Ferroelectric memories have been studied for ∼60 years since their first suggestion in 1952. The material properties of ferroelectrics are considered ideal for universal memories with the availability of electrical program/erase and read processes. However, challenges in the physical scaling down of bulk ferroelectric materials were a critical hurdle for the success of ferroelectric materials. In 2011, ferroelectricity in HfO2-based thin film was first reported, and this unexpected discovery revived research on ferroelectric memories. In this review, the properties, history, and applications of HfO2-based ferroelectrics are reviewed, and a perspective on semiconductor devices based on them is provided.
{"title":"Renaissance of Ferroelectric Memories: Can They Be a Game-changer?","authors":"M. Park","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.028","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroelectric memories have been studied for ∼60 years since their first suggestion in 1952. The material properties of ferroelectrics are considered ideal for universal memories with the availability of electrical program/erase and read processes. However, challenges in the physical scaling down of bulk ferroelectric materials were a critical hurdle for the success of ferroelectric materials. In 2011, ferroelectricity in HfO2-based thin film was first reported, and this unexpected discovery revived research on ferroelectric memories. In this review, the properties, history, and applications of HfO2-based ferroelectrics are reviewed, and a perspective on semiconductor devices based on them is provided.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131336213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The brief history of ferroelectrics and related piezoelectrics and pyroelectrics is reviewed in terms of basic science and application. In 1920, J. Valasek discovered the ferroelectricity of Rochelle salt. Since then ferroelectrics have been widely used for sensors, actuators, and electronic and optical devices. Also, phase transitions in solids and hysteretic switching dynamics have been studied in ferroelectrics.
{"title":"One Hundred Years of Ferroelectrics","authors":"Da Jeong Kim, T. Song","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.025","url":null,"abstract":"The brief history of ferroelectrics and related piezoelectrics and pyroelectrics is reviewed in terms of basic science and application. In 1920, J. Valasek discovered the ferroelectricity of Rochelle salt. Since then ferroelectrics have been widely used for sensors, actuators, and electronic and optical devices. Also, phase transitions in solids and hysteretic switching dynamics have been studied in ferroelectrics.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125411554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research Center for Dielectric Study was supported by the Korean Research Foundation from the government. In 1991, Professor Jang, Min-Soo along with 22 other professors, received a research grant of 7 billion won for 10 years, which enabled the Korean Ferroelectric Research Society to be competitive globally. The 9th International Meeting on Ferroelectricity, which is held every four years, was held in Seoul in 1997. The first dielectric joint symposium organized by condensed-matter physics and materials science researchers was held in 2005. The Korean Dielectrics Society was established at Muju resort in 2017, with Professors Tae Won Noh and Jaichan Lee representing the condensed-matter physics and materials science communities, respectively. Currently, more than 300 members are actively participating in the Korean Dielectric Society. To celebrate the 100th anniversary of ferroelectricity, which was fist discovered in Rochelle salt by Joseph Valasek in 1921, we organized a special session in the 2020 Korean Physics Society Fall Meeting.
{"title":"History of Korea Ferroelectric Research","authors":"S. Bu, I. Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.026","url":null,"abstract":"Research Center for Dielectric Study was supported by the Korean Research Foundation from the government. In 1991, Professor Jang, Min-Soo along with 22 other professors, received a research grant of 7 billion won for 10 years, which enabled the Korean Ferroelectric Research Society to be competitive globally. The 9th International Meeting on Ferroelectricity, which is held every four years, was held in Seoul in 1997. The first dielectric joint symposium organized by condensed-matter physics and materials science researchers was held in 2005. The Korean Dielectrics Society was established at Muju resort in 2017, with Professors Tae Won Noh and Jaichan Lee representing the condensed-matter physics and materials science communities, respectively. Currently, more than 300 members are actively participating in the Korean Dielectric Society. To celebrate the 100th anniversary of ferroelectricity, which was fist discovered in Rochelle salt by Joseph Valasek in 1921, we organized a special session in the 2020 Korean Physics Society Fall Meeting.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127622197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in 1920, dielectric research has provided a variety of fundamental physics problems and sustainable applications. Advances in synthesis and nanoscale characterization, along with theoretical innovations, have made ferroelectrics more versatile. In this perspective, we discuss several directions for future ferroelectric research in terms of flexoelectricity, ferroelectric topology, and lattice defects, as well as cooperation with associated fields.
