Since 2011, the Tunisian democratic transition was widely presented as a model for success and moderation. Therefore, most foreign observers were shocked when the Tunisian street enthusiastically welcomed President Kais Said’s decision on 25 July 2021 to declare the state of exception and to suspend the Parliament, thus bringing to a halt Tunisian democratization. The popularity of such decisions raises serious questions about the reality of Tunisia’s success, but also about the nature of its democratization. Infested with deep ideological hostility and distrust, this experience suffered from a lack of political courtesy and mutual respect. Coupled with a dangerous tendency towards discursive conflictuality, these conditions weakened the Tunisian pluralist institutions and paved the way to populism.
{"title":"Democratization as a pathway to populism: The case of Tunisian public discourse from 2011 to 2021","authors":"Aymen Boughanmi","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00104_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00104_1","url":null,"abstract":"Since 2011, the Tunisian democratic transition was widely presented as a model for success and moderation. Therefore, most foreign observers were shocked when the Tunisian street enthusiastically welcomed President Kais Said’s decision on 25 July 2021 to declare the state of exception and to suspend the Parliament, thus bringing to a halt Tunisian democratization. The popularity of such decisions raises serious questions about the reality of Tunisia’s success, but also about the nature of its democratization. Infested with deep ideological hostility and distrust, this experience suffered from a lack of political courtesy and mutual respect. Coupled with a dangerous tendency towards discursive conflictuality, these conditions weakened the Tunisian pluralist institutions and paved the way to populism.","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Farha, Darin J. Sallam (Dir.) (2021), Jordan, Sweden and Saudi Arabia: Talebox and Laika Film and Television","authors":"Terri Ginsberg, John King","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00108_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00108_7","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Farha , Darin J. Sallam (Dir.) (2021), Jordan, Sweden and Saudi Arabia: Talebox and Laika Film and Television","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IAMES Letter","authors":"","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00113_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00113_7","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewe of: IAMES Letter","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After 2003, Iraq experienced political, social and violent sectarianism. Scholars who studied sectarianism in Iraq tried to explain it through events, narratives and official statements. However, it has not been possible to understand the impact of the sectarian identity of Sunnis and Shias on their political and social behaviour. This study aims to measure that impact by asking: how has sectarianism changed in Iraq over time from the perspective of public opinion – increase or decrease, and why? For a deeper understanding, some demographic factors, such as age, education and gender, are considered to measure how the sectarian identity has affected the behaviour of Iraqis in voting, interpersonal trust, and trusting the government and the army. By using the surveys conducted by the Arab Barometer from 2011 to 2022, it was possible to compare the responses of the public by sect and have interesting findings. In general, Sunnis and Shias have exchanged their roles after 2013. Until 2013, Shias had tended to vote and trust local and national governments more than Sunnis. However, since 2019, the surveys show that Sunnis have had greater rates of voting and trust those governments than the Shias. Also, since 2019, the interpersonal trust between Sunnis and Shias has improved more than before, which can support the social cohesion between people who belong to different sects.
