Communicating Science in Times of Crisis最新文献

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Controlling the Narrative 控制叙事

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH16

R. Littlefield

The talking points of the Administration reflected a range of narratives that sharply contrasted with objective scientific facts and assessments presented by members of the scientific and public health communities. The theoretical framework describes the rational world and narrative paradigms;truth and credibility in decision-making;and the convergence of “fake news, " counternarratives, and conspiracy theories as they reveal the tensions between science and politics. Reliance on science as a basis for making sound policy decisions generally has prevailed, with a few exceptions. Due to mainstream media’s depiction of the pandemic as apocalyptic, a counternarrative to the primary narrative emerged, supporting the recommendations of public health officials and scientific experts. President Trump’s narratives outlining potential treatment for COVID-19 ran counter to science. The chapter offers examples of key themes and mixed messages to illustrate the conflicting positions, followed by discussion and directions for future research. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

行政当局的谈话要点反映了一系列与科学和公共卫生界成员提出的客观科学事实和评估形成鲜明对比的叙述。该理论框架描述了理性世界和叙事范式;决策中的真相和可信度;以及“假新闻”、反叙事和阴谋论的融合，因为它们揭示了科学与政治之间的紧张关系。除了少数例外，普遍依赖科学作为制定合理政策的基础。由于主流媒体将大流行描述为世界末日，出现了一种与主要叙述相反的叙述，支持公共卫生官员和科学专家的建议。特朗普总统概述COVID-19潜在治疗方法的叙述与科学背道而驰。本章提供了关键主题和混合信息的例子，以说明相互冲突的立场，随后是讨论和未来研究的方向。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 1

Toward a New Model of Public Relations Crisis and Risk Communication Following Pandemics 流行病后公共关系危机与风险沟通新模式探讨

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH10

Z. Chen, Z. Li, Grace Ji, D. Stacks, B. Yook

This chapter examines how the COVID-19 pandemic started much like other crises, especially those of a medical nature. It also examines how that pandemic crisis morphed from a “natural cause” through miscues and missed opportunities to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities that allowed what was a medical crisis to morph into a socio-political, economic, and cultural crisis. The chapter provides a non-linear model of crisis communication management and focuses on the impact of the social media in altering, advancing, and modifying the crisis over time. Several factors constrain the effectiveness of risk communication efforts. The B.A.S.I.C. model can be applied to both non-crisis-related public relations/communication management programs and those related to crisis communication management. Research studies have demonstrated that the essential role of social media in crisis management with a large number of users and real-time use. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章探讨了COVID-19大流行是如何像其他危机一样开始的，尤其是那些具有医学性质的危机。报告还考察了这场大流行危机是如何通过失误和错失的机会，从“自然原因”演变为识别和减轻脆弱性的，从而使一场医疗危机演变为一场社会政治、经济和文化危机。本章提供了一个危机沟通管理的非线性模型，并重点关注社交媒体在改变、推进和修改危机方面的影响。有几个因素限制了风险沟通工作的有效性。b.a.s.i.c模型既适用于非危机公关/传播管理项目，也适用于危机公关管理项目。研究表明，社交媒体在危机管理中的重要作用具有大量的用户和实时性。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 0

Comprehending Covidiocy Communication 理解传染病传播

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH2

Brian H. Spitzberg

This chapter examines the conceptual categories of fake news and conspiracy theory as well as selective theoretical perspectives that elucidate the reasons for their efficacy. It reviews several taxonomies and typologies relevant to the spectrum of dismisinformation. Fake news takes numerous potential forms of misinformation in the transmedia environment, including “false connection, false context, context manipulation, satire or parody, misleading content, deceiving content, and made-up content.” The distinction between routine political polarization and identity politics, and disinformation, may be difficult to ascertain. A basic function of conspiracy theories and fake news is likely to be uncertainty reduction in the context of threatening or anxiety-provoking uncertainty. The narrative immersion model extends narrative theory into health communication specifically. There is a plenty of space for critical and interpretive theory to contribute to managing such crises. Implying that there are no immutable truths to such crises is not only untenable but dangerous. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章考察了假新闻和阴谋论的概念类别，以及选择性的理论观点，阐明了其功效的原因。它回顾了几种分类和类型学相关的频谱驳回信息。假新闻在跨媒体环境中有许多潜在的错误信息形式，包括“虚假联系、虚假背景、背景操纵、讽刺或模仿、误导内容、欺骗内容和编造内容”。常规政治两极分化、身份政治和虚假信息之间的区别可能很难确定。阴谋论和假新闻的一个基本功能可能是在威胁或引发焦虑的不确定性背景下减少不确定性。叙事沉浸模式将叙事理论具体地扩展到健康传播中。批判性和解释性理论在管理此类危机方面有很大的空间。暗示这些危机不存在永恒不变的真理，不仅站不住脚，而且是危险的。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 0

