This paper investigates the impacts of agricultural technical change on economic diversity of farm households in Vietnam. To develop the empirical analysis, a model is presented in which the estimated impact of agricultural technical changes on economic diversification allows for non-neutral technical change. The paper tests the theoretical predictions of this model by providing empirical evidence of the impact of land consolidation on farm and nonfarm outcomes such as labour supply, profits, labour intensity and productivity. By using different methods aimed at verifying and checking the consistency of the results, we find that land consolidation may reduce on farm labour supply, labour intensity and improve farm profits and productivity. Similarly, it may release more farm labour to nonfarm sectors and increase nonfarm profits. The empirical results show that factor-biased technical change plays an important role in explaining the impact of agricultural technical change on economic diversification in Vietnam.
{"title":"Agricultural Technical Change and Economic Diversity of Farm Households: The Case of Vietnam","authors":"H. Nguyen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2434996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2434996","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impacts of agricultural technical change on economic diversity of farm households in Vietnam. To develop the empirical analysis, a model is presented in which the estimated impact of agricultural technical changes on economic diversification allows for non-neutral technical change. The paper tests the theoretical predictions of this model by providing empirical evidence of the impact of land consolidation on farm and nonfarm outcomes such as labour supply, profits, labour intensity and productivity. By using different methods aimed at verifying and checking the consistency of the results, we find that land consolidation may reduce on farm labour supply, labour intensity and improve farm profits and productivity. Similarly, it may release more farm labour to nonfarm sectors and increase nonfarm profits. The empirical results show that factor-biased technical change plays an important role in explaining the impact of agricultural technical change on economic diversification in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134201522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has continued to be fiercely debated between North and South, particularly with respect to its provisions for the agricultural sector. Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement requires WTO member countries to offer some form of intellectual property protection for new plant varieties, either in the form of patents (common in the U.S.) or plant breeder’s rights (PBR). This paper analyses the effects of the introduction of PBRs in almost 70 importing countries on the value of exports of agricultural seeds and planting material from 10 exporting EU countries, including all principal traditional exporters of seeds, as well as the US. A fixed effects quantile regression model, based on the general specification for the gravity model for international trade, is estimated using panel data covering 19 years (1989-2007) of export flows in order to assess the effect of International Convention on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) membership on seed imports. Basing inference on the panel bootstrap, we find no significant effect from UPOV membership on seed imports.
{"title":"Trade and Intellectual Property Rights in the Agricultural Seed Sector","authors":"D. Eaton","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2323595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2323595","url":null,"abstract":"The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) has continued to be fiercely debated between North and South, particularly with respect to its provisions for the agricultural sector. Article 27.3(b) of the TRIPS Agreement requires WTO member countries to offer some form of intellectual property protection for new plant varieties, either in the form of patents (common in the U.S.) or plant breeder’s rights (PBR). This paper analyses the effects of the introduction of PBRs in almost 70 importing countries on the value of exports of agricultural seeds and planting material from 10 exporting EU countries, including all principal traditional exporters of seeds, as well as the US. A fixed effects quantile regression model, based on the general specification for the gravity model for international trade, is estimated using panel data covering 19 years (1989-2007) of export flows in order to assess the effect of International Convention on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) membership on seed imports. Basing inference on the panel bootstrap, we find no significant effect from UPOV membership on seed imports.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124720735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrigation is considered an important factor for agriculture and food security. Knowledge gaps, however, still exist with regard to how farmers in Africa south of Sahara, including Nigeria, are using irrigation. Given the diverse agroecological and socioeconomic environment in countries like Nigeria, understanding the diverse patterns of irrigation use and their associations with household characteristics is important in designing how irrigation can contribute to the agricultural transformation. This report summarizes the typology of farm households and irrigators in Nigeria. We apply a cluster analysis method to the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) — Integrated Survey on Agriculture data and various secondary data. We also compare the costs and inputs used across different irrigation crops, as reported in Nigeria. Findings indicate that the three major irrigation systems in Nigeria are (1) labor-intensive diverted stream irrigation of rice, (2) supplementary irrigation of coarse grains and legumes using groundwater, and (3) dry season irrigation of vegetables. Each crop is irrigated during a specific season and using a specific water source and irrigation system. Farmers’ choice of irrigation system tends to depend on many factors. For example, in the South, tractorization is often a necessary precondition for rice irrigation. In the North, intensive irrigation of rice and vegetables may make sense only if labor is cheap, whereas irrigation of sorghum and legumes is supplementary and may not affect farm households’ behaviors. Although more rigorous studies are needed in the future, observed patterns of irrigation use in Nigeria indicate that the policies aiming to raise agricultural productivity and to develop the value chains of key crops may need to be based on an understanding of why irrigation is used in specific ways in different systems and of what the key constraints in scaling up such systems in other locations are.
