THE accomplishment of a manned lunar landing will involve manned spacecraft, powerful boosters, complex rendezvous operations in space, world-wide communication and tracking networks, and gigantic production and launch facilities. The programs for such an endeavor are well underway. The many problems generated by such an undertaking are under investigation. It is the intent of this report to present the Manned Space Flight programs which pace this effort and to discuss expected problem areas. First, however, some attention should be given to man and his role in space flights. Space will be explored for many reasons scientific, economic, military, and political. The question is not so much why but rather when and by whom. Space exploration represents a major technological challenge. History shows that nations that meet such challenges tend to grow and go forward; those that fail to accept and conquer them wither and die.
{"title":"Manned Space Flight","authors":"B. Holmes","doi":"10.2307/1293010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293010","url":null,"abstract":"THE accomplishment of a manned lunar landing will involve manned spacecraft, powerful boosters, complex rendezvous operations in space, world-wide communication and tracking networks, and gigantic production and launch facilities. The programs for such an endeavor are well underway. The many problems generated by such an undertaking are under investigation. It is the intent of this report to present the Manned Space Flight programs which pace this effort and to discuss expected problem areas. First, however, some attention should be given to man and his role in space flights. Space will be explored for many reasons scientific, economic, military, and political. The question is not so much why but rather when and by whom. Space exploration represents a major technological challenge. History shows that nations that meet such challenges tend to grow and go forward; those that fail to accept and conquer them wither and die.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116935052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-08-01DOI: 10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.4.39
L. Beidler
{"title":"The United States Science Exhibit at the Seattle World's Fair","authors":"L. Beidler","doi":"10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.4.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.4.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124131362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
August 23, 1962 An analysis i s made of the energetic, molecular, mxromolecu la r and organizational steps which appear to be essential for the development of a living cell from a nonliving origin. Accepting the current view of the primitive atmosphere of the earth, experimental demonstration for the formation of the fundamental molecules of living organisms (amino acids, fatty acids, purines and pyrimadines) under the influence of available energy sources (ultraviok light, ionishg radiation and electric discharge) is presented. The combination of these small units and the polymers via the universal dehydration condensation reaction under the influence of py rophosphate o r carbonto-nitrogen multiple bonds i s experimentally provided. These macromolecules a r e shown to assume specific configuratione resulting from intrinsic factors in their structure, and mechanisms for information transfer and energy transfer by virtue of these ordered structures a r e described. The aggregation of bifunctional molecules a t interfaces to give ordered membranous structures is indicated a s the possible source for the cell wall enclo5ures, thus completing the prebiotic phase.
{"title":"COMMUNICATION: FROM MOLECULES TO MARS","authors":"M. Calvin","doi":"10.2307/1293006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293006","url":null,"abstract":"August 23, 1962 An analysis i s made of the energetic, molecular, mxromolecu la r and organizational steps which appear to be essential for the development of a living cell from a nonliving origin. Accepting the current view of the primitive atmosphere of the earth, experimental demonstration for the formation of the fundamental molecules of living organisms (amino acids, fatty acids, purines and pyrimadines) under the influence of available energy sources (ultraviok light, ionishg radiation and electric discharge) is presented. The combination of these small units and the polymers via the universal dehydration condensation reaction under the influence of py rophosphate o r carbonto-nitrogen multiple bonds i s experimentally provided. These macromolecules a r e shown to assume specific configuratione resulting from intrinsic factors in their structure, and mechanisms for information transfer and energy transfer by virtue of these ordered structures a r e described. The aggregation of bifunctional molecules a t interfaces to give ordered membranous structures is indicated a s the possible source for the cell wall enclo5ures, thus completing the prebiotic phase.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132844118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Dynamic Curriculum for a Changing Agriculture","authors":"D. G. Aldrich","doi":"10.2307/1293119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"33 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114111360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