Communication and COVID‐19 通信与COVID - 19

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH4

K. Real, K. Hamilton, Terri Zborowsky, Debbie D. Gregory

This chapter examines communication and evidence-based design (EBD) research, theory, and practice applicable to COVID-19. It also examines how frameworks of hazard control and risk perception can address pandemic responses in the design of healthcare systems. The chapter describes how the pandemic has affected typical hospital design, the use of communication technology in this new context, and how communication and EBD alter in times of crisis. Theories of public health and infection control have been driving the practice of healthcare for many years. A fundamental theory for understanding communication, COVID-19, and healthcare design would be systems theory. Risk and crisis communication scholars have long noted how the uncertainty of situations require adequate communication. Research findings indicate a relationship between built healthcare environments and patient care processes, quality, and care outcomes. The problem for epidemics and pandemics is the overwhelming number of contagious cases. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章探讨了适用于COVID-19的沟通和循证设计(EBD)研究、理论和实践。它还研究了危害控制和风险认知框架如何在卫生保健系统设计中应对大流行。本章描述了大流行如何影响典型的医院设计，在这种新背景下通信技术的使用，以及通信和EBD在危机时期如何变化。多年来，公共卫生和感染控制理论一直在推动医疗保健实践。理解沟通、COVID-19和医疗保健设计的基本理论将是系统理论。风险和危机沟通学者早就注意到，情况的不确定性需要充分的沟通。研究结果表明，构建的医疗环境与患者护理过程、质量和护理结果之间存在关系。流行病和大流行病的问题是大量的传染性病例。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 1

Overcoming Obstacles to Collective Action by Communicating Compassion in Science 通过在科学中传播同情来克服集体行动的障碍

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH7

Erin B. Hester, Bobi Ivanov, Kimberly A. Parker

This chapter examines the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, explains why traditional approaches to science communication that rely almost entirely on analytical information are insufficient to motivate collective action. The coronavirus pandemic presented yet another collective action problem: the suppression of infectious disease provides a non-rival, non-excludable benefit for the global population. One of the biggest challenges in collective action problems is motivating individuals to act in ways that benefit people other than themselves. Strategies that motivate compassion- the concern for another’s undeserved suffering and the desire to minimize it-may be the most helpful in addressing collective action problems. Showing the adverse consequences that COVID-19 can inflict on the vulnerable others should facilitate the experience of compassion by way of their blamelessness and deservingness of assistance. In addition to compassion appeals and moral reframing, narratives offer yet another approach that could aid in the elicitation of compassion for the purpose of motivating collective action. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章以2019冠状病毒病大流行为例，解释了为什么几乎完全依赖分析性信息的传统科学传播方法不足以激励集体行动。冠状病毒大流行提出了另一个集体行动问题:抑制传染病为全球人口提供了一种非竞争性、非排他性的利益。集体行动问题的最大挑战之一是激励个人以有利于他人而不是自己的方式行动。激发同情心的策略——关心他人不应得的痛苦，并希望将其最小化——可能对解决集体行动问题最有帮助。展示COVID-19可能给其他弱势群体造成的不利后果，应该通过他们的无可指责和值得帮助来促进同情的体验。除了同情诉求和道德重建，叙事还提供了另一种方法，可以帮助激发同情，以激励集体行动。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

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引用次数: 0

Social Media Surveillance and (Dis)Misinformation in the COVID‐19 Pandemic COVID - 19大流行中的社交媒体监测和(传播)错误信息

