Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.165
Marina Musteață, Adrian Cosmin Bolog
Apulum, one of the largest urban settlements of Roman Dacia, housed a population with many ties around the empire. This could be observed in the city’s cemeteries, including the one situated on Dealul Furcilor. Thus, studies of the funerary treatment of the deceased individuals are necessary for the archaeologists and historians to uncover the ways in which the individual and collective identities were expressed. Two graves included in the cemetery’s monograph, initially published as M612 and M670, have both among their grave goods a miniature lead mirror. The miniature mirrors are a type of artefact with a disputed function. One reason for this situation is the small size that could question their practical function as objects used to reflect someone’s image. The second reason is related to their many contexts of discovery, such mirrors being found in funerary, votive and also domestic contexts.
{"title":"Miniature Mirrors from Apulum-Dealul Furcilor Cemetery","authors":"Marina Musteață, Adrian Cosmin Bolog","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.165","url":null,"abstract":"Apulum, one of the largest urban settlements of Roman Dacia, housed a population with many ties around the empire. This could be observed in the city’s cemeteries, including the one situated on Dealul Furcilor. Thus, studies of the funerary treatment of the deceased individuals are necessary for the archaeologists and historians to uncover the ways in which the individual and collective identities were expressed. Two graves included in the cemetery’s monograph, initially published as M612 and M670, have both among their grave goods a miniature lead mirror. The miniature mirrors are a type of artefact with a disputed function. One reason for this situation is the small size that could question their practical function as objects used to reflect someone’s image. The second reason is related to their many contexts of discovery, such mirrors being found in funerary, votive and also domestic contexts.","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133569585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.213
Sergiu-Traian Socaciu
In this article two unpublished gems with representations of deities discovered at Porolissum are presented. These are represented by a gemstone with the representation of the goddess Minerva recently discovered during the archaeological research carried out in the area of the praetorium in the large fort on Pomet Hill and a gemstone with the representation of the god Mercurius, discovered in 1988 during the amphitheatre research. The two artefacts come from known archaeological contexts which allowed for a more precise dating to be established.
{"title":"Two Unpublished Gemes Discovered at Porolissum","authors":"Sergiu-Traian Socaciu","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.213","url":null,"abstract":"In this article two unpublished gems with representations of deities discovered at Porolissum are presented. These are represented by a gemstone with the representation of the goddess Minerva recently discovered during the archaeological research carried out in the area of the praetorium in the large fort on Pomet Hill and a gemstone with the representation of the god Mercurius, discovered in 1988 during the amphitheatre research. The two artefacts come from known archaeological contexts which allowed for a more precise dating to be established.","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123281023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.113
Georgeta El Susi
The article presents the results of the analysis of a dog skeleton found over a human skeleton, in the Scythian tomb, 91/2016 in Sâncrai, Alba county. The dog was completely deposited on its right side, over the human corpse. Over time, the animal bones deteriorated, becoming crumbly, so that few complete pieces could be recovered. According to measurements, the animal is 43.5 cm tall with thin limbs. The proximal segment of the legs provided a slightly higher waist (45.4 cm) than the distal one, (39.8 c). The animal is slightly smaller compared to those from the Scythian world, with sizes over 50 cm. During the re-inhumation process, the human bones were mixed with those of the meat offering which was laid into the pit during the initial funerals. The meat offering consisted of a part from the left limb of a cattle, slaughtered towards 2 years.
