The Appendices accompany the article "The Rise of Plain Language Laws. Together, they form the first attempt to discover and categorize every plain language law in the United States. The Appendices cover laws created in all fifty states, the District of Colombia, and the federal government. They categorize each law by the kind of affected document and also report the plain language standard the law applies.
{"title":"Appendices to the Rise of Plain Language Laws","authors":"Michael Blasie","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3941569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3941569","url":null,"abstract":"The Appendices accompany the article \"The Rise of Plain Language Laws. Together, they form the first attempt to discover and categorize every plain language law in the United States. The Appendices cover laws created in all fifty states, the District of Colombia, and the federal government. They categorize each law by the kind of affected document and also report the plain language standard the law applies.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129529854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. R, J. Nyika, S. Yadav, J. Mackolil, Rama Prashat G, Endashaw Workie, R. Ragupathy, P. Ramasundaram
Background: Genetically modified (GM) foods could be a promising option to reduce the dependence of the agri-food system on conventional means of crop improvement. However, the safety of GM food remains a concern, in addition to the perceived and real risks to environment. The opinion about scientific evidence among researchers, policymakers and government regulators on promotion of GM foods for consumers differ. This study presents the trends emerging from research outputs on consumer perception and preference for GM foods and policy prescriptions for enabling the consumption.
Scope and Approach: The study mainly focused on (1) exploring the publication trends, geographic focus of research and a comprehensive review on the consumers’ perception of and preference to GM foods, (2) identifying research hotspots and emerging genetically modified organisms (GMO) research themes, (3) assessing the integrated nature of GMO research, and (4) suggesting policy prescriptions on challenges and way forward. Bibliometric analyses have been performed using the Web of Science (WOS) database sourcing literature from 1981 to 2021 and analyzed the final sample of 543 publications using BibExcel and VOSviewer visualization software tools. The search strategy utilized the topic basis search of phrases related to GM food preference and perception.
Key Findings and Conclusions: The search query retrieving 543 journal articles showed an increasing trend in publications on consumer’s response towards GM foods. Thematic analysis revealed a strong interlinkage of GMOs research with ‘agriculture’ and ‘food science technology’. Consumers’ positive response is largely influenced by the decision of the governments to ban or approve the GM crops cultivation. Similarly, the public support increases when the potential benefits of the technology are well articulated, consumption increases with a price discount, people’s trust on the government and belief in science increases with a positive influence by the media. Mapping of the retrieved articles showed the top four recurrent keywords: GMOs, biotechnology, attitudes and acceptance. Europe and the USA are the first region and country, respectively, in terms of the number of active institutions per research output, per capita GDP publication and citations per article. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, followed by the National University of Malaysia are the top fundraisers for research on GM food consumption, perceptions and attitudes. Although research outputs on GM food consumer's acceptance and preferences are increasing, a majority of publications came from developed nations. Thus, intensive research is yet to be carried out in developing countries to produce a genetically modified food product with superior properties and substantial equivalence with no significant side-effects. We suggest research-, agri-food industries-, and society-oriented policies needed to be implemented by the stakeholders
背景:转基因食品可能是减少农业食品系统对传统作物改良手段依赖的一个有希望的选择。然而，除了对环境的感知和实际风险之外，转基因食品的安全性仍然是一个令人担忧的问题。在向消费者推广转基因食品的问题上，研究人员、政策制定者和政府监管机构对科学证据的看法存在分歧。本研究介绍了消费者对转基因食品的认知和偏好的研究成果所产生的趋势以及促进消费的政策处方。研究范围和方法:研究主要集中在:(1)探索转基因食品的出版趋势、研究的地理焦点和消费者对转基因食品的认知和偏好的综合综述;(2)确定研究热点和新兴的转基因生物研究主题;(3)评估转基因研究的整体性;(4)提出挑战和前进方向的政策建议。使用Web of Science (WOS)数据库对1981 - 2021年的文献进行文献计量分析，并使用BibExcel和VOSviewer可视化软件工具对543份出版物的最终样本进行分析。搜索策略利用了基于主题的转基因食品偏好和感知相关短语搜索。主要发现和结论:检索到的543篇期刊文章显示，关于消费者对转基因食品反应的出版物呈增加趋势。专题分析揭示了转基因生物研究与“农业”和“食品科学技术”之间的紧密联系。消费者的积极反应很大程度上受到政府禁止或批准转基因作物种植的决定的影响。同样，当一项技术的潜在好处被很好地表达出来，消费随着价格的折扣而增加，人们对政府的信任和对科学的信仰随着媒体的积极影响而增加时，公众的支持也会增加。检索到的文章的地图显示了四个最常出现的关键词:转基因生物、生物技术、态度和接受度。在每项研究产出的活跃机构数量、人均GDP出版物数量和每篇文章被引用次数方面，欧洲和美国分别位居第一和国家。中国国家自然科学基金会和马来西亚国立大学是转基因食品消费、认知和态度研究的最大筹款机构。虽然关于转基因食品消费者接受度和偏好的研究成果正在增加，但大多数出版物来自发达国家。因此，发展中国家还需要进行深入的研究，以生产出一种具有优越性能和实质等同性而没有重大副作用的转基因食品。我们建议利益相关者需要实施面向研究、农业食品工业和社会的政策，以确保转基因食品的安全性，鼓励以消费者为基础的研究，并提高公众对这些食品的认识。