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH12

Brian H. Spitzberg, Ming-Hsiang Tsou, M. Gawron

This chapter considers the virality of messages about the COVID-19 pandemic, with an interest in the ways in which systematic surveillance of such messages can serve important policy objectives, particularly in regard to managing the relative accuracy of public health information campaigns and the viability of the healthcare delivery response. Dismisinformation is amplified by social reinforcement forces in echo chambers, information bubbles, and homophilous networks further facilitated by the nature of social media. A number of hashtags related to dismisinformation have strong collocation and synchronization properties. The “COVID is a hoax/overblown” theme is coupled with the classic anti-vaccination theme of forced vaccinations and resulting autism. The bewildering variety of untruths uttered about COVID suggests a productive but rather random mechanism at work. Different platforms, cultures, and languages can produce different conversations about epidemics and the narratives and conspiracy theories attributed to such outbreaks. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章考虑了关于COVID-19大流行的信息的病毒性，并对系统监测此类信息的方式感兴趣，以便为重要的政策目标服务，特别是在管理公共卫生信息运动的相对准确性和卫生保健服务应对的可行性方面。在回音室、信息泡沫和同质网络等社会强化力量的作用下，虚假信息被放大，而社交媒体的性质又进一步促进了这种力量。许多与驳斥错误信息相关的标签具有很强的搭配和同步特性。“COVID是一个骗局/夸大其词”的主题与强迫接种疫苗导致自闭症的经典反疫苗主题相结合。关于COVID的各种谎言令人眼花缭乱，这表明一种富有成效但相当随机的机制在起作用。不同的平台、文化和语言可以产生关于流行病的不同对话，以及归因于此类疫情的叙述和阴谋论。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 0

The Use of Telehealth in Behavioral Health and Educational Contexts during COVID‐19 and Beyond 在COVID - 19及以后的行为健康和教育背景下使用远程医疗

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH9

Alyssa L. Clements-Hickman, Jade A. Hollan, C. Drew, Vanessa M. Hinton, R. J. Reese

This chapter provides an overview of how COVID-19 has impacted service delivery for behavioral health and education specialists. It aims to address some of the issues and to serve as an introduction to helping professionals who wish to learn more about telehealth service delivery in behavioral health and educational service contexts. The chapter offers supporting research and practical suggestions for utilizing technology for these service delivery settings beyond the current pandemic. For delivering behavioral health services, it considers only the psychological service of individual psychotherapy although group therapy and psychological assessment are both services that are also relevant and important to consider. The spread of COVID-19 has been associated with an emergent need for healthcare professionals to modify their provision of mental health services. The chapter discusses telepractice for early childhood interventions and for children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual and developmental disabilities. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章概述了COVID-19如何影响行为健康和教育专家的服务提供。它的目的是解决一些问题，并作为一个介绍，帮助那些希望更多地了解在行为健康和教育服务背景下提供远程保健服务的专业人员。本章提供了支持性研究和实用建议，以便在当前大流行之后在这些服务提供环境中利用技术。在提供行为健康服务方面，它只考虑个人心理治疗的心理服务，尽管团体治疗和心理评估都是相关的和重要的考虑服务。COVID-19的传播与卫生保健专业人员迫切需要修改其提供的精神卫生服务有关。本章讨论了远程实践的早期儿童干预和儿童自闭症谱系障碍和智力和发育障碍。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 0

Communicating Death and Dying in the COVID‐19 Pandemic 在COVID - 19大流行中传播死亡和死亡

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH17

William D. Nowling, M. Seeger

This chapter seeks to expand on the research by Andrade et al. on mortality and rumor generation during Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico to better understand how affected publics seek to resolve uncertainty and build resilience in times of crisis. The data on mortality and morbidity that are reported and the ways those data are communicated are important aspects of crisis communication. The chapter describes the processes and challenge of reporting disease data and what is reported. In the early stages of the pandemic, reliable disease data were limited to the number of positive cases and, as time wore on, deaths. Data on incidence, prevalence, hospitalizations, mortality, and morbidity during crises including pandemics serve several functions. The chapter also describes the functions of disease reporting and examines the reporting of COVID-19 data. Data on testing, for example, is a measure of disease prevalence and the level of community spread at a particular point in time. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章旨在扩展Andrade等人对波多黎各飓风玛丽亚期间死亡率和谣言产生的研究，以更好地了解受影响的公众如何在危机时期寻求解决不确定性和建立复原力。报告的死亡率和发病率数据以及这些数据的传播方式是危机沟通的重要方面。本章描述了报告疾病数据的过程和挑战以及报告的内容。在大流行的早期阶段，可靠的疾病数据仅限于阳性病例的数量，随着时间的推移，也仅限于死亡人数。关于包括大流行病在内的危机期间的发病率、流行率、住院率、死亡率和发病率的数据具有多种功能。本章还介绍了疾病报告的功能，并对COVID-19数据的报告进行了审查。例如，检测数据是衡量某一特定时间点的疾病流行程度和社区传播水平。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 1