{"title":"Analysis of a Dog Skeleton Deposited in a Scythian Tomb-91/2016 from Sâncrai (Alba County)","authors":"Georgeta El Susi","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.113","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of the analysis of a dog skeleton found over a human skeleton, in the Scythian tomb, 91/2016 in Sâncrai, Alba county. The dog was completely deposited on its right side, over the human corpse. Over time, the animal bones deteriorated, becoming crumbly, so that few complete pieces could be recovered. According to measurements, the animal is 43.5 cm tall with thin limbs. The proximal segment of the legs provided a slightly higher waist (45.4 cm) than the distal one, (39.8 c). The animal is slightly smaller compared to those from the Scythian world, with sizes over 50 cm. During the re-inhumation process, the human bones were mixed with those of the meat offering which was laid into the pit during the initial funerals. The meat offering consisted of a part from the left limb of a cattle, slaughtered towards 2 years.","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123585526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.7
Octavian Munteanu, Mihai Băț, A. Zanoci
The present study brings to the foreground of discussions a certain type of artefacts, the importance of which in the process of analysing archaeological finds is difficult to overestimate, but which, unfortunately, was not used by the researchers to the proper extent. Thus, in the specialised literature there is no single work on the Iron Age brooches that were discovered on the present-day territory of the Republic of Moldova. Moreover, even when some specimens were introduced into scientific circulation, their publication was very sketchy, often without a clear and precise presentation of the context, and the illustrations accompanying incomplete texts in most cases are not clear enough for detailed analysis. Based on this situation, we decided to fill this historiographic gap and at the first stage we devoted our research to the iron brooches of the early La Tène scheme found on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. As a result of the investigation, a lot was allocated, consisting of 12 specimens, most of which were found on the territory of the Getic hillforts on the right bank of the Dniester. The degree of preservation of the items leaves much to be desired. The number of undamaged brooches is relatively small, and those preserved fragmentarily create sufficient impediments for the possibilities of classification. Despite these circumstances, a catalogue of early La Tène scheme brooches was developed, on the basis of which the main analogies were identified both in the neighbouring areas (Romania and Ukraine), and in Central Europe. We focused on tracing the chronological landmarks for the existing analogies, as well as evaluating the chronological framework of the presented artefacts. At the same time, we set out to follow the ways and means by which these brooches reached the Prut-Dniester area and, where possible, to highlight probable phenomena and processes that were behind the respective distribution of this type of artefacts.
{"title":"Following in the Celtic Trader’s Footsteps: Early La Tène Iron Brooches in the Republic of Moldova","authors":"Octavian Munteanu, Mihai Băț, A. Zanoci","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.7","url":null,"abstract":"The present study brings to the foreground of discussions a certain type of artefacts, the importance of which in the process of analysing archaeological finds is difficult to overestimate, but which, unfortunately, was not used by the researchers to the proper extent. Thus, in the specialised literature there is no single work on the Iron Age brooches that were discovered on the present-day territory of the Republic of Moldova. Moreover, even when some specimens were introduced into scientific circulation, their publication was very sketchy, often without a clear and precise presentation of the context, and the illustrations accompanying incomplete texts in most cases are not clear enough for detailed analysis. Based on this situation, we decided to fill this historiographic gap and at the first stage we devoted our research to the iron brooches of the early La Tène scheme found on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. As a result of the investigation, a lot was allocated, consisting of 12 specimens, most of which were found on the territory of the Getic hillforts on the right bank of the Dniester. The degree of preservation of the items leaves much to be desired. The number of undamaged brooches is relatively small, and those preserved fragmentarily create sufficient impediments for the possibilities of classification. Despite these circumstances, a catalogue of early La Tène scheme brooches was developed, on the basis of which the main analogies were identified both in the neighbouring areas (Romania and Ukraine), and in Central Europe. We focused on tracing the chronological landmarks for the existing analogies, as well as evaluating the chronological framework of the presented artefacts. At the same time, we set out to follow the ways and means by which these brooches reached the Prut-Dniester area and, where possible, to highlight probable phenomena and processes that were behind the respective distribution of this type of artefacts.","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122865810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.275
Antonio Jakimovski, Magdalena Manaskova
The archeological site Viničko Kale is in the southwest part of Vinica, Macedonia. The site has existed from prehistory to the Middle Ages. The attention of the scientific and general public to the Vinica Fortress is attracted by the accidental discovery of unusual ceramic tiles with relief paintings. Archaeological excavations began in 1985, first as protective research and later as systematic research, which periodically took place to this day. The research determined the stratigraphy of the site, which was more precisely defined during the last research campaigns, from 2008 to 2011.