{"title":"Consumer Perception and Preference towards Genetically Modified (GM) Foods: Bibliometric Evidence and Policy Imperatives","authors":"S. R, J. Nyika, S. Yadav, J. Mackolil, Rama Prashat G, Endashaw Workie, R. Ragupathy, P. Ramasundaram","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3882657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3882657","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Genetically modified (GM) foods could be a promising option to reduce the dependence of the agri-food system on conventional means of crop improvement. However, the safety of GM food remains a concern, in addition to the perceived and real risks to environment. The opinion about scientific evidence among researchers, policymakers and government regulators on promotion of GM foods for consumers differ. This study presents the trends emerging from research outputs on consumer perception and preference for GM foods and policy prescriptions for enabling the consumption.<br><br>Scope and Approach: The study mainly focused on (1) exploring the publication trends, geographic focus of research and a comprehensive review on the consumers’ perception of and preference to GM foods, (2) identifying research hotspots and emerging genetically modified organisms (GMO) research themes, (3) assessing the integrated nature of GMO research, and (4) suggesting policy prescriptions on challenges and way forward. Bibliometric analyses have been performed using the Web of Science (WOS) database sourcing literature from 1981 to 2021 and analyzed the final sample of 543 publications using BibExcel and VOSviewer visualization software tools. The search strategy utilized the topic basis search of phrases related to GM food preference and perception.<br><br>Key Findings and Conclusions: The search query retrieving 543 journal articles showed an increasing trend in publications on consumer’s response towards GM foods. Thematic analysis revealed a strong interlinkage of GMOs research with ‘agriculture’ and ‘food science technology’. Consumers’ positive response is largely influenced by the decision of the governments to ban or approve the GM crops cultivation. Similarly, the public support increases when the potential benefits of the technology are well articulated, consumption increases with a price discount, people’s trust on the government and belief in science increases with a positive influence by the media. Mapping of the retrieved articles showed the top four recurrent keywords: GMOs, biotechnology, attitudes and acceptance. Europe and the USA are the first region and country, respectively, in terms of the number of active institutions per research output, per capita GDP publication and citations per article. The National Natural Science Foundation of China, followed by the National University of Malaysia are the top fundraisers for research on GM food consumption, perceptions and attitudes. Although research outputs on GM food consumer's acceptance and preferences are increasing, a majority of publications came from developed nations. Thus, intensive research is yet to be carried out in developing countries to produce a genetically modified food product with superior properties and substantial equivalence with no significant side-effects. We suggest research-, agri-food industries-, and society-oriented policies needed to be implemented by the stakeholders","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126642690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Women’s groups have emerged as an important platform for promoting the economic, political and social empowerment of poor women. In India, Self Help Groups (SHGs), are becoming substantially involved in agricultural development activities, largely through the National Rural Livelihoods Mission platforms (NRLM) and with the assistance of NGOs. In the tribal areas of Odisha, women farmers’ access to land is low, even though they are closely involved in farming activities. In fact, most tribal women are legally landless, meaning, either they don’t own land or own less than one standard acre (a minimum area required to ensure food production for an average family). Individual forest rights are now being recently formally recognized under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, which requires that both spouses’ names are recorded. The Record of Rights (RoR) maintained by the Revenue Department lacks a column to record the landholder’s gender and does not always record land jointly in the name of wife and husband. As most of the agricultural land titles are maintained in the RoR, women lack recognition as landowners and hence women farmers. Interventions PRADAN, an NGO with considerable experience of working with SHGs and agriculture, used collective farming as a strategy in Rayagada district to augment the livelihoods of tribal women SHG members and also to support their recognition, at least among local actors, as women