{"title":"New Horizons for Ferroelectrics","authors":"Chan-Ho Yang","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.029","url":null,"abstract":"Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in 1920, dielectric research has provided a variety of fundamental physics problems and sustainable applications. Advances in synthesis and nanoscale characterization, along with theoretical innovations, have made ferroelectrics more versatile. In this perspective, we discuss several directions for future ferroelectric research in terms of flexoelectricity, ferroelectric topology, and lattice defects, as well as cooperation with associated fields.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123254939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy harvesting is the process by which energy can be obtained from external sources and used for wearable electronics and wireless sensor networks. Piezoelectric nanogenerators are energy harvesting devices that convert mechanical energy into electric energy by using nanostructured materials. This article summarizes work to date on piezoelectric nanogenerators, starting with the basic theory of piezo- and flexo-electricity and moving through reports on nanogenerators using nanostructures, flexible substrates and alternative materials. A sufficient power generated from nanogenerators suggests feasible applications for either power sources or strain sensors of highly integrated nanodevices. Further improvements in nanogenerators holds promise for the development of self-powered implantable and wearable electronics.
{"title":"Piezoelectricity and Flexoelectricity from an Energy Harvesting Perspective: Nanogenerators","authors":"Y. Hwang","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.027","url":null,"abstract":"Energy harvesting is the process by which energy can be obtained from external sources and used for wearable electronics and wireless sensor networks. Piezoelectric nanogenerators are energy harvesting devices that convert mechanical energy into electric energy by using nanostructured materials. This article summarizes work to date on piezoelectric nanogenerators, starting with the basic theory of piezo- and flexo-electricity and moving through reports on nanogenerators using nanostructures, flexible substrates and alternative materials. A sufficient power generated from nanogenerators suggests feasible applications for either power sources or strain sensors of highly integrated nanodevices. Further improvements in nanogenerators holds promise for the development of self-powered implantable and wearable electronics.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124677750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is 100 years when we think about the history of ferroelectricity. We, who study ferroelectricity, are honored and pleased to share the 100-year anniversary of ferroelectricity and recall its history. At this great moment, we look back to the brief history on the verge of ferroelectricity. Our hope is that ferroelectricity studied as an early collective phenomenon will be coupled with quantum behavior, the essence of modern science, to become a new age in the history of science and technology.
{"title":"Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of Ferroelectricity","authors":"Jaichan Lee","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.024","url":null,"abstract":"It is 100 years when we think about the history of ferroelectricity. We, who study ferroelectricity, are honored and pleased to share the 100-year anniversary of ferroelectricity and recall its history. At this great moment, we look back to the brief history on the verge of ferroelectricity. Our hope is that ferroelectricity studied as an early collective phenomenon will be coupled with quantum behavior, the essence of modern science, to become a new age in the history of science and technology.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130199677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), which is the Korean first lunar and space exploration spacecraft, will be launched in August 2022 and arrive in a lunar orbit in December 2022. The KPLO will carry out nominal missions while in a lunar polar orbit an ~100-km altitude for one year. The KPLO has five lunar science mission payloads and one technology demonstration payload in order to achieve their own science and technology goals. The science payloads consist of four Korean domestic instruments and one internationally collaborated science instrument for scientific investigations on the lunar surface and in a space environment. The Korean dometstic science instruments are the gamma-ray spectrometer named KGRS, the wide-angle polarimetric camera named PolCam, the fluxgate magnetometer named KMAG, and the high resolution camera named LUTI. The name of the internationally collaborated science instrument is ShandowCam, which was developed by Arizona State University, U.S., and funded and managed by NASA. The science data acquired by the science payloads will be released to the public in order to enhance scientific and educational achievements. The science data acquired by each science instrument will be archived and released through the web sites of the KPDS (KARI Planetary Data System) for the Korean science instruments and the NASA PDS (Planetary Data System) for the internationally collaborated science instrument.