{"title":"A Proposal for a New Dating of the Terracots from the Archaeological Site Viničko Kale","authors":"Antonio Jakimovski, Magdalena Manaskova","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.275","url":null,"abstract":"The archeological site Viničko Kale is in the southwest part of Vinica, Macedonia. The site has existed from prehistory to the Middle Ages. The attention of the scientific and general public to the Vinica Fortress is attracted by the accidental discovery of unusual ceramic tiles with relief paintings. Archaeological excavations began in 1985, first as protective research and later as systematic research, which periodically took place to this day. The research determined the stratigraphy of the site, which was more precisely defined during the last research campaigns, from 2008 to 2011.","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125065291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.151
M. Ciută, Radu Ota
The scope of this scientific endeavour is the analysis of the Roman funeral monument, recently recovered by the judicial bodies from a certain individual from Alba Iulia. Upon the presentation of the method of recovery of the monument, the authors refer to an unfortunate implications’ phenomenon for the cultural heritage, which is occurring in Alba Iulia, where under lies the largest urban concentration within the former Roman province, namely Dacia. We are referring to the urban centre Apulum where, each year, numerous vestiges come to light, because of archaeological exploitations. Unfortunately, in numerous courtyards of the inhabitants, there still are Roman monuments which should belong into a museum. It would not be unproductive for the competent institutions to identify, inventory and take the required steps to bring and enter them into the museum related circuit. The idea is to prevent the trend of owning Roman monuments from Alba Iulia, which was also observed amid highly educated families. The topic is a funeral limestone document, kept in a fragmented state, in the shape of a truncated pyramid, which has a relief sculpture in the image of the hero Hercules. From the iconographic standpoint is part of the Farnese type, depicting the hero upon the completion of one of his twelve deeds, the killing of the lion from Nemeea. Within his cult also arose the funeral element, depicted by numerous sculptural monuments. According to the mythology, upon taming Cerberus, the famous dog of Hades, the lord of the Inferno, the hero becomes a role model for every mortal. By such” deed” Hercules defeated Death, and the deed turned out to be an example which perpetuated into the conscience of the people. Thereafter, after this special action he was entered among the deities. The iconographic analysis found that the stonemason failed to accurately represent part of the anatomical features of the character (lack of gender, bent legs, poor representation of the hair and beard), the monument remaining unfinished (the sculptural relief is not finished on the left side). Moreover, there are interventions after the Roman era, probably from the Middle Ages or the modern age, when a channelling was engraved around the head that would mark a halo of the Christian Saints, and within the pubic area a clumsy incision which could render a vulva. The images of Hercules on the Roman funerary monuments are numerous throughout the entire Empire, as well as into the North Danube Province. But on this type of sepulchral monument – pyramidal crowning or in the shape of a truncated pyramid – this representation of the hero is unique within the Province of Dacia. In general, such crowning is found in Dacia Superior and Porolissensis, originating into the North-East of Italy, better said, Aquileea city, wherefrom it spread in Pannonia, Noricum, Dalmatia, Moesia Superior and Germania Superior.
{"title":"A Figurative Roman Period Monument Recently Recorded into the Collection of the National Union Museum Alba Iulia. Considerations Regarding its Significance","authors":"M. Ciută, Radu Ota","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.151","url":null,"abstract":"The scope of this scientific endeavour is the analysis of the Roman funeral monument, recently recovered by the judicial bodies from a certain individual from Alba Iulia. Upon the presentation of the method of recovery of the monument, the authors refer to an unfortunate implications’ phenomenon for the cultural heritage, which is occurring in Alba Iulia, where under lies the largest urban concentration within the former Roman province, namely Dacia. We are referring to the urban centre Apulum where, each year, numerous vestiges come to light, because of archaeological exploitations. Unfortunately, in numerous courtyards of the inhabitants, there still are Roman monuments which