farmers. Along with a strong institutional support system, PRADAN assisted the women’s groups to lease in private land and also cultivate on government land, with the consent of the village community, supported by robust extension, communication, convergence and market linkages, to significantly increase their farm income. Lessons Group farming can be an alternative production model for women farmers to pool land, labour and capital to create larger farms, improve their agricultural income and also become recognised as women farmers at least by local actors. In the absence of legal sanction and enforceability of the leasing arrangements - which are informal, due to the prevailing legal framework banning agricultural land leasing in Odisha - these groups, however, face the risk of landlords either demanding higher rents after witnessing the increasing profitability of group-farming or preferring to withdraw their land from the lease arrangement due to their fear of losing the land to the SHG through long-term possession, as per existing laws. As most women farmers are landless, lack land records and operate through informal land leasing, they are also not eligible as individual farmers to access formal credit and government entitlements, which affect the profitability of group farming and individual returns, in addition to the pace and inclusivity of agricultural transformation.
{"title":"Women's Group Farming on Leased Land The Experience of Pradan in Odisha","authors":"P. Choudhury, P. Mohapatra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3813038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3813038","url":null,"abstract":"Women’s groups have emerged as an important platform for promoting the economic, political and social empowerment of poor women. In India, Self Help Groups (SHGs), are becoming substantially involved in agricultural development activities, largely through the National Rural Livelihoods Mission platforms (NRLM) and with the assistance of NGOs. \u0000 \u0000In the tribal areas of Odisha, women farmers’ access to land is low, even though they are closely involved in farming activities. In fact, most tribal women are legally landless, meaning, either they don’t own land or own less than one standard acre (a minimum area required to ensure food production for an average family). \u0000 \u0000Individual forest rights are now being recently formally recognized under the Forest Rights Act, 2006, which requires that both spouses’ names are recorded. The Record of Rights (RoR) maintained by the Revenue Department lacks a column to record the landholder’s gender and does not always record land jointly in the name of wife and husband. As most of the agricultural land titles are maintained in the RoR, women lack recognition as landowners and hence women farmers. \u0000 \u0000Interventions \u0000 \u0000PRADAN, an NGO with considerable experience of working with SHGs and agriculture, used collective farming as a strategy in Rayagada district to augment the livelihoods of tribal women SHG members and also to support their recognition, at least among local actors, as women farmers. \u0000 \u0000Along with a strong institutional support system, PRADAN assisted the women’s groups to lease in private land and also cultivate on government land, with the consent of the village community, supported by robust extension, communication, convergence and market linkages, to significantly increase their farm income. \u0000 \u0000Lessons \u0000 \u0000Group farming can be an alternative production model for women farmers to pool land, labour and capital to create larger farms, improve their agricultural income and also become recognised as women farmers at least by local actors. \u0000 \u0000In the absence of legal sanction and enforceability of the leasing arrangements - which are informal, due to the prevailing legal framework banning agricultural land leasing in Odisha - these groups, however, face the risk of landlords either demanding higher rents after witnessing the increasing profitability of group-farming or preferring to withdraw their land from the lease arrangement due to their fear of losing the land to the SHG through long-term possession, as per existing laws. \u0000 \u0000As most women farmers are landless, lack land records and operate through informal land leasing, they are also not eligible as individual farmers to access formal credit and government entitlements, which affect the profitability of group farming and individual returns, in addition to the pace and inclusivity of agricultural transformation.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121873536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-12DOI: 10.2499/P15738COLL2.134312
S. Babu, Jamshed Looden, Mehnaz Ajmal, A. W. Rana, Nandita Srivastava