{"title":"Science Missions of the Korean Lunar Exploration Program","authors":"J. Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.021","url":null,"abstract":"The Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO), which is the Korean first lunar and space exploration spacecraft, will be launched in August 2022 and arrive in a lunar orbit in December 2022. The KPLO will carry out nominal missions while in a lunar polar orbit an ~100-km altitude for one year. The KPLO has five lunar science mission payloads and one technology demonstration payload in order to achieve their own science and technology goals. The science payloads consist of four Korean domestic instruments and one internationally collaborated science instrument for scientific investigations on the lunar surface and in a space environment. The Korean dometstic science instruments are the gamma-ray spectrometer named KGRS, the wide-angle polarimetric camera named PolCam, the fluxgate magnetometer named KMAG, and the high resolution camera named LUTI. The name of the internationally collaborated science instrument is ShandowCam, which was developed by Arizona State University, U.S., and funded and managed by NASA. The science data acquired by the science payloads will be released to the public in order to enhance scientific and educational achievements. The science data acquired by each science instrument will be archived and released through the web sites of the KPDS (KARI Planetary Data System) for the Korean science instruments and the NASA PDS (Planetary Data System) for the internationally collaborated science instrument.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131588320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The asteroid Apophis is one of the most potentially hazardous objects to Earth in human history, and many countries are paying attention to its 2029 approach to Earth. The asteroid’s 2029 encounter will not only greatly help promote understanding of the asteroid itself, but will also be a great opportunity to acquire knowledge of this Earth-threatening asteroid. The KASI (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) is now conducting a pre-phase A study for the rendezvous mission to Apophis. In this article, I would like to explain the importance of research on the asteroid Apophis and address the scientific goals of this exploration mission.
{"title":"Scientific Goals of Rendezvous Mission to Apophis","authors":"Myung-Jin Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.023","url":null,"abstract":"The asteroid Apophis is one of the most potentially hazardous objects to Earth in human history, and many countries are paying attention to its 2029 approach to Earth. The asteroid’s 2029 encounter will not only greatly help promote understanding of the asteroid itself, but will also be a great opportunity to acquire knowledge of this Earth-threatening asteroid. The KASI (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute) is now conducting a pre-phase A study for the rendezvous mission to Apophis. In this article, I would like to explain the importance of research on the asteroid Apophis and address the scientific goals of this exploration mission.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132068041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yeon-Han Kim, Kyungsuk Cho, Seonghwan Choi, S. Bong, Coronagraph Team
The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), in collaboration with the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), has been developing a diagnostic coronagraph to be deployed in 2023 on the International Space Station (ISS). The mission is known as “Coronal Diagnostic Experiment (CODEX)”, which is designed to obtain simultaneous measurements of the electron density, temperature, and velocity in the 2.5- to 10-Rs range by using multiple filters. The coronagraph will be installed and operated on the ISS to understand the physical conditions in the solar wind acceleration region and to enable and validate the next generation space weather models.
{"title":"Development of a Diagnostic Coronagraph for Use on the International Space Station","authors":"Yeon-Han Kim, Kyungsuk Cho, Seonghwan Choi, S. Bong, Coronagraph Team","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.022","url":null,"abstract":"The Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), in collaboration with the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), has been developing a diagnostic coronagraph to be deployed in 2023 on the International Space Station (ISS). The mission is known as “Coronal Diagnostic Experiment (CODEX)”, which is designed to obtain simultaneous measurements of the electron density, temperature, and velocity in the 2.5- to 10-Rs range by using multiple filters. The coronagraph will be installed and operated on the ISS to understand the physical conditions in the solar wind acceleration region and to enable and validate the next generation space weather models.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125106862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial intelligence gaining popularity not only in the computational engineering industry but also in fundamental science. For the realization of artificial intelligence, numerous machine learning algorithms have been introduced and tested for their applicability. Even in the field of gravitational-wave science, the application of machine learning has been widely studied to enhance conventional analyses in all disciplines from searching for gravitational-wave signals to characterizing noise transients. In this article, I briefly introduce the current status of gravitational-wave science and summarize research topics in which machine learning is applied to each discipline of gravitational-wave science.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Gravitational-Wave Science","authors":"Kyungmin Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.30.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.30.018","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence gaining popularity not only in the computational engineering industry but also in fundamental science. For the realization of artificial intelligence, numerous machine learning algorithms have been introduced and tested for their applicability. Even in the field of gravitational-wave science, the application of machine learning has been widely studied to enhance conventional analyses in all disciplines from searching for gravitational-wave signals to characterizing noise transients. In this article, I briefly introduce the current status of gravitational-wave science and summarize research topics in which machine learning is applied to each discipline of gravitational-wave science.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122560523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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