should belong into a museum. It would not be unproductive for the competent institutions to identify, inventory and take the required steps to bring and enter them into the museum related circuit. The idea is to prevent the trend of owning Roman monuments from Alba Iulia, which was also observed amid highly educated families. The topic is a funeral limestone document, kept in a fragmented state, in the shape of a truncated pyramid, which has a relief sculpture in the image of the hero Hercules. From the iconographic standpoint is part of the Farnese type, depicting the hero upon the completion of one of his twelve deeds, the killing of the lion from Nemeea. Within his cult also arose the funeral element, depicted by numerous sculptural monuments. According to the mythology, upon taming Cerberus, the famous dog of Hades, the lord of the Inferno, the hero becomes a role model for every mortal. By such” deed” Hercules defeated Death, and the deed turned out to be an example which perpetuated into the conscience of the people. Thereafter, after this special action he was entered among the deities. The iconographic analysis found that the stonemason failed to accurately represent part of the anatomical features of the character (lack of gender, bent legs, poor representation of the hair and beard), the monument remaining unfinished (the sculptural relief is not finished on the left side). Moreover, there are interventions after the Roman era, probably from the Middle Ages or the modern age, when a channelling was engraved around the head that would mark a halo of the Christian Saints, and within the pubic area a clumsy incision which could render a vulva. The images of Hercules on the Roman funerary monuments are numerous throughout the entire Empire, as well as into the North Danube Province. But on this type of sepulchral monument – pyramidal crowning or in the shape of a truncated pyramid – this representation of the hero is unique within the Province of Dacia. In general, such crowning is found in Dacia Superior and Porolissensis, originating into the North-East of Italy, better said, Aquileea city, wherefrom it spread in Pannonia, Noricum, Dalmatia, Moesia Superior and Germania Superior.","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131282553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.69
A. Rustoiu
1. Navigating on the Danube, from Ptolemy the son of Lagus to Neacșu of Câmpulung. The year 2021 marks the 500 anniversaries of the moment when Neacșu of Câmpulung wrote his letter, which many specialists considers to be the earliest attested document written in Romanian language. Since this is an important document for the history of Romanian literature, the following note will also be written in Romanian language. The sender of this letter, Neacșu of Câmpulung, was a merchant who was sending information to Hans Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, about the movements of Ottoman army along the Danube in the summer of 1521. Among the information are some regarding the way in which ships coming from the Bosphorus and the Black Sea navigated upstream on the Danube, through the Iron Gates, to Belgrade. This story echoes a quite similar one that happened eighteen centuries and a half earlier – the expedition of Alexander the Great to the Danube in 335 BC. The events were described by one witness who was part of the expedition: Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, a general of Alexander and future king of Egypt. The fragments describing the Danubian expedition are preserved in later works by Arrian and Strabo. According to them, while preparing the expedition to the east, Alexander the Great sought to first stabilize and pacify the northern territories of the kingdom. Therefore, in the spring of 335 BC, Alexander left Amphipolis to initiate a new expedition against the Triballi, who were chased up to the Danube. Led by king Syrmos, they took refuge on an island of the river, being also helped by the Getae living on the left bank of the Danube. Upon reaching the river, Alexander the Great met the “big ships” that came to help him from Byzantium, through the Black Sea and along the Danube (Arrian I, 3, 3). The alliance of the Getae and Triballi motivated Alexander to organize a one-day punishing raid to the north of the Danube. Several hypotheses have been proposed over time regarding the entire campaign and the location of the island on which the Triballi led by Syrmos took refuge, or the area where Alexander crossed the Danube (Fig. 1). F. Medeleţ had convincingly demonstrated that the army led by Alexander the Great reached the Danube near the Morava confluence. Al. Vulpe has objected to this hypothesis, mostly bringing into discussion the supposed difficulties encountered by the Macedonian fleet when attempting to navigate through the Iron Gates. However, the problem of passing through the Iron Gates cataracts was already solved in ancient time by towing the ships. The difficult conditions for the navigation through the cataracts were similar both before and after the Roman times, and until the modern age. Therefore, the information provided by Neacșu of Câmpulung about the Ottoman campaign along the Danube in 1521 is important. His description confirms that the Ottoman ships were towed, also indicating the way in which passage through the Danube’s Iron Gates was or