The food systems approach can contribute to food security and reduced malnutrition levels by identifying key investments and policies throughout the food system, including production, processing, marketing, and consumption of food. However, in countries facing fragility and conflict, it has proven difficult to implement such an approach and achieve the desired results. This has been the case in Afghanistan, where high levels of malnutrition stem in part from an undersupply of nutritious food. Multi-sectoral approaches to promote nutrition sensitivity and achieve diet-based solutions have also had only limited impact. This paper reports on an analysis of the nutrition sensitivity of food systems in Afghanistan using multi-sector consultations and gap analyses to examine two key food and nutrition policies, the National Comprehensive Agriculture Development Priority Program and the Afghanistan Food Security and Nutrition Agenda. It highlights gaps in the policies and identifies investment priorities to make food systems more nutrition sensitive. The results show that instilling nutrition sensitivity into the operation of Afghanistan’s food systems can only be accomplished if certain key measures are incorporated into the food system. These include addressing the absence of knowledge in the population regarding healthy diets, the lack of sufficient food for vulnerable populations, weak irrigation systems, capacity constraints at individual and institutional levels, data challenges, and weak natural resource management. In addition, the above weaknesses are compounded by the continued violence and conflict-induced insecurity, weak government, and inadequate investments. Given the role of different sectors in contributing to improved nutrition, appropriate and effective multi-stakeholder coordination and collaboration is paramount to such efforts.
{"title":"Nutrition Sensitive Food Systems in Conflict Affected Regions: A Case Study of Afghanistan","authors":"S. Babu, Jamshed Looden, Mehnaz Ajmal, A. W. Rana, Nandita Srivastava","doi":"10.2499/P15738COLL2.134312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/P15738COLL2.134312","url":null,"abstract":"The food systems approach can contribute to food security and reduced malnutrition levels by identifying key investments and policies throughout the food system, including production, processing, marketing, and consumption of food. However, in countries facing fragility and conflict, it has proven difficult to implement such an approach and achieve the desired results. This has been the case in Afghanistan, where high levels of malnutrition stem in part from an undersupply of nutritious food. Multi-sectoral approaches to promote nutrition sensitivity and achieve diet-based solutions have also had only limited impact. This paper reports on an analysis of the nutrition sensitivity of food systems in Afghanistan using multi-sector consultations and gap analyses to examine two key food and nutrition policies, the National Comprehensive Agriculture Development Priority Program and the Afghanistan Food Security and Nutrition Agenda. It highlights gaps in the policies and identifies investment priorities to make food systems more nutrition sensitive. The results show that instilling nutrition sensitivity into the operation of Afghanistan’s food systems can only be accomplished if certain key measures are incorporated into the food system. These include addressing the absence of knowledge in the population regarding healthy diets, the lack of sufficient food for vulnerable populations, weak irrigation systems, capacity constraints at individual and institutional levels, data challenges, and weak natural resource management. In addition, the above weaknesses are compounded by the continued violence and conflict-induced insecurity, weak government, and inadequate investments. Given the role of different sectors in contributing to improved nutrition, appropriate and effective multi-stakeholder coordination and collaboration is paramount to such efforts.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128408902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-29DOI: 10.2499/p15738coll2.134221
Akhter U. Ahmed, Melissa Hidrobo, J. Hoddinott, Bastien Koch, Shalini Roy, Salauddin Tauseef
Social protection programs are primarily focused on influencing household behavior in the short term, increasing consumption to reduce poverty and food insecurity, and promoting investments in human capital. A large body of evidence across numerous settings shows that cash and food transfer programs are highly effective in doing so. However, there is growing interest in understanding the extent to which such programs can help households stay out of poverty in the longer term, specifically after transfers end. We bring new evidence to this question, re-interviewing Bangladeshi households that participated in a well-implemented randomized social protection intervention four years after it ended. We find that combining transfers, either cash or food, with behavior change communication activities sustainably reduced poverty. Cash transfers alone had sustainable effects, but these were context-specific. The beneficial impacts of food transfers did not persist four years after the intervention finished.
