Chirality, a fundamental symmetry property, denotes the intrinsic handedness of an object, rendering it non-superimposable onto its mirror image via translations and rotations due to the lack of inversion symmetry. This property extends beyond tangible entities to include light, giving rise to a field of chiral nanophotonics. Chiral nanophotonics studies how chiral light interacts with chiral matter at the nanoscale. Understanding chiral light-matter interaction holds the key to novel applications, spanning from ultrasensitive chiral molecule sensing to quantum information processing. We introduce important concepts and recent efforts in chiral nanophotonics and its application.
{"title":"Chiral Nanophotonics and Control of Light-matter Interaction","authors":"DongJun Kang, SeokJae Yoo","doi":"10.3938/phit.33.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.33.005","url":null,"abstract":"Chirality, a fundamental symmetry property, denotes the intrinsic handedness of an object, rendering it non-superimposable onto its mirror image via translations and rotations due to the lack of inversion symmetry. This property extends beyond tangible entities to include light, giving rise to a field of chiral nanophotonics. Chiral nanophotonics studies how chiral light interacts with chiral matter at the nanoscale. Understanding chiral light-matter interaction holds the key to novel applications, spanning from ultrasensitive chiral molecule sensing to quantum information processing. We introduce important concepts and recent efforts in chiral nanophotonics and its application.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the “Star Wars” movies, Jedi knights engage in dazzling duels with lightsabers that confine light and push it against each other. However, confining photons or enabling their interaction in reality, especially in free space, is extremely challenging. Photon-photon interactions, which are only possible through optical nonlinearity, are difficult to achieve with conventional materials. The quest to confine photons in a specific space for as long as possible, and to allow individual photons to interact with each other, is a major challenge for researchers in physics and optics. Since the invention of the laser, the study of optical nonlinearity has been the foundation of various modern scientific and technological advances that contribute significantly to our daily lives. Recently, optical nonlinearity has become a central platform for quantum information, computing, and sensing research, highlighting its growing importance. This article discusses a new turning point in optical nonlinearity based on micro-resonators, and presents efforts and future perspectives to realize photon-photon interactions.
{"title":"Micro-optical Maximization of Photon-photon Interaction","authors":"Min-Kyo Seo","doi":"10.3938/phit.33.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.33.006","url":null,"abstract":"In the “Star Wars” movies, Jedi knights engage in dazzling duels with lightsabers that confine light and push it against each other. However, confining photons or enabling their interaction in reality, especially in free space, is extremely challenging. Photon-photon interactions, which are only possible through optical nonlinearity, are difficult to achieve with conventional materials. The quest to confine photons in a specific space for as long as possible, and to allow individual photons to interact with each other, is a major challenge for researchers in physics and optics. Since the invention of the laser, the study of optical nonlinearity has been the foundation of various modern scientific and technological advances that contribute significantly to our daily lives. Recently, optical nonlinearity has become a central platform for quantum information, computing, and sensing research, highlighting its growing importance. This article discusses a new turning point in optical nonlinearity based on micro-resonators, and presents efforts and future perspectives to realize photon-photon interactions.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thermal radiation is a physical phenomenon exhibiting dual characteristics of both light and heat. Sunlight, serving as the primary source of energy, emanates as thermal radiation from a high-temperature surface at 5,700 K. It is also responsible for the feeling of warmth experienced when individuals congregate and non-contact measurement of body temperature. Thus, thermal radiation exists everywhere in our daily life. However, in the early 20th century, thermal radiation posed a challenge to physicists. The endeavor to elucidate the spectrum of thermal radiation led to the concept of light as photons, therefore signaling the advent of quantum physics. It is known that thermal radiation uniformly emits, irrespective of its direction and polarization, with the spectrum dictated by Planck’s law. Yet, this commonplace should be modified when thermal radiation encounters the principle of nanophotonics. Herein lies the ability to modulate the intensity of thermal radiation across desired wavelengths, directions, and polarizations. In this article, we will delve into the latest research findings concerning the manipulation of thermal radiation and its promising applications.
{"title":"Steering Thermal Radiation","authors":"Sun-Kyung Kim, Jin-Woo Cho","doi":"10.3938/phit.33.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.33.007","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal radiation is a physical phenomenon exhibiting dual characteristics of both light and heat. Sunlight, serving as the primary source of energy, emanates as thermal radiation from a high-temperature surface at 5,700 K. It is also responsible for the feeling of warmth experienced when individuals congregate and non-contact measurement of body temperature. Thus, thermal radiation exists everywhere in our daily life. However, in the early 20th century, thermal radiation posed a challenge to physicists. The endeavor to elucidate the spectrum of thermal radiation led to the concept of light as photons, therefore signaling the advent of quantum physics. It is known that thermal radiation uniformly emits, irrespective of its direction and polarization, with the spectrum dictated by Planck’s law. Yet, this commonplace should be modified when thermal radiation encounters the principle of nanophotonics. Herein lies the ability to modulate the intensity of thermal radiation across desired wavelengths, directions, and polarizations. In this article, we will delve into the latest research findings concerning the manipulation of thermal radiation and its promising applications.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140367596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is increasingly crucial in the information era to rapidly transmit and process vast quantities of data. However, conventional electronic integrated circuits that operate at rates below 10 GHz encounter significant challenges in effectively managing parallel signals. How can information be transmitted more quickly? Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are the solution. PICs have the capability of processing multiple signals in parallel on a single optical waveguide by multiplexing wavelength, polarization, and angular momentum. This enables PICs to transmit at speeds exceeding 100 GHz, showing the potential to increase processing speeds while simultaneously reducing power levels. Nevertheless, one drawback of photonic devices is that they are typically several orders of magnitude larger than electronic devices. Consequently, nanophotonics researchers have been working to make photonic devices smaller without compromising their ability to control light. Advances in nanoscale light sources can present a viable solution to overcome these obstacles. With the formation of long-lasting, spatially confined resonances in nanocavities, it is possible to precisely manipulate far-field radiation. In this article, we provide an overview of the recent achievements in nanophotonic light sources, including topological nanolasers and single-photon emitters.