1. 在多瑙河上航行，从拉古斯的儿子托勒密到Neacșu的普隆。2021年是Neacșu of castulung写这封信的500周年纪念日，许多专家认为这是用罗马尼亚语写的最早的证明文件。由于这是罗马尼亚文学史上的一份重要文件，下面的注释也将用罗马尼亚语书写。这封信的寄信人是一位名叫Neacșu的商人，他把1521年夏天奥斯曼军队在多瑙河沿岸的动向发给了Brașov的市长汉斯·本克纳(Hans Benkner)。在这些信息中，有一些是关于来自博斯普鲁斯海峡和黑海的船只如何沿着多瑙河逆流而上，通过铁门到达贝尔格莱德的。这个故事与18个半世纪前发生的一个非常相似的故事相呼应——公元前335年亚历山大大帝远征多瑙河。探险队的一名目击者描述了这些事件:托勒密，拉古斯的儿子，亚历山大的将军，未来的埃及国王。描述多瑙河探险的片段保存在阿里安和斯特拉博后来的作品中。根据他们的说法，在准备向东远征时，亚历山大大帝首先寻求稳定和安抚王国的北部领土。因此，在公元前335年春天，亚历山大离开安菲波利斯，开始了对特里巴利人的新远征，他们被追到了多瑙河。在西莫斯国王的带领下，他们在多瑙河左岸的基太人的帮助下，在河边的一个岛上避难。到达河流后，亚历山大大帝遇到了从拜占庭来帮助他的“大船”，穿过黑海，沿着多瑙河(阿里安I, 3,3)。基塔人和Triballi的联盟促使亚历山大组织了一次为期一天的多瑙河北部的惩罚性袭击。随着时间的推移，关于整个战役和西莫斯领导的特里巴利人避难的岛屿的位置，或者亚历山大渡过多瑙河的地区，人们提出了几种假设(图1)。F. medeleur令人信服地证明，亚历山大大帝领导的军队到达了摩拉瓦汇合处附近的多瑙河。Al. Vulpe反对这一假设，主要是讨论马其顿舰队在试图通过铁门航行时遇到的所谓困难。然而，通过铁门瀑布的问题在古代已经通过拖船解决了。在罗马时代之前和之后，直到现代，通过瀑布航行的困难条件都是相似的。因此，关于1521年奥斯曼帝国在多瑙河沿岸的战役，由姆普隆网站Neacșu提供的信息是很重要的。他的描述证实了奥斯曼船只是被拖曳的，也表明了通过多瑙河铁门的通道是如何组织的。因此，公元前335年，拜占庭的“大船”从铁门上游航行而来支持亚历山大大帝的想法是可信的。这一假说由弗洛林·梅德勒普罗斯提出，仍然是最令人信服的假说，比迄今提出的所有其他假说都更有说服力。2. 从特兰西瓦尼亚的“凯尔特”到“达契亚地平线”的武器和战士身份的“铠甲”。特兰西瓦尼亚的铁器时代晚期被定义为两个文化和时间水平:“凯尔特水平”(约公元前350年至公元前190/175年)和“达契亚水平”(约公元前190/175年至公元106年)。很少被讨论的一个方面是，在上述每个文化和时间视界中，这些“panoplies”如何定义这些精英的特定社会身份，这是铁器时代晚期喀尔巴阡山脉内部地区的特征。“凯尔特”和“达契亚地平线”特有的“标准”武器装备的比较表明，两者既有相似之处，也有差异。更准确地说，这些护甲在功能上非常相似。在葬礼上，这些武器象征着好战的身份。然而，在社会环境中，军事身份的建构和表达方式却因地而异。“凯尔特”战士与他所生活的社区密切相关，与社区的其他成员一起被埋葬在属于他的群体、氏族或家庭的区域，使用他的社会地位和身份的所有标志。另一方面，“达契亚”战士属于等级制社会，这种社会的特点是山顶堡垒的出现，周围环绕着依赖的农村腹地。因此，尽管在武器装备的功能结构上有明显的相似之处，但这两个视界的战士属于两种截然不同的社会组织模式。
{"title":"Commentaria archaeologica et historica (IV)","authors":"A. Rustoiu","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.69","url":null,"abstract":"1. Navigating on the Danube, from Ptolemy the son of Lagus to Neacșu of Câmpulung. The year 2021 marks the 500 anniversaries of the moment when Neacșu of Câmpulung wrote his letter, which many specialists considers to be the earliest attested document written in Romanian language. Since this is an important document for the history of Romanian literature, the following note will also be written in Romanian language. The sender of this letter, Neacșu of Câmpulung, was a merchant who was sending information to Hans Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, about the movements of Ottoman army along the Danube in the summer of 1521. Among the information are some regarding the way in which ships coming from the Bosphorus and the Black Sea navigated upstream on the Danube, through the Iron Gates, to Belgrade. This story echoes a quite similar one that happened eighteen centuries and a half earlier – the expedition of Alexander the Great to the Danube in 335 BC. The events were described by one witness who was part of the expedition: Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, a general of Alexander and future king of Egypt. The fragments describing the Danubian expedition are preserved in later works by Arrian and Strabo. According to them, while preparing the expedition to the east, Alexander the Great sought to first stabilize and pacify the northern territories of the kingdom. Therefore, in the spring of 335 BC, Alexander left Amphipolis to initiate a new expedition against the Triballi, who were chased up to the Danube. Led by king Syrmos, they took refuge on an island of the river, being also helped by the Getae living on the left bank of the Danube. Upon reaching the river, Alexander the Great met the “big ships” that came to help him from Byzantium, through the Black Sea and along the Danube (Arrian I, 3, 3). The alliance of the Getae and Triballi motivated Alexander to organize a one-day punishing raid to the north of the Danube. Several hypotheses have been proposed over time regarding the entire campaign and the location of the island on which the Triballi led by Syrmos took refuge, or the area where Alexander crossed the Danube (Fig. 1). F. Medeleţ had convincingly demonstrated that the army led by Alexander the Great reached the Danube near the Morava confluence. Al. Vulpe has objected to this hypothesis, mostly bringing into discussion the supposed difficulties encountered by the Macedonian fleet when attempting to navigate through the Iron Gates. However, the problem of passing through the Iron Gates cataracts was already solved in ancient time by towing the ships. The difficult conditions for the navigation through the cataracts were similar both before and after the Roman times, and until the modern age. Therefore, the information provided by Neacșu of Câmpulung about the Ottoman campaign along the Danube in 1521 is important. His description confirms that the Ottoman ships were towed, also indicating the way in which passage through the Danube’s Iron Gates was or","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122543264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.187