{"title":"Social Protection and Sustainable Poverty Reduction: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh","authors":"Akhter U. Ahmed, Melissa Hidrobo, J. Hoddinott, Bastien Koch, Shalini Roy, Salauddin Tauseef","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.134221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134221","url":null,"abstract":"Social protection programs are primarily focused on influencing household behavior in the short term, increasing consumption to reduce poverty and food insecurity, and promoting investments in human capital. A large body of evidence across numerous settings shows that cash and food transfer programs are highly effective in doing so. However, there is growing interest in understanding the extent to which such programs can help households stay out of poverty in the longer term, specifically after transfers end. We bring new evidence to this question, re-interviewing Bangladeshi households that participated in a well-implemented randomized social protection intervention four years after it ended. We find that combining transfers, either cash or food, with behavior change communication activities sustainably reduced poverty. Cash transfers alone had sustainable effects, but these were context-specific. The beneficial impacts of food transfers did not persist four years after the intervention finished.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114424752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.2499/p15738coll2.134207
S. Asante, C. Ragasa, K. Andam
Globally, food system transformation is characterized by the increasing importance of food safety and quality standards for consumers. This trend is challenging for the food processing sector in Ghana, which is dominated by micro and small firms. This study investigates the factors influencing the adoption of food safety practices and the effect of such adoption on the profitability of nationally representative food processing firms in Ghana using instrumental variable approach and matching techniques. The study uses nationally representative data for 511 food processing firms. The data show few food processing firms (20 percent) have adopted food safety practices. Wide diversity of firms was observed, and firm size, firm age, registrations, trainings, processing activities, types of buyers, and number of distinct products explain the differing firm adoption of food safety practices. We also find that adopters of food safety practices earn more per month than do nonadopting firms, implying the presence of economic incentive to adopt food safety practices. Support in terms of food safety awareness and training to food processing firms can help improve adoption of food safety practices.