{"title":"Recent Progress in Nanophotonic Light Sources","authors":"Donghwee Kim, Hong-Gyu Park","doi":"10.3938/phit.33.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.33.004","url":null,"abstract":"It is increasingly crucial in the information era to rapidly transmit and process vast quantities of data. However, conventional electronic integrated circuits that operate at rates below 10 GHz encounter significant challenges in effectively managing parallel signals. How can information be transmitted more quickly? Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are the solution. PICs have the capability of processing multiple signals in parallel on a single optical waveguide by multiplexing wavelength, polarization, and angular momentum. This enables PICs to transmit at speeds exceeding 100 GHz, showing the potential to increase processing speeds while simultaneously reducing power levels. Nevertheless, one drawback of photonic devices is that they are typically several orders of magnitude larger than electronic devices. Consequently, nanophotonics researchers have been working to make photonic devices smaller without compromising their ability to control light. Advances in nanoscale light sources can present a viable solution to overcome these obstacles. With the formation of long-lasting, spatially confined resonances in nanocavities, it is possible to precisely manipulate far-field radiation. In this article, we provide an overview of the recent achievements in nanophotonic light sources, including topological nanolasers and single-photon emitters.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140366384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We outline ongoing endeavors in the development of quantum information processing technology utilizing quantum optics. We highlight the distinctive attributes of quantum optical platforms and explore two distinct approaches: discrete variable and continuous variable quantum optics, for the realization of quantum information processing. In addition, we showcase recent achievements in the implementation of quantum simulators, aiming to address practical challenges using today’s available technologies.
{"title":"Quantum Information Processing Technology Based on Quantum Optics","authors":"Donghwa Lee, Yong-Su Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.031","url":null,"abstract":"We outline ongoing endeavors in the development of quantum information processing technology utilizing quantum optics. We highlight the distinctive attributes of quantum optical platforms and explore two distinct approaches: discrete variable and continuous variable quantum optics, for the realization of quantum information processing. In addition, we showcase recent achievements in the implementation of quantum simulators, aiming to address practical challenges using today’s available technologies.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139208011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, with the rapid information explosion connected to all devices, there is a huge demand for effectively processing big data. In particular, conventional von Neumann computing system with physically separated processing and memory units face significant problems in dealing with massive unstructured data such as sound, images, and video because of a von Neumann bottleneck. As a key feature of parallel operations, neuromorphic computing systems can analyze massive unstructured data in a time and energy efficient manner. However, critical issues related to reliability and variability of nonlinearity and asymmetric weight update, have been great challenges in the implementation of artificial synaptic device in practical neuromorphic hardware system. Also, hardware systems enabling artificial neural networks in-situ personal data are essential for adaptive wearable neuromorphic edge computing.
{"title":"2D Materials-based Neuromorphic Computing Electronic Device","authors":"Yonghun Kim, Jung-Dae Kwon, Jongwon Yoon","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.029","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, with the rapid information explosion connected to all devices, there is a huge demand for effectively processing big data. In particular, conventional von Neumann computing system with physically separated processing and memory units face significant problems in dealing with massive unstructured data such as sound, images, and video because of a von Neumann bottleneck. As a key feature of parallel operations, neuromorphic computing systems can analyze massive unstructured data in a time and energy efficient manner. However, critical issues related to reliability and variability of nonlinearity and asymmetric weight update, have been great challenges in the implementation of artificial synaptic device in practical neuromorphic hardware system. Also, hardware systems enabling artificial neural networks in-situ personal data are essential for adaptive wearable neuromorphic edge computing.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139208698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With a wide range of promising applications arising from unprecedented computing performance, quantum computing has recently received great attention. This technology that relies on quantum superposition and quantum entanglement can be realized in various physical platforms such as superconducting quantum devices, optical systems, semiconductor nanostructures and neutral atoms and so on. The Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), the national metrology institute of Korea, is actively carrying out research on quantum computing technologies with its extensive experience and expertise obtained from the development of measurement standards and precision measurement technologies based on diverse physical systems. In this article, we briefly discuss quantum computing research activities at KRISS.