business training. He needs, however, more productionrelated courses than does the student preparing for an off-farm agricultural business. The latter needs more emphasis on economics and business, and the student preparing for agricultural research and education must emphasize the fundamental sciences. The faculty of the School of Agriculture at V.P.I. concluded, after months of study, that its curricula needed revision and adjustment. It approved measures that accomplished the following things: (i) strengthened the basic sciences, including mathematics; (ii) increased the emphasis on fundamentals and reduced the courses concerned with application to the minimum consistent with career plans; (iii) broadened the scope of the curricula by including more social sciences and humanities; (iv) established minimum requirements for all students; and (v) provided more freedom to students in selection of courses. These adjustments were accomplished by increasing the requirements in chemistry, biology, physics, mathematics, and geology; by adding requirements in languages, history, government, economics and business, philosophy, and sociology; and by providing more electives. Further adjustments were made by reorganizing the courses into three curricula: Agricultural Science, which emphasizes science and its application to agriculture; Agricultural Technology, which stresses applied science and technology related to production; and Agricultural Business, which emphasizes business and agriculture. V.P.I. has one additional curriculum, Forest Management, in its School of Agriculture. This curriculum has the same minimum requirements, emphasis on fundamentals, and breadth as the other three. The new curricula and the revised courses at V.P.I. and other colleges are more than a reshuffling of the old academic cards. They are designed to serve the industry of agriculture specifically and the public in general. They provide educational opportunities for students interested in careers in any of the sectors of the industry. They also provide the intellectual background on which students can build satisfying lives as citizens of a free country. Many references were of special value in the preparation of this paper. I wish to mention several of these: (i) Report of the Dean's Committee on Agricultural Curricula, V.P.I. School of Agriculture, December 1959; (ii) Curriculum Development, a report from a work conference for Schools of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, July 18-21, 1960; (iii) Planning for the Future in the School of Agriculture, a report from a Symposium, North Carolina State College, December 10-11, 1957; (iv) The Challenge of the Land-Grant Centennial, a talk presented to the American Society of Agronomy, November 1961, by Dean H. E. Myers of University of Arizona; (v) The Spirit of the Land-Grant Institution, a New Printing of Four Essays by Distinguished Educators, 1931, by the University of Arizona in 1961; and (vi) National Stud
{"title":"Agricultural Curriculum Philosophy at Cornell University","authors":"A. W. Gibson","doi":"10.2307/1293121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293121","url":null,"abstract":"business training. He needs, however, more productionrelated courses than does the student preparing for an off-farm agricultural business. The latter needs more emphasis on economics and business, and the student preparing for agricultural research and education must emphasize the fundamental sciences. The faculty of the School of Agriculture at V.P.I. concluded, after months of study, that its curricula needed revision and adjustment. It approved measures that accomplished the following things: (i) strengthened the basic sciences, including mathematics; (ii) increased the emphasis on fundamentals and reduced the courses concerned with application to the minimum consistent with career plans; (iii) broadened the scope of the curricula by including more social sciences and humanities; (iv) established minimum requirements for all students; and (v) provided more freedom to students in selection of courses. These adjustments were accomplished by increasing the requirements in chemistry, biology, physics, mathematics, and geology; by adding requirements in languages, history, government, economics and business, philosophy, and sociology; and by providing more electives. Further adjustments were made by reorganizing the courses into three curricula: Agricultural Science, which emphasizes science and its application to agriculture; Agricultural Technology, which stresses applied science and technology related to production; and Agricultural Business, which emphasizes business and agriculture. V.P.I. has one additional curriculum, Forest Management, in its School of Agriculture. This curriculum has the same minimum requirements, emphasis on fundamentals, and breadth as the other three. The new curricula and the revised courses at V.P.I. and other colleges are more than a reshuffling of the old academic cards. They are designed to serve the industry of agriculture specifically and the public in general. They provide educational opportunities for students interested in careers in any of the sectors of the industry. They also provide the intellectual