{"title":"Typology of Farm Households and Irrigation Systems: Some Evidence from Nigeria","authors":"Hiroyuki Takeshima, Hyacinth O. Edeh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2286862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2286862","url":null,"abstract":"Irrigation is considered an important factor for agriculture and food security. Knowledge gaps, however, still exist with regard to how farmers in Africa south of Sahara, including Nigeria, are using irrigation. Given the diverse agroecological and socioeconomic environment in countries like Nigeria, understanding the diverse patterns of irrigation use and their associations with household characteristics is important in designing how irrigation can contribute to the agricultural transformation. This report summarizes the typology of farm households and irrigators in Nigeria. We apply a cluster analysis method to the Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) — Integrated Survey on Agriculture data and various secondary data. We also compare the costs and inputs used across different irrigation crops, as reported in Nigeria. Findings indicate that the three major irrigation systems in Nigeria are (1) labor-intensive diverted stream irrigation of rice, (2) supplementary irrigation of coarse grains and legumes using groundwater, and (3) dry season irrigation of vegetables. Each crop is irrigated during a specific season and using a specific water source and irrigation system. Farmers’ choice of irrigation system tends to depend on many factors. For example, in the South, tractorization is often a necessary precondition for rice irrigation. In the North, intensive irrigation of rice and vegetables may make sense only if labor is cheap, whereas irrigation of sorghum and legumes is supplementary and may not affect farm households’ behaviors. Although more rigorous studies are needed in the future, observed patterns of irrigation use in Nigeria indicate that the policies aiming to raise agricultural productivity and to develop the value chains of key crops may need to be based on an understanding of why irrigation is used in specific ways in different systems and of what the key constraints in scaling up such systems in other locations are.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123075171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Against the background of the current discussion about the EU’s common agricultural policy (CAP) after 2013, the question of the impact of government support on land prices is crucially important. Validation of the CAP’s success also hinges on a proper assessment of a choice of policy instruments. This study therefore has the objective of investigating on a theoretical basis the effects of different government support measures on land rental prices and land allocation. The different measures under consideration are the price support, area payments and decoupled single farm payments (SFPs) of the CAP. Our approach evaluates the potential impact of each measure based on a Ricardian land rent model with heterogeneous land quality and multiple land uses. We start with a simple model of one output and two inputs, where a Cobb-Douglas production technology is assumed between the two factors of land and non-land inputs. In a second step, an outside option is introduced. This outside option, as opposed to land use of the Ricardian type, is independent of land quality. The results show that area payments and SFPs become fully capitalised into land rents, whereas in a price support scheme the capitalisation depends on per-acreage productivity. Moreover, in a price support scheme and a historical model, the capitalisation is positively influenced by land quality. Both area payments and price supports influence land allocation across different uses compared with no subsidies, where the shift tends to be larger in an area payment scheme than in a price support scheme. By contrast, SFPs do not influence land allocation.