L. Petculescu
The Roman items the author dealt with in this paper include weapons and armour (nos. 1–5 and probably 23), personal equipment (nos. 6–11), cavalry equipment and horse harness (nos. 12–21), possibly civilian and unidentifiable items (nos. 22–24) and a late Roman buckle (no. 25). The similarities between these objects and those from the occupation layers of the Roman forts dated at the end of the 1st century AD are evidence of their origin in a siege camp at the foot of the hill where the Dacian fortification was located. The presence of lorica segmentata fittings in this assemblage together with the parallels of the most personal equipment found in Vindonissa fortress point to the quartering of a legionary vexillation in this camp. And the large proportion of horse gear among all the military equipment suggests the inclusion of a cavalry detachment in the besieging force of the Dacian fort.
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Pub Date : 2022-02-10DOI: 10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.121
Andrei Georgescu, Adrian Ardelean, A. Sărășan
The area surrounding the medieval fortress of Jdioara is known for numerous discoveries of coins dated to the Late Iron Age. This, together with the specific toponym of the fortress encouraged us to survey the area for a possible prehistoric or ancient settlement. We discovered such a site just 200 m north of the medieval citadel on a cape surrounded from three sides by the river Nădrag. In order to better understand the evolution of the site and set the parameters for future investigations we focused on three main objectives. The first objective involved obtaining an accurate Digital Elevation Model of the surface, in order to better understand the anthropic interventions and potential areas of habitation. Our second task focused on geophysical mapping of the main terrace in order to identify the archaeological structures present on this area. Lastly, the gathering of materials from the surface and from a small test-trench allowed us to sketch some chronological landmarks of this settlement. Thus, two main terraces with traces of habitation as well as an access road to these enclosures, guarded by a possible tower-dwelling, were discovered. The material collected from the surface allowed us to identify at least two phases of habitation. The first one dates from the end of the Early Iron Age, while the latest belongs to the Dacian horizon.
{"title":"Crivina-Leopoldsberg – A Newly Discovered Iron Age Hilltop Settlement from Southwestern Romania","authors":"Andrei Georgescu, Adrian Ardelean, A. Sărășan","doi":"10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2021.31.121","url":null,"abstract":"The area surrounding the medieval fortress of Jdioara is known for numerous discoveries of coins dated to the Late Iron Age. This, together with the specific toponym of the fortress encouraged us to survey the area for a possible prehistoric or ancient settlement. We discovered such a site just 200 m north of the medieval citadel on a cape surrounded from three sides by the river Nădrag. In order to better understand the evolution of the site and set the parameters for future investigations we focused on three main objectives. The first objective involved obtaining an accurate Digital Elevation Model of the surface, in order to better understand the anthropic interventions and potential areas of habitation. Our second task focused on geophysical mapping of the main terrace in order to identify the archaeological structures present on this area. Lastly, the gathering of materials from the surface and from a small test-trench allowed us to sketch some chronological landmarks of this settlement. Thus, two main terraces with traces of habitation as well as an access road to these enclosures, guarded by a possible tower-dwelling, were discovered. The material collected from the surface allowed us to identify at least two phases of habitation. The first one dates from the end of the Early Iron Age, while the latest belongs to the Dacian horizon.","PeriodicalId":365458,"journal":{"name":"Ephemeris Napocensis","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133621797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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