background on which students can build satisfying lives as citizens of a free country. Many references were of special value in the preparation of this paper. I wish to mention several of these: (i) Report of the Dean's Committee on Agricultural Curricula, V.P.I. School of Agriculture, December 1959; (ii) Curriculum Development, a report from a work conference for Schools of Agriculture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, July 18-21, 1960; (iii) Planning for the Future in the School of Agriculture, a report from a Symposium, North Carolina State College, December 10-11, 1957; (iv) The Challenge of the Land-Grant Centennial, a talk presented to the American Society of Agronomy, November 1961, by Dean H. E. Myers of University of Arizona; (v) The Spirit of the Land-Grant Institution, a New Printing of Four Essays by Distinguished Educators, 1931, by the University of Arizona in 1961; and (vi) National Stud","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124945970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-06-01DOI: 10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.3.40
G. Moment
{"title":"XVI International Congress of Zoology","authors":"G. Moment","doi":"10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.3.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/AIBSBULLETIN/12.3.40","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131817260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1962-06-01DOI: 10.1093/aibsbulletin/12.3.15
F. Went, J. R. Olive
~E public image of the biologist has not changed as much as the biologist himself has changed in the last century. In addition to the typical traditional naturalist, chasing butterflies with a net or collecting plants in a vasculum, new types have developed. We now have ecologists and Iimnologists measuring in a precise manner the factors in the environment of living creatures, microbiologists and anatomists with' their probing microscopes, and molecular biologists scanning complex electronic apparatus. As far as techniques are concerned, many present-day biologists do not really differ from chemists, physicists, or mathematicians; their objects, however, are not lifeless matter but, instead, are plants, animals, and microorganisms. As biologists, we should be concerned with our public image, because the future of our profession is involved. Public support is not exclusively dependent upon performance but also upon what the citizen, the lawmaker, and the industrialist thinks we are capable of producing. This is demonstrated in the large numbers of scientists with chemical training now employed by industry to perform biological research, for instance, on insecticidal and herbicidal problems. Moreover, a public image which is too restricted adversely affects the number of youngsters entering the field. A preformed and narrow image of the professional biologist may condition students to chosing chemistry or some other more publicized or "glamorous" field before they are exposed to any training in biology, Even the most stimulating of teachers cannot prevail against this sort of mental fix. ' The AIBS is concerned about this image of the biologist; the Biology News Bureau seeks to improve the quality and quantity of news coverage given biology and biologists in lay publications. It should be obvious that as an intellectual achievement the discovery of a new plant pigment, phytochrome, controlling flowering and numerous other processes, is at least as significant and exciting as the creation of a new element by neutron bombardment or the discovery of a new planet such as Pluto. Yet the public knows less about phytochrome than about Pluto. The production of a new disease-resistant wheat variety is as exacting and complex a task as the synthesis of a new chemical or the development of a new mathematical formula. Yet chemists and physicists in government service have a more than tenfold better chance to reach top salary levels than biologists, even though there is no basic difference in training, intellectual capacity, or performance records. Ironically, it is the very success of the biologists which keeps him out of the news and down on the salary scale. If the biologist were less successful in combating pests, weeds, flies, or cerealcrop diseases, famine and discomfort would long since have focused attention on the complexity of these biological-control problems. Biology has achieved, in the few centuries since scientific inquiry began, the most specta
{"title":"The Future of Biology and the AIBS","authors":"F. Went, J. R. Olive","doi":"10.1093/aibsbulletin/12.3.