{"title":"Influence of the Common Agricultural Policy and Heterogeneous Land Quality on Land Rent and Land Allocation","authors":"P. Feichtinger, K. Salhofer","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.146963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.146963","url":null,"abstract":"Against the background of the current discussion about the EU’s common agricultural policy (CAP) after 2013, the question of the impact of government support on land prices is crucially important. Validation of the CAP’s success also hinges on a proper assessment of a choice of policy instruments. This study therefore has the objective of investigating on a theoretical basis the effects of different government support measures on land rental prices and land allocation. The different measures under consideration are the price support, area payments and decoupled single farm payments (SFPs) of the CAP. Our approach evaluates the potential impact of each measure based on a Ricardian land rent model with heterogeneous land quality and multiple land uses. We start with a simple model of one output and two inputs, where a Cobb-Douglas production technology is assumed between the two factors of land and non-land inputs. In a second step, an outside option is introduced. This outside option, as opposed to land use of the Ricardian type, is independent of land quality. The results show that area payments and SFPs become fully capitalised into land rents, whereas in a price support scheme the capitalisation depends on per-acreage productivity. Moreover, in a price support scheme and a historical model, the capitalisation is positively influenced by land quality. Both area payments and price supports influence land allocation across different uses compared with no subsidies, where the shift tends to be larger in an area payment scheme than in a price support scheme. By contrast, SFPs do not influence land allocation.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"153 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116632090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-03DOI: 10.1108/00070701211252129
P. Bryła
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine major marketing developments in the Polish food‐processing sector following the EU accession. The aim is to discern the impact of EU integration on several variables characterising the marketing and business strategies; to determine the sources of competitive advantage on the domestic market and abroad; and to distinguish the most popular development directions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the author's research study. A postal questionnaire survey was conducted among 780 food‐processing companies located in Poland and 30 interviews were conducted with representatives of the industry participating in the International Trade Fair Polagra in Poznan.Findings – There was a systematic growth of export orientation in the study sample after joining the EU. The representatives of the industry usually pointed out either a positive or neutral country‐of‐origin effect. The crucial sources of competitive advantage differed according to the target...
{"title":"The Impact of EU Accession on the Marketing Strategies of Polish Food Companies","authors":"P. Bryła","doi":"10.1108/00070701211252129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701211252129","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine major marketing developments in the Polish food‐processing sector following the EU accession. The aim is to discern the impact of EU integration on several variables characterising the marketing and business strategies; to determine the sources of competitive advantage on the domestic market and abroad; and to distinguish the most popular development directions.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on the author's research study. A postal questionnaire survey was conducted among 780 food‐processing companies located in Poland and 30 interviews were conducted with representatives of the industry participating in the International Trade Fair Polagra in Poznan.Findings – There was a systematic growth of export orientation in the study sample after joining the EU. The representatives of the industry usually pointed out either a positive or neutral country‐of‐origin effect. The crucial sources of competitive advantage differed according to the target...","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115651416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines factors underlying communal beef cattle marketing at a household level in Botswana, with emphasis placed on the role of public and private transfers. Results show that public and private transfers (pensions, remittances, government food rations, and food supplies from friends and relatives) discourage cattle marketing. Thus, while they are important sources of household food security, cash and food transfers may adversely impact on beef export performance in Botswana. It is therefore fundamental that public transfer programmes are well targeted to needy and poor households, in order to minimize their adverse effects on the cattle industry. On the positive side, the paper argues that public transfer programmes may assist poor farmers rebuild their cattle and other livestock inventory, contributing to transition out of inter-generational poverty.
{"title":"Factors Underlying Communal Beef Cattle Marketing Decisions in Botswana: The Role of Public and Private Transfers","authors":"Tebogo Bruce Seleka","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2686492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2686492","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines factors underlying communal beef cattle marketing at a household level in Botswana, with emphasis placed on the role of public and private transfers. Results show that public and private transfers (pensions, remittances, government food rations, and food supplies from friends and relatives) discourage cattle marketing. Thus, while they are important sources of household food security, cash and food transfers may adversely impact on beef export performance in Botswana. It is therefore fundamental that public transfer programmes are well targeted to needy and poor households, in order to minimize their adverse effects on the cattle industry. On the positive side, the paper argues that public transfer programmes may assist poor farmers rebuild their cattle and other livestock inventory, contributing to transition out of inter-generational poverty.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115234071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The food industry is one of Europe's most important and dynamic industrial sectors. The degree of competitiveness of the food manufacturing sector in 27 EU countries is analysed empirically, using Eurostat and other relevant data. The EU food industry is currently confronted with several main challenges: high food prices on world markets, administrative burdens and lack of innovation. The main aim of this article is to explore and explain the crucial role of food industry and provide a complete analysis of the comparative advantage and the overall export competitiveness of the mentioned subsector. The methodology of the paper is based on applying indicators of comparative advantage, industry trade and export competitiveness.