{"title":"Drivers of Food Safety Adoption Among Food Processing Firms: A Nationally Representative Survey in Ghana","authors":"S. Asante, C. Ragasa, K. Andam","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.134207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134207","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, food system transformation is characterized by the increasing importance of food safety and quality standards for consumers. This trend is challenging for the food processing sector in Ghana, which is dominated by micro and small firms. This study investigates the factors influencing the adoption of food safety practices and the effect of such adoption on the profitability of nationally representative food processing firms in Ghana using instrumental variable approach and matching techniques. The study uses nationally representative data for 511 food processing firms. The data show few food processing firms (20 percent) have adopted food safety practices. Wide diversity of firms was observed, and firm size, firm age, registrations, trainings, processing activities, types of buyers, and number of distinct products explain the differing firm adoption of food safety practices. We also find that adopters of food safety practices earn more per month than do nonadopting firms, implying the presence of economic incentive to adopt food safety practices. Support in terms of food safety awareness and training to food processing firms can help improve adoption of food safety practices.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130557878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-26DOI: 10.2499/p15738coll2.133780
S. Babu, A. Ogunniyi, B. Balana, K. Andam
The aim of Nigeria’s extension reform and transformation agenda through its new national extension policy (NEP) is to put in place a legislated, pluralistic, farmer-responsive, and market-oriented extension system. The reformed extension system aims at an assured and regular source of funding and a well-trained and motivated staff, effectively catering for a variety of actors along targeted value chains. It also aims at effective integration of the complex innovation processes in the agricultural and food system transformation in Nigeria. Implementation of the NEP at the state level remains a major challenge. This paper documents issues, challenges, constraints, and potential solutions and opportunities in implementing NEP at the state level using Niger State as a case study. We use a qualitative method in the context of inclusive consultative process with a focus on the multi-stakeholder participatory model. We found that strengthening actors’ capacities for innovation by considering the complexity of agricultural innovation system is very critical to effective and successful implementation of national agricultural policies in Niger State. We confirm from our study that “networking, partnership facilitation, and collaboration†functions are crucial cross-cutting measures across the agricultural innovation system for operative and systematic implementation of the NEP in Niger State. Based on our findings in Niger State, even if we make effort to draw generic lessons for Nigeria, the case studies show that understanding the dynamics of efficiently and productively implementing the National Extension Policy remain case-specific, and no ‘silver bullet’ can be provided to support agricultural innovation system due to the complex federal governance system in Nigeria. Therefore, a state-level or case-specific is highly recommended for operational implementation process in Nigeria.
{"title":"National Extension Policy and State Level Implementation: The Case of Niger State in Nigeria","authors":"S. Babu, A. Ogunniyi, B. Balana, K. Andam","doi":"10.2499/p15738coll2.133780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133780","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of Nigeria’s extension reform and transformation agenda through its new national extension policy (NEP) is to put in place a legislated, pluralistic, farmer-responsive, and market-oriented extension system. The reformed extension system aims at an assured and regular source of funding and a well-trained and motivated staff, effectively catering for a variety of actors along targeted value chains. It also aims at effective integration of the complex innovation processes in the agricultural and food system transformation in Nigeria. Implementation of the NEP at the state level remains a major challenge. This paper documents issues, challenges, constraints, and potential solutions and opportunities in implementing NEP at the state level using Niger State as a case study. We use a qualitative method in the context of inclusive consultative process with a focus on the multi-stakeholder participatory model. We found that strengthening actors’ capacities for innovation by considering the complexity of agricultural innovation system is very critical to effective and successful implementation of national agricultural policies in Niger State. We confirm from our study that “networking, partnership facilitation, and collaboration†functions are crucial cross-cutting measures across the agricultural innovation system for operative and systematic implementation of the NEP in Niger State. Based on our findings in Niger State, even if we make effort to draw generic lessons for Nigeria, the case studies show that understanding the dynamics of efficiently and productively implementing the National Extension Policy remain case-specific, and no ‘silver bullet’ can be provided to support agricultural innovation system due to the complex federal governance system in Nigeria. Therefore, a state-level or case-specific is highly recommended for operational implementation process in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124391276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article aims to contribute to the discussion and research on economic, ethical and legal aspects of digital transformation in the agri-food sector. The previous technological revolution (the so-called Green Revolution) significantly raised the efficiency indices and productivity in agriculture. At the same time, however, it led to many negative environmental consequences. It also deepened income inequalities in the sector. According to some researchers, the current digital revolution, in fact based on intensive use of knowledge, may reverse the adverse consequences of the previous revolution. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that digital technologies lead to new social divides and to greater inequalities in the world. Many digital products and services are developed with the use of data to which ownership rights remain unclear. At the same time, the ongoing digitalization processes seem to significantly increase the risk of privacy violations. The article discusses the benefits, problems and possible risks associated with the digitalization processes in the agri-food sector. Particular attention is devoted to the ethical aspects of collecting, processing, sharing and using digital data from smart farming systems. It is argued that the potential of the digital revolution in the agri-food sector is not fully realized. The influencing factors are i.a. the lack of laws and regulatory frameworks for the governance of digital data gathered in the agriculture and food sector, the structure of the market of digital products and services favoring large and very large farms, low level of trust between actors in the data value chain and insufficient cooperation between the private and the public sector with regard to using and sharing digital data. Therefore, a broad discussion engaging various stakeholders on the vision of digital transformation in the agrifood sector is necessary. The foundations for the development of the agri-food sector based on data exchange and digital innovation should take into account common values and ethical principles, as well as the need to build mutual trust between the actors in the data value chain.
