Like a mobile phone camera, optical microscopy typically relies on optical lenses that convert a plane wave to a spherical wave or vice versa. In such conventional imaging scheme, light from an object point propagates through a set of lenses and creates a tight focus on a camera, resulting in 1 to 1 relation between the object point and the camera pixel. Recently, this conventional imaging paradigm has been challenged by a new paradigm where computational algorithms replace the role of lenses. Here, I will introduce the concept of computational optics and some novel microscopy techniques based on algorithms.
{"title":"Computational Optical Microscopy Using Algorithm","authors":"Jiseong Barg, ChanSeo Lee, Mooseok Jang","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.007","url":null,"abstract":"Like a mobile phone camera, optical microscopy typically relies on optical lenses that convert a plane wave to a spherical wave or vice versa. In such conventional imaging scheme, light from an object point propagates through a set of lenses and creates a tight focus on a camera, resulting in 1 to 1 relation between the object point and the camera pixel. Recently, this conventional imaging paradigm has been challenged by a new paradigm where computational algorithms replace the role of lenses. Here, I will introduce the concept of computational optics and some novel microscopy techniques based on algorithms.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132300517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Optical nanoscopy employs the principles of nanophotonics to improve the spatiotemporal resolution by manipulating light at the nanoscale. By integrating nanophotonic structures, such as nanoscale waveguides and metal/dielectric nanostructures, with fluorescence-based imaging methods, optical nanoscopy achieves sub-diffraction-limit resolution. This rapidly developing research field holds exciting potential for advancing our understanding of the nanoscopic world and revealing insights beyond conventional optical microscopy.
{"title":"Optical Nanoscopy Enabled by Nanophotonics","authors":"Y. Lee","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.006","url":null,"abstract":"Optical nanoscopy employs the principles of nanophotonics to improve the spatiotemporal resolution by manipulating light at the nanoscale. By integrating nanophotonic structures, such as nanoscale waveguides and metal/dielectric nanostructures, with fluorescence-based imaging methods, optical nanoscopy achieves sub-diffraction-limit resolution. This rapidly developing research field holds exciting potential for advancing our understanding of the nanoscopic world and revealing insights beyond conventional optical microscopy.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114636122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structure, functions, dynamics, and interactions are the basic properties to systematically understand physical systems existing in nature. In particular, there have been many scientific adventures to understand optical properties of materials and light-matter interactions, yet in the classical regime at the microscale due to the diffraction-limited optical resolution. Near-field optical microscopy enables to probe them at the nanoscale and even induces light-matter interactions in a reversible fashion. In this article, we introduce the fundamental concept of various types of near-field microscopy and several applications studies reported recently. Furthermore, we provide several new directions of nano-spectroscopy and -imaging based on tip-enhanced approach, which have not been thought in the near-field optics community before.
{"title":"New Horizons of Near-field Optical Microscopy","authors":"Kyoung-Duck Park","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.005","url":null,"abstract":"Structure, functions, dynamics, and interactions are the basic properties to systematically understand physical systems existing in nature. In particular, there have been many scientific adventures to understand optical properties of materials and light-matter interactions, yet in the classical regime at the microscale due to the diffraction-limited optical resolution. Near-field optical microscopy enables to probe them at the nanoscale and even induces light-matter interactions in a reversible fashion. In this article, we introduce the fundamental concept of various types of near-field microscopy and several applications studies reported recently. Furthermore, we provide several new directions of nano-spectroscopy and -imaging based on tip-enhanced approach, which have not been thought in the near-field optics community before.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128613414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The construction of the Korea’s 1st deep underground laboratory, called Yemilab, dedicated to science was completed in September, 2022 in Handuk iron mine, Jeongseon-gun. The Yemilab construction includes excavation of a large cylindrical cavern (Diameter: 20 m, Height: 20 m) to host a future neutrino detector to be filled with 2,260 ton liquid scintillator. In this article, we discuss that several interesting physics researches can be carried out with the large neutrino detector, a.k.a. LSC, and some world-leading results could be achieved.