{"title":"The Analysis of the Export Competitiveness of the EU Food Manufacturing Sector1","authors":"Heri Bezic, Igor Cvečić, Tomislav Galović","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2232647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2232647","url":null,"abstract":"The food industry is one of Europe's most important and dynamic industrial sectors. The degree of competitiveness of the food manufacturing sector in 27 EU countries is analysed empirically, using Eurostat and other relevant data. The EU food industry is currently confronted with several main challenges: high food prices on world markets, administrative burdens and lack of innovation. The main aim of this article is to explore and explain the crucial role of food industry and provide a complete analysis of the comparative advantage and the overall export competitiveness of the mentioned subsector. The methodology of the paper is based on applying indicators of comparative advantage, industry trade and export competitiveness.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133017164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-07-14DOI: 10.1108/case.darden.2016.000123
P. Debaere
This case features a prominent antidumping case in the United States against six of its major foreign shrimp suppliers. The case fits well in a discussion and analysis of the (welfare) consequences of protectionism, the basic case for free trade, and the political economy of protectionism. Excerpt UVA-G-0600 Rev. July 14, 2009 Fishy Issues: The U.S. Shrimp Antidumping Case In the fall of 2002, the Southern Shrimp Alliance (SSA), a coalition of shrimp vessel owners and processors, was formed to fight what it called unfair competition from developing countries. The SSA represented eight southern states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. In December 2003, the alliance called for punitive tariffs against the main importers of shrimp to the United States: Thailand, Vietnam, India, Brazil, Ecuador, and China (Exhibit 1). The tariffs it requested ranged from 30% to 349%. The actions by the SSA constituted the broadest trade complaint since the Bush administration had imposed tariffs on imports of foreign steel in 2002. SSA members argued that they were driven out of business by the artificially low prices that these exporters charged in U.S. markets. The SSA's petition led to a showdown with U.S. seafood distributors, retailers, restaurateurs, and other businesses involved in shrimp processing and marketing, as well as with the targeted countries. Those parties opposed higher tariffs and accused the United States of blatant protectionism. They argued that the lower shrimp prices offered by developing countries' exporters were evidence of their comparative advantage in producing shrimp. In the words of Wally Stevens, president of the American Seafood Distributors Association: “These duties will do nothing to make the domestic shrimpers more competitive.” Trends in the Shrimp Market The global shrimp market had changed dramatically since the 1950s. Exhibit 2 presents estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) that illustrate the worldwide expansion of shrimp production and consumption. Worldwide production of shrimp increased from 0.31 million to 3.8 million tons between 1950 and 2002. Of particular interest was the changing distribution of production during that period as shown in Exhibit 3. Developing countries' share of shrimp production increased consistently, and that of the main consumers of shrimp—in particular Japan, the United States, and Europe—steadily decreased. One study estimated that Japan, Europe, and the United States consumed some 60% of world production in 2000. . . .