{"title":"Economic, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Digitalization in the Agri-Food Sector","authors":"K. Kosior","doi":"10.30858/zer/120456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/120456","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to contribute to the discussion and research on economic, ethical and legal aspects of digital transformation in the agri-food sector. The previous technological revolution (the so-called Green Revolution) significantly raised the efficiency indices and productivity in agriculture. At the same time, however, it led to many negative environmental consequences. It also deepened income inequalities in the sector. According to some researchers, the current digital revolution, in fact based on intensive use of knowledge, may reverse the adverse consequences of the previous revolution. On the other hand, there is growing evidence that digital technologies lead to new social divides and to greater inequalities in the world. Many digital products and services are developed with the use of data to which ownership rights remain unclear. At the same time, the ongoing digitalization processes seem to significantly increase the risk of privacy violations. The article discusses the benefits, problems and possible risks associated with the digitalization processes in the agri-food sector. Particular attention is devoted to the ethical aspects of collecting, processing, sharing and using digital data from smart farming systems. It is argued that the potential of the digital revolution in the agri-food sector is not fully realized. The influencing factors are i.a. the lack of laws and regulatory frameworks for the governance of digital data gathered in the agriculture and food sector, the structure of the market of digital products and services favoring large and very large farms, low level of trust between actors in the data value chain and insufficient cooperation between the private and the public sector with regard to using and sharing digital data. Therefore, a broad discussion engaging various stakeholders on the vision of digital transformation in the agrifood sector is necessary. The foundations for the development of the agri-food sector based on data exchange and digital innovation should take into account common values and ethical principles, as well as the need to build mutual trust between the actors in the data value chain.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130248503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For many years, Poland has been looking for a new taxation structure for income from agricultural activities in place of the agricultural tax which is still a basic burden for Polish farms. The study presents the results of the tax awareness analysis carried out in the selected group of farmers i.e. those involved in the cow’s milk production (32), so as to conclude, on this basis, on the assessment of tax fiscalism among this professional group. Tax burdens, both within the entire taxation system, as well as within new tax solutions, are perceived and expressed in a subjective way. The overall assessment of the tax system in terms of social expectations and reactions is dependent on, inter alia, the level of education of taxpayers, legal awareness, prevailing attitudes towards taxation. The results of the presented studies have shown a low level of tax awareness among farmers. The primary source of knowledge on taxes, including tax reliefs, are other farmers and information from tax authorities. The fiscal burden of taxes paid for the analyzed group of farmers is not large. Few of them consider the following taxes as at least significant fiscal burden: agricultural tax (21.9%), real property tax (21.9%) or forestry tax (3.1%). According to the surveyed, the reasons for non-payment of taxes are mainly economic. The respondents consider the agricultural tax structure as appropriate. Most of the surveyed (56.3%) hold a negative attitude towards introducing the income tax on farmers and their agricultural activity. If it was to be introduced, it should be accompanied by tax reliefs, associated mainly with crisis situations, as well as investment allowances and reliefs dependent on the farm size. Despite modernization or acquisition of new land incorporated into their farms, some farmers have not used an investment allowance. The reason for this state of affairs was, inter alia, the lack of knowledge on the suitable legislation. Farmers have a poor knowledge on the methods of paying tax liabilities and mostly do not use them. Almost all (93.8%) farmers know the possibility of recovering some funds spent on diesel fuel used for the agricultural production on a basis of invoices presented. Few (6.3%) believe that the current limit of excise tax refund is satisfactory. More than 31% of the surveyed use professional assistance (mainly accounting offices) as regards implementing obligations related to VAT settlement. The selection of the settlement method is conditioned economically.