{"title":"Quantum Computing Research at the National Metrology Institute","authors":"Jinwoong Cha","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.030","url":null,"abstract":"With a wide range of promising applications arising from unprecedented computing performance, quantum computing has recently received great attention. This technology that relies on quantum superposition and quantum entanglement can be realized in various physical platforms such as superconducting quantum devices, optical systems, semiconductor nanostructures and neutral atoms and so on. The Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), the national metrology institute of Korea, is actively carrying out research on quantum computing technologies with its extensive experience and expertise obtained from the development of measurement standards and precision measurement technologies based on diverse physical systems. In this article, we briefly discuss quantum computing research activities at KRISS.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139203736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The observation of many previously unseen physical phenomena, especially in the nano-size world, has been the most dramatically advanced field of study due to the advancement of analytical technology. In particular, cutting-edge analytical methods based on X-rays and electrons have enabled the visualization of atomic-level images and structures. Currently, these methods are widely utilized not only in the field of physics but also in various engineering disciplines, such as electronics, energy, bio-medicine and hydrogen storage. Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), established in 1966, is the first government-funded general research institute in South Korea that contributes to the technological development in key national sectors. Advanced analysis and data center at KIST have played a crucial role in the advancement of national science and technology by providing essential analysis and new analytical technologies. In this special issue, we will discuss advanced analytical equipment available at KIST covering the entire spectrum of analytical technology from fundamental principles to applications and utilization. Specifically, we will focus on the representative analytical technique for physics research, such as photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and machine learning-based analytical methods for their interpretation.
{"title":"Determination of Quasi-single Particle Bandgap by Using the Combination of Photoelectron and Inverse-photoelectron Spectroscopy","authors":"Soohyung Park","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.017","url":null,"abstract":"The observation of many previously unseen physical phenomena, especially in the nano-size world, has been the most dramatically advanced field of study due to the advancement of analytical technology. In particular, cutting-edge analytical methods based on X-rays and electrons have enabled the visualization of atomic-level images and structures. Currently, these methods are widely utilized not only in the field of physics but also in various engineering disciplines, such as electronics, energy, bio-medicine and hydrogen storage. Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), established in 1966, is the first government-funded general research institute in South Korea that contributes to the technological development in key national sectors. Advanced analysis and data center at KIST have played a crucial role in the advancement of national science and technology by providing essential analysis and new analytical technologies. In this special issue, we will discuss advanced analytical equipment available at KIST covering the entire spectrum of analytical technology from fundamental principles to applications and utilization. Specifically, we will focus on the representative analytical technique for physics research, such as photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and machine learning-based analytical methods for their interpretation.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123053669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In solid-state physics research, the spacing and arrangement of atoms play a crucial role in determining the properties of solids. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the structural characteristics in order to understand new physical phenomena within solids. X-ray characterization is considered a highly important technique in the field of material characterization, as it provides information about atomic-scale features. In Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), extensive researches are conducted on the structural characteristics of various materials and the corresponding physical phenomena. To efficiently operate, manage, and further develop advanced analytical methods, the centralized X-ray characterization instrument facility was established in the Analysis and Data Center at KIST in January 2013, named ‘X-ray Open Lab.’ In this special issue, we would like to introduce X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and their principle, which is the most widely utilized analysis equipment among the analytical instruments available at the X-ray Open Lab.
{"title":"Understanding Atomic Structure in Solid by Using the X-ray Diffraction","authors":"S. Won, Sung-Chul Kim, Byeong-hyeon Lee","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.018","url":null,"abstract":"In solid-state physics research, the spacing and arrangement of atoms play a crucial role in determining the properties of solids. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the structural characteristics in order to understand new physical phenomena within solids. X-ray characterization is considered a highly important technique in the field of material characterization, as it provides information about atomic-scale features. In Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), extensive researches are conducted on the structural characteristics of various materials and the corresponding physical phenomena. To efficiently operate, manage, and further develop advanced analytical methods, the centralized X-ray characterization instrument facility was established in the Analysis and Data Center at KIST in January 2013, named ‘X-ray Open Lab.’ In this special issue, we would like to introduce X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and their principle, which is the most widely utilized analysis equipment among the analytical instruments available at the X-ray Open Lab.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116452343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and related analytical techniques play crucial role in advancing nanotechnology by providing atomic scale images with simultaneous structural and chemical information originating from multitude of interactions between high energy electrons and atoms of interest. In this short review, various aspects of TEM are explained, from instrumentation, operating principles, typical application examples to recent developments in resolution improvements and performances.
{"title":"Overview of Transmission Electron Microscopy and Analytical Techniques","authors":"Gyeungho Kim","doi":"10.3938/phit.32.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3938/phit.32.019","url":null,"abstract":"Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and related analytical techniques play crucial role in advancing nanotechnology by providing atomic scale images with simultaneous structural and chemical information originating from multitude of interactions between high energy electrons and atoms of interest. In this short review, various aspects of TEM are explained, from instrumentation, operating principles, typical application examples to recent developments in resolution improvements and performances.","PeriodicalId":365688,"journal":{"name":"Physics and High Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120814206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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