explanatory value.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"2 1","pages":"23-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66252006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.12924/OF2016.02010021
C. Francis
Organic Struggle chronicles the challenges encountered by innovators in a growing segment of the U.S. food pro- duction and marketing system. Practiced for millenia by farmers before the introduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and first developed more formally in Europe, organic farming practices began to gain prominence in the U.S. only in the 1950s. Far more than a system for pro- ducing food, this strategy has become a focus for those supporting healthy and pesticide-free products, for some who embrace the organic system as a food movement, and by many who disagree with the current domination of the country’s food industry by large farms and a small num- ber of multinational corporations. Within the organic sector there is debate between those who favor a system primar- ily run by local farmers who sell through small markets and CSAs, and others who insist that the ‘Big-Organic’ seg- ment that now sells more than half of all organic food is doing more to help the environment in the large picture. Author Brian Obach describes this ongoing struggle.
{"title":"A Review of 'Organic Struggle: The Movement for Sustainable Agriculture in the United States'","authors":"C. Francis","doi":"10.12924/OF2016.02010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2016.02010021","url":null,"abstract":"Organic Struggle chronicles the challenges encountered by innovators in a growing segment of the U.S. food pro- duction and marketing system. Practiced for millenia by farmers before the introduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and first developed more formally in Europe, organic farming practices began to gain prominence in the U.S. only in the 1950s. Far more than a system for pro- ducing food, this strategy has become a focus for those supporting healthy and pesticide-free products, for some who embrace the organic system as a food movement, and by many who disagree with the current domination of the country’s food industry by large farms and a small num- ber of multinational corporations. Within the organic sector there is debate between those who favor a system primar- ily run by local farmers who sell through small markets and CSAs, and others who insist that the ‘Big-Organic’ seg- ment that now sells more than half of all organic food is doing more to help the environment in the large picture. Author Brian Obach describes this ongoing struggle.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"2 1","pages":"21-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66251432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-27DOI: 10.12924/OF2016.02010017
Bruce Kirchoff
An experimental test of a biodynamic agriculture method of weed suppression was carried out in growth chambers to establish the feasibility of the method as a preliminary to field trials. Four generations of Brassica rapa plants were used in a randomized block design. Treated flats received ashed seeds prepared according to biodynamic indications. Seed weight and counts were measured at the end of each generation, and germination of the control and experimental seed was investigated at the end of generation four. The biodynamic seed peppers, created and applied as described here, had no effect on seed production or viability, and did not effectively inhibit reproduction of the targeted species over the course of four consecutive treatments.
{"title":"An Experimental Test of a Biodynamic Method of Weed Suppression: The Biodynamic Seed Peppers","authors":"Bruce Kirchoff","doi":"10.12924/OF2016.02010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/OF2016.02010017","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental test of a biodynamic agriculture method of weed suppression was carried out in growth chambers to establish the feasibility of the method as a preliminary to field trials. Four generations of Brassica rapa plants were used in a randomized block design. Treated flats received ashed seeds prepared according to biodynamic indications. Seed weight and counts were measured at the end of each generation, and germination of the control and experimental seed was investigated at the end of generation four. The biodynamic seed peppers, created and applied as described here, had no effect on seed production or viability, and did not effectively inhibit reproduction of the targeted species over the course of four consecutive treatments.","PeriodicalId":36542,"journal":{"name":"Organic Farming","volume":"2 1","pages":"17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66251359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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