{"title":"Economic Situation of Milk Producers and Their Opinions Regarding Taxation of This Agricultural Activity","authors":"Maria Zuba-Ciszewska, P. Pomorski","doi":"10.30858/zer/117892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30858/zer/117892","url":null,"abstract":"For many years, Poland has been looking for a new taxation structure for income from agricultural activities in place of the agricultural tax which is still a basic burden for Polish farms. The study presents the results of the tax awareness analysis carried out in the selected group of farmers i.e. those involved in the cow’s milk production (32), so as to conclude, on this basis, on the assessment of tax fiscalism among this professional group. Tax burdens, both within the entire taxation system, as well as within new tax solutions, are perceived and expressed in a subjective way. The overall assessment of the tax system in terms of social expectations and reactions is dependent on, inter alia, the level of education of taxpayers, legal awareness, prevailing attitudes towards taxation. The results of the presented studies have shown a low level of tax awareness among farmers. The primary source of knowledge on taxes, including tax reliefs, are other farmers and information from tax authorities. The fiscal burden of taxes paid for the analyzed group of farmers is not large. Few of them consider the following taxes as at least significant fiscal burden: agricultural tax (21.9%), real property tax (21.9%) or forestry tax (3.1%). According to the surveyed, the reasons for non-payment of taxes are mainly economic. The respondents consider the agricultural tax structure as appropriate. Most of the surveyed (56.3%) hold a negative attitude towards introducing the income tax on farmers and their agricultural activity. If it was to be introduced, it should be accompanied by tax reliefs, associated mainly with crisis situations, as well as investment allowances and reliefs dependent on the farm size. Despite modernization or acquisition of new land incorporated into their farms, some farmers have not used an investment allowance. The reason for this state of affairs was, inter alia, the lack of knowledge on the suitable legislation. Farmers have a poor knowledge on the methods of paying tax liabilities and mostly do not use them. Almost all (93.8%) farmers know the possibility of recovering some funds spent on diesel fuel used for the agricultural production on a basis of invoices presented. Few (6.3%) believe that the current limit of excise tax refund is satisfactory. More than 31% of the surveyed use professional assistance (mainly accounting offices) as regards implementing obligations related to VAT settlement. The selection of the settlement method is conditioned economically.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123509370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weekend feeding (“BackPack�?) programs that provide food to children have grown dramatically in recent years, yet their effects on educational outcomes have been little investigated. Our study combines administrative student data on test scores and absences in Northwest North Carolina elementary schools with primary data on program participation. School and student program eligibility criteria is used to estimate the intent-to-treat effect within a difference-in-difference-in-difference (DDD) framework. Results suggest a sizable 0.09 standard deviation improvement in reading scores, with similar but weaker effects for math scores. These effects are strongest for the youngest and lowest performing students.
{"title":"Weekend Feeding ('Backpack') Programs and Student Outcomes","authors":"Michael Kurtz, K. Conway, Robert D. Mohr","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3528563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3528563","url":null,"abstract":"Weekend feeding (“BackPack�?) programs that provide food to children have grown dramatically in recent years, yet their effects on educational outcomes have been little investigated. Our study combines administrative student data on test scores and absences in Northwest North Carolina elementary schools with primary data on program participation. School and student program eligibility criteria is used to estimate the intent-to-treat effect within a difference-in-difference-in-difference (DDD) framework. Results suggest a sizable 0.09 standard deviation improvement in reading scores, with similar but weaker effects for math scores. These effects are strongest for the youngest and lowest performing students.","PeriodicalId":365834,"journal":{"name":"Food Laws","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123081193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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