Perspective Change in a Time of Crisis 危机时刻的观点转变

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH11

H. Lillie, Manusheela Pokharel, M. Bergstrom, Jakob D. Jensen

By the end of January 2020, the World Health Organization had declared the COVID-19 pandemic a global health emergency. This chapter presents a rationale for producing messages that promote critical reflection through discrete emotion, focusing on surprise. It presents two message experiments conducted at different timepoints during the COVID-19 pandemic. These experiments illustrate message features that generate surprise, the surprise-critical reflection process, the outcomes of critical reflection, and the effect of information overload and perceived COVID-19 exaggeration on the hypothesized relationships. In a crisis media environment, messages must be designed to cut through message overload and contradictory messages in order to encourage and promote critical reflection. Critical reflection may also support the epistemology of critical communication research and theory. Future research should build on the arguments to form a greater theoretical understanding of critical reflection related to communication. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

2020年1月底，世界卫生组织宣布2019冠状病毒病大流行为全球卫生紧急情况。本章介绍了通过离散情感促进批判性反思的基本原理，重点是惊喜。它介绍了在COVID-19大流行期间不同时间点进行的两个信息实验。这些实验说明了产生惊喜的信息特征、惊喜-关键反思过程、关键反思的结果，以及信息过载和感知到的COVID-19夸大对假设关系的影响。在危机媒体环境中，信息的设计必须能够突破信息过载和矛盾信息，以鼓励和促进批判性反思。批判性反思也可以支持批判性传播研究和理论的认识论。未来的研究应该建立在这些论点的基础上，以形成对与传播有关的批判性反思的更大的理论理解。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

引用次数: 1

Communicating the Science of COVID‐19 to Children 向儿童传播COVID - 19科学

Communicating Science in Times of Crisis

Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.1002/9781119751809.CH8

J. Cook, T. Sellnow, Deanna D. Sellnow, Adam Parrish, R. Soares

This chapter describes and evaluates WUCF’s efforts to adapt their Meet the Helpers program to address the long-standing threat of a global pandemic. It offers a more detailed review of the IDEA (internalization, distribution, explanation, and action) model and introduce the concept of collective efficacy as the ultimate behavioral learning outcome desired in response to COVID’19. The IDEA model has demonstrated its utility as a viable framework for designing and distributing effective instructional messages for mitigating harm and taking protective actions, thereby, providing the theoretical grounding for this analysis. The chapter describes the adaptations made in the Meet the Helpers program to meet the challenge of collective efficacy. Meet the Helpers was distributed through a variety of channels with a consistent message about what the coronavirus is and how to stay safe and healthy. The chapter provides conclusions and recommendations for communicating collective efficacy to children in healthrelated crises such as pandemics. © 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

本章描述和评估了世界儿童基金会为应对长期存在的全球流行病威胁而调整“与帮助者见面”计划的努力。它对IDEA(内化、分布、解释和行动)模型进行了更详细的审查，并引入了集体效能的概念，作为应对COVID - 19所需的最终行为学习结果。IDEA模型已经证明了它作为设计和分发有效的教学信息以减轻伤害和采取保护行动的可行框架的效用，从而为本分析提供了理论基础。本章描述了“遇见帮助者”项目为应对集体效能的挑战所做的调整。《认识帮助者》通过各种渠道分发，传达了关于冠状病毒是什么以及如何保持安全和健康的一致信息。本章提供结论和建议，以便在流行病等与健康有关的危机中向儿童宣传集体效能。©2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc。

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