{"title":"Fishy Issues: The U.S. Shrimp Antidumping Case","authors":"P. Debaere","doi":"10.1108/case.darden.2016.000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1108/case.darden.2016.000123","url":null,"abstract":"This case features a prominent antidumping case in the United States against six of its major foreign shrimp suppliers. The case fits well in a discussion and analysis of the (welfare) consequences of protectionism, the basic case for free trade, and the political economy of protectionism. \u0000 \u0000Excerpt \u0000 \u0000UVA-G-0600 \u0000 \u0000Rev. July 14, 2009 \u0000 \u0000Fishy Issues: The U.S. Shrimp Antidumping Case \u0000 \u0000In the fall of 2002, the Southern Shrimp Alliance (SSA), a coalition of shrimp vessel owners and processors, was formed to fight what it called unfair competition from developing countries. The SSA represented eight southern states: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas. In December 2003, the alliance called for punitive tariffs against the main importers of shrimp to the United States: Thailand, Vietnam, India, Brazil, Ecuador, and China (Exhibit 1). The tariffs it requested ranged from 30% to 349%. The actions by the SSA constituted the broadest trade complaint since the Bush administration had imposed tariffs on imports of foreign steel in 2002. SSA members argued that they were driven out of business by the artificially low prices that these exporters charged in U.S. markets. The SSA's petition led to a showdown with U.S. seafood distributors, retailers, restaurateurs, and other businesses involved in shrimp processing and marketing, as well as with the targeted countries. Those parties opposed higher tariffs and accused the United States of blatant protectionism. They argued that the lower shrimp prices offered by developing countries' exporters were evidence of their comparative advantage in producing shrimp. In the words of Wally Stevens, president of the American Seafood Distributors Association: “These duties will do nothing to make the domestic shrimpers more competitive.” \u0000 \u0000Trends in the Shrimp Market \u0000 \u0000The global shrimp market had changed dramatically since the 1950s. Exhibit 2 presents estimates by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) that illustrate the worldwide expansion of shrimp production and consumption. Worldwide production of shrimp increased from 0.31 million to 3.8 million tons between 1950 and 2002. Of particular interest was the changing distribution of production during that period as shown in Exhibit 3. Developing countries' share of shrimp production increased consistently, and that of the main consumers of shrimp—in particular Japan, the United States, and Europe—steadily decreased. One study estimated that Japan, Europe, and the United States consumed some 60% of world production in 2000. \u0000 \u0000. . .","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122373057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main objective of this paper is to show how relevant is the incentive policy to agricultural investments for food poverty reduction towards agricultural households. The data used for this study are from the 1985-1988 CI-LSMS and the 1998 National Statistics Institute’s Household Surveys. We estimate a model of Rotating Panel to stress on the State intervention for food poverty reduction through private agricultural investment. The itinerary analysis of the households classified food poor or not food poor according to the necessary and advised caloric threshold allows to observe the living standards of agricultural households between 1985 and 1988. The computed results support that using State intervention to provide agricultural services improves the caloric intake of the agricultural households through the private investment incentive. On the contrary, the progressive withdrawal of the State at the end of 1986 pushed down the daily consumption of several households below the recommended caloric threshold. These outcomes suggest that the debate on suppressing or not suppressing State agricultural subsidies in the poor countries be revisited.
{"title":"Agricultural Policy Reforms and Food Poverty Dynamics in Côte D’Ivoire","authors":"Kouadio Arsène, M. Vincent, G. Mamadou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3171562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3171562","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to show how relevant is the incentive policy to agricultural investments for food poverty reduction towards agricultural households. The data used for this study are from the 1985-1988 CI-LSMS and the 1998 National Statistics Institute’s Household Surveys. We estimate a model of Rotating Panel to stress on the State intervention for food poverty reduction through private agricultural investment. The itinerary analysis of the households classified food poor or not food poor according to the necessary and advised caloric threshold allows to observe the living standards of agricultural households between 1985 and 1988. The computed results support that using State intervention to provide agricultural services improves the caloric intake of the agricultural households through the private investment incentive. On the contrary, the progressive withdrawal of the State at the end of 1986 pushed down the daily consumption of several households below the recommended caloric threshold. These outcomes suggest that the debate on suppressing or not suppressing State agricultural subsidies in the poor countries be revisited.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132787915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rules affecting our food future have been rewritten since the early 1990s, often in remote international bodies. This paper briefly outlines the nature of today's food system, discusses some of these rules and focuses on the dynamics of rule making in the World Trade Organisation, in particular around patent, plant variety protection, trademark, copyright and other forms of 'intellectual property' and their impact on our food future. It draws on work with negotiators dealing with the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) in WTO and its role in globalisation.
{"title":"Global Rules, Patent Power and Our Food Future: Controlling the Food System in the 21st Century","authors":"G. Tansey","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.923771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.923771","url":null,"abstract":"The rules affecting our food future have been rewritten since the early 1990s, often in remote international bodies. This paper briefly outlines the nature of today's food system, discusses some of these rules and focuses on the dynamics of rule making in the World Trade Organisation, in particular around patent, plant variety protection, trademark, copyright and other forms of 'intellectual property' and their impact on our food future. It draws on work with negotiators dealing with the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) in WTO and its role in globalisation.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127202045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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