{"title":"Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) at Yemilab","authors":"S. Seo, Yeongduk Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.004","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of the Korea’s 1st deep underground laboratory, called Yemilab, dedicated to science was completed in September, 2022 in Handuk iron mine, Jeongseon-gun. The Yemilab construction includes excavation of a large cylindrical cavern (Diameter: 20 m, Height: 20 m) to host a future neutrino detector to be filled with 2,260 ton liquid scintillator. In this article, we discuss that several interesting physics researches can be carried out with the large neutrino detector, a.k.a. LSC, and some world-leading results could be achieved.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126559021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AMoRE is an international project searching for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) of 100Mo. Highly purified molybdate crystals are utilized with heat-light detection based on magnetic micro-calorimeters operating at 10 mK. The high energy resolution is achieved with the heat sensors capable of efficient background rejection from the dual heat-light detection. The present AMoRE, composed of 18 crystal modules, has been operating at Yangyang underground laboratory with an exposure exceeding 9 kg·year, reaching the best limit for 100Mo 0νββ mode. Moreover, the collaboration builds a large-size detector for a total detector mass of about 180 kg in Yemilab, reaching the world-leading sensitivity for 0νββ search.
{"title":"AMoRE Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Experiment","authors":"Yong-Hamb Kim, Hongjoo Kim, Y. Oh, M. Lee","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.002","url":null,"abstract":"AMoRE is an international project searching for neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) of 100Mo. Highly purified molybdate crystals are utilized with heat-light detection based on magnetic micro-calorimeters operating at 10 mK. The high energy resolution is achieved with the heat sensors capable of efficient background rejection from the dual heat-light detection. The present AMoRE, composed of 18 crystal modules, has been operating at Yangyang underground laboratory with an exposure exceeding 9 kg·year, reaching the best limit for 100Mo 0νββ mode. Moreover, the collaboration builds a large-size detector for a total detector mass of about 180 kg in Yemilab, reaching the world-leading sensitivity for 0νββ search.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124091540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cosmic rays and their induced daughter particles obstruct the measurement of rare signals which are induced by neutrinoless double beta decay (DB) phenomena or dark matters (DM). In the ground laboratory it must be specially much higher than underground one. It is impossible to get the evidence of DB or DM on the ground because of the huge background by cosmic rays. We need cosmic free space somewhere to get clean signal, so built a new deep and large underground facility of Yemilab.
{"title":"IBS Jeongseon Yemilab, the Deep Underground Facility","authors":"K. Park, Ki-Mun Bang","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.001","url":null,"abstract":"Cosmic rays and their induced daughter particles obstruct the measurement of rare signals which are induced by neutrinoless double beta decay (DB) phenomena or dark matters (DM). In the ground laboratory it must be specially much higher than underground one. It is impossible to get the evidence of DB or DM on the ground because of the huge background by cosmic rays. We need cosmic free space somewhere to get clean signal, so built a new deep and large underground facility of Yemilab.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127775692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dark matter direct detection experiment in Korea started and developed for the test of the DAMA experiment. With more than 20 years of research and development in the low-background and low-threshold scintillating detector, we move forward to the world best sensitivities for the low-mass dark matter searches as well as the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering observation. We present current achievement and future prospect of the scintillating detectors for the dark matter and neutrino physics in Korea.