{"title":"Revisiting sectarianism in Iraq: Changing attitudes of Sunnis and Shias towards voting, social trust and government","authors":"Raed Ahmed","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00105_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00105_1","url":null,"abstract":"After 2003, Iraq experienced political, social and violent sectarianism. Scholars who studied sectarianism in Iraq tried to explain it through events, narratives and official statements. However, it has not been possible to understand the impact of the sectarian identity of Sunnis and Shias on their political and social behaviour. This study aims to measure that impact by asking: how has sectarianism changed in Iraq over time from the perspective of public opinion – increase or decrease, and why? For a deeper understanding, some demographic factors, such as age, education and gender, are considered to measure how the sectarian identity has affected the behaviour of Iraqis in voting, interpersonal trust, and trusting the government and the army. By using the surveys conducted by the Arab Barometer from 2011 to 2022, it was possible to compare the responses of the public by sect and have interesting findings. In general, Sunnis and Shias have exchanged their roles after 2013. Until 2013, Shias had tended to vote and trust local and national governments more than Sunnis. However, since 2019, the surveys show that Sunnis have had greater rates of voting and trust those governments than the Shias. Also, since 2019, the interpersonal trust between Sunnis and Shias has improved more than before, which can support the social cohesion between people who belong to different sects.","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: The World has Forgotten US: Sinjar and the Islamic State’s Genocide of the Yezidis , Thomas Schmidinger (2022) London: Pluto Press, 257 pp., ISBN 978-0-74534-605-2, p/bk, £19.99
{"title":"The World Has Forgotten Us: Sinjar and the Islamic State’s Genocide of the Yezidis, Thomas Schmidinger (2022)","authors":"David Torbett","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00110_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00110_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: The World has Forgotten US: Sinjar and the Islamic State’s Genocide of the Yezidis , Thomas Schmidinger (2022) London: Pluto Press, 257 pp., ISBN 978-0-74534-605-2, p/bk, £19.99","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"IAMES Report","authors":"","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00112_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00112_7","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewe of: IAMES Report","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After giving an idea about the historical background of the previous limited forms of societal militarization in Iraq before the US invasion, this study concentrates on the serious and general attempts to militarize Iraqi society after 2003. The main argument revolves around first, how the United States, regional states and the sectarian policy insisted on weakening the official military establishment (army and police) and second how the different ruling religious-ethnic parties desire to have their own armed militias to defend their interests (political and economic). It also discusses arms proliferation, and how this policy is playing a big role in spreading arms out of state control. This phenomenon led to continued societal violence, an unstable state as well as social, economic and cultural regression.
{"title":"Armed violence in Iraq: Militarizing the society and defying the principle of restricting the use of weapons to the state","authors":"Sawsan Ismael Al-Assaf","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00106_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00106_1","url":null,"abstract":"After giving an idea about the historical background of the previous limited forms of societal militarization in Iraq before the US invasion, this study concentrates on the serious and general attempts to militarize Iraqi society after 2003. The main argument revolves around first, how the United States, regional states and the sectarian policy insisted on weakening the official military establishment (army and police) and second how the different ruling religious-ethnic parties desire to have their own armed militias to defend their interests (political and economic). It also discusses arms proliferation, and how this policy is playing a big role in spreading arms out of state control. This phenomenon led to continued societal violence, an unstable state as well as social, economic and cultural regression.","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: Once Upon a Time in Iraq: History of a Modern Tragedy , James Bluemel and Renad Mansour (2021) London: BBC Books, 390 pp., ISBN 978-1-78594-457-4, p/bk, £12.99
{"title":"Once Upon a Time in Iraq: History of a Modern Tragedy, James Bluemel and Renad Mansour (2021)","authors":"Janice J. Terry","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00109_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00109_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: Once Upon a Time in Iraq: History of a Modern Tragedy , James Bluemel and Renad Mansour (2021) London: BBC Books, 390 pp., ISBN 978-1-78594-457-4, p/bk, £12.99","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Review of: The Sassoons: The Great Global Merchants and the Making of an Empire , Joseph Sassoon (2022) New York: Pantheon Books, 412 pp., ISBN 978-0-59331-659-7, h/bk, $35.00
{"title":"The Sassoons: The Great Global Merchants and the Making of an Empire, Joseph Sassoon (2022)","authors":"Thabit A. J. Abdullah","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00111_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00111_5","url":null,"abstract":"Review of: The Sassoons: The Great Global Merchants and the Making of an Empire , Joseph Sassoon (2022) New York: Pantheon Books, 412 pp., ISBN 978-0-59331-659-7, h/bk, $35.00","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jacqueline Sidonia Nemitz Ismael (27 September 1942–27 May 2023)","authors":"","doi":"10.1386/jciaw_00102_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/jciaw_00102_7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36575,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135738069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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