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aibsbulletin/12.3.15","url":null,"abstract":"~E public image of the biologist has not changed as much as the biologist himself has changed in the last century. In addition to the typical traditional naturalist, chasing butterflies with a net or collecting plants in a vasculum, new types have developed. We now have ecologists and Iimnologists measuring in a precise manner the factors in the environment of living creatures, microbiologists and anatomists with' their probing microscopes, and molecular biologists scanning complex electronic apparatus. As far as techniques are concerned, many present-day biologists do not really differ from chemists, physicists, or mathematicians; their objects, however, are not lifeless matter but, instead, are plants, animals, and microorganisms. As biologists, we should be concerned with our public image, because the future of our profession is involved. Public support is not exclusively dependent upon performance but also upon what the citizen, the lawmaker, and the industrialist thinks we are capable of producing. This is demonstrated in the large numbers of scientists with chemical training now employed by industry to perform biological research, for instance, on insecticidal and herbicidal problems. Moreover, a public image which is too restricted adversely affects the number of youngsters entering the field. A preformed and narrow image of the professional biologist may condition students to chosing chemistry or some other more publicized or \"glamorous\" field before they are exposed to any training in biology, Even the most stimulating of teachers cannot prevail against this sort of mental fix. ' The AIBS is concerned about this image of the biologist; the Biology News Bureau seeks to improve the quality and quantity of news coverage given biology and biologists in lay publications. It should be obvious that as an intellectual achievement the discovery of a new plant pigment, phytochrome, controlling flowering and numerous other processes, is at least as significant and exciting as the creation of a new element by neutron bombardment or the discovery of a new planet such as Pluto. Yet the public knows less about phytochrome than about Pluto. The production of a new disease-resistant wheat variety is as exacting and complex a task as the synthesis of a new chemical or the development of a new mathematical formula. Yet chemists and physicists in government service have a more than tenfold better chance to reach top salary levels than biologists, even though there is no basic difference in training, intellectual capacity, or performance records. Ironically, it is the very success of the biologists which keeps him out of the news and down on the salary scale. If the biologist were less successful in combating pests, weeds, flies, or cerealcrop diseases, famine and discomfort would long since have focused attention on the complexity of these biological-control problems. Biology has achieved, in the few centuries since scientific inquiry began, the most specta","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122196004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
FROM January 9 to February 8, 1961, I made a trip to the United States to get an idea of the organization of scientific research in cytology there. I visited a number of laboratories of the National Institutes of Health at Bethesda, the University of California at Berkeley and San Francisco, the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute at Philadelphia, Columbia University, New York University, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research at the Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases, the Rockefeller Institute and the U. S. Vitamin and Pharmaceutical Corporation.
{"title":"Cytological Investigation in the United States","authors":"A. Troshin","doi":"10.2307/1293126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293126","url":null,"abstract":"FROM January 9 to February 8, 1961, I made a trip to the United States to get an idea of the organization of scientific research in cytology there. I visited a number of laboratories of the National Institutes of Health at Bethesda, the University of California at Berkeley and San Francisco, the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute at Philadelphia, Columbia University, New York University, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research at the Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases, the Rockefeller Institute and the U. S. Vitamin and Pharmaceutical Corporation.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133356291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
WHEN Agassiz admonished his students by saying "Study Nature, not books," a young Rochesterian by the name of Henry A. Ward took him seriously and founded, in 1862, Ward's Natural Science Establishment. Shortly after Darwin's revolutionary Origin of the Species burst on the American intellectual scene, the Agassiz-oriented Ward was there to funnel the riches and oddities of nature into the classrooms, laboratories, and museums for a growing and curious nation.
{"title":"Fossils to Plastics: A Century of Scientific Support","authors":"W. C. Gamble","doi":"10.2307/1293123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1293123","url":null,"abstract":"WHEN Agassiz admonished his students by saying \"Study Nature, not books,\" a young Rochesterian by the name of Henry A. Ward took him seriously and founded, in 1862, Ward's Natural Science Establishment. Shortly after Darwin's revolutionary Origin of the Species burst on the American intellectual scene, the Agassiz-oriented Ward was there to funnel the riches and oddities of nature into the classrooms, laboratories, and museums for a growing and curious nation.","PeriodicalId":366088,"journal":{"name":"AIBS Bulletin","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123651353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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