{"title":"Dark Matter Direct Detection and Neutrino Nucleus Coherent Scattering","authors":"Y. Ko, Hyun Su Lee, C. Ha","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.003","url":null,"abstract":"The dark matter direct detection experiment in Korea started and developed for the test of the DAMA experiment. With more than 20 years of research and development in the low-background and low-threshold scintillating detector, we move forward to the world best sensitivities for the low-mass dark matter searches as well as the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering observation. We present current achievement and future prospect of the scintillating detectors for the dark matter and neutrino physics in Korea.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126207538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) argued that (then new) quantum mechanics was incomplete. At the heart of EPR’s paradox was the strange non-local nature of an entangled state which allowed EPR to simultaneously assign local values for position and momentum of a particle. In 1964, John Bell proposed an inequality (Bell’s inequality) that must be satisfied by any local realistic theory. The experimental confirmation of quantum physics, i.e., the experimental test of Bell’s inequality, required a pair of particles in an entangled state. The experiments first performed in the early 1970s, followed by a series of experiments until now, have confirmed the violation of Bell’s inequality, strongly implying that local realistic descriptions of nature are not consistent with experimental observations. The early simplistic view of entanglement has now been significantly expanded to include mixed states and multiple particles. Moreover, theoretical and experimental studies on the nature of entanglement have led to quantum information science where entanglement is an essential resource. In this article, we briefly review the early experiments on Bell’s inequality and experimental attempts to close “loopholes” as well as some key experiments on quantum information.
{"title":"On Experimental Confirmation of Quantum Physics","authors":"Y. Ra, Yoon-Ho Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.31.047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.31.047","url":null,"abstract":"In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) argued that (then new) quantum mechanics was incomplete. At the heart of EPR’s paradox was the strange non-local nature of an entangled state which allowed EPR to simultaneously assign local values for position and momentum of a particle. In 1964, John Bell proposed an inequality (Bell’s inequality) that must be satisfied by any local realistic theory. The experimental confirmation of quantum physics, i.e., the experimental test of Bell’s inequality, required a pair of particles in an entangled state. The experiments first performed in the early 1970s, followed by a series of experiments until now, have confirmed the violation of Bell’s inequality, strongly implying that local realistic descriptions of nature are not consistent with experimental observations. The early simplistic view of entanglement has now been significantly expanded to include mixed states and multiple particles. Moreover, theoretical and experimental studies on the nature of entanglement have led to quantum information science where entanglement is an essential resource. In this article, we briefly review the early experiments on Bell’s inequality and experimental attempts to close “loopholes” as well as some key experiments on quantum information.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128631778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This year’s Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger. They are the scientists who completed the excellent experimental work on the verification of entanglement through the violation of Bell’s inequality. In my opinion, the announcement can be viewed as surprising news on the one hand while it also can be taken for granted on the other hand. It is because the field of the foundations of physics is conventionally considered to be lacking in its applicabilities, but the impact of this year’s Nobel Prize winning discovery is very far-reaching. Here, in this article, I provide a detailed explanation of the Nobel Prize winning topic and make a couple of comments on the experiments.
{"title":"Commentary on the 2022 the Nobel Prize in Physics","authors":"W. Son","doi":"10.3938/phit.31.046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.31.046","url":null,"abstract":"This year’s Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Alain Aspect, John Clauser and Anton Zeilinger. They are the scientists who completed the excellent experimental work on the verification of entanglement through the violation of Bell’s inequality. In my opinion, the announcement can be viewed as surprising news on the one hand while it also can be taken for granted on the other hand. It is because the field of the foundations of physics is conventionally considered to be lacking in its applicabilities, but the impact of this year’s Nobel Prize winning discovery is very far-reaching. Here, in this article, I provide a detailed explanation of the Nobel Prize winning topic and make a couple of comments on the experiments.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124906915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The inconsistency of local hidden variables with quantum physics fascinates many physicists. Even though Bell’s theorem was studied mostly in terms of statistical inequalities, Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger derived all-versus-nothing test for multiqubit system, which is more striking contradiction without inequalities. This article briefly introduces Anton Zeilinger’s journey toward the Bell’s theorem.
{"title":"Bell’s Theorem, and Beyond","authors":"Junghee Ryu","doi":"10.3938/phit.31.049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.31.049","url":null,"abstract":"The inconsistency of local hidden variables with quantum physics fascinates many physicists. Even though Bell’s theorem was studied mostly in terms of statistical inequalities, Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger derived all-versus-nothing test for multiqubit system, which is more striking contradiction without inequalities. This article briefly introduces Anton Zeilinger’s journey toward the Bell’s theorem.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134527809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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