Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211686
A. Kwasinski, V. Krishnamurthy
This paper presents a quantitative framework for modeling electric power and communications infrastructures resilience. While in the past, resilience models applied to these infrastructures have focused on technological aspects, a fundamental novel aspect of the herein presented framework is the integral inclusion of models for human-driven processes, such as logistics, that influences recovery speed. Another fundamental novel aspect of the presented modeling framework is the generalized representation of dependencies and the characterization of the role that service buffers, such as energy storage, have on representing dependencies of associated services. Infrastructure system models combine three interconnected domains, each mathematically represented by at least one graph: a physical domain, a human/organizational domain, and a cyber domain. Each of the graphs that form the proposed framework represent the provision of a service. Thus, modeling of functional dependencies is inherently part of the developed models.
{"title":"Generalized integrated framework for modelling communications and electric power infrastructure resilience","authors":"A. Kwasinski, V. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211686","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a quantitative framework for modeling electric power and communications infrastructures resilience. While in the past, resilience models applied to these infrastructures have focused on technological aspects, a fundamental novel aspect of the herein presented framework is the integral inclusion of models for human-driven processes, such as logistics, that influences recovery speed. Another fundamental novel aspect of the presented modeling framework is the generalized representation of dependencies and the characterization of the role that service buffers, such as energy storage, have on representing dependencies of associated services. Infrastructure system models combine three interconnected domains, each mathematically represented by at least one graph: a physical domain, a human/organizational domain, and a cyber domain. Each of the graphs that form the proposed framework represent the provision of a service. Thus, modeling of functional dependencies is inherently part of the developed models.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131619730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214195
Stephan Adams, M. Broadmeadow, Geoffrey R Walker, G. Ledwich
Multilevel Modular Cascade Converters (MMCC) can be used to provide higher effective switching frequencies and reduce harmonic distortion in classical converter problems such as BESS and STATCOM. To successfully implement a MMCC in a STATCOM application it is necessary to balance dc-link voltages of the individual modules and track a reference output current. This work presents master and individual module controls utilizing feedback linearization and sliding mode control. Simulation results demonstrate that the control strategy presented in this paper can balance dc-link voltages of individual modules and provide output current tracking within the first cycle.
{"title":"Distributed control scheme for a 5-level modular multilevel STATCOM","authors":"Stephan Adams, M. Broadmeadow, Geoffrey R Walker, G. Ledwich","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214195","url":null,"abstract":"Multilevel Modular Cascade Converters (MMCC) can be used to provide higher effective switching frequencies and reduce harmonic distortion in classical converter problems such as BESS and STATCOM. To successfully implement a MMCC in a STATCOM application it is necessary to balance dc-link voltages of the individual modules and track a reference output current. This work presents master and individual module controls utilizing feedback linearization and sliding mode control. Simulation results demonstrate that the control strategy presented in this paper can balance dc-link voltages of individual modules and provide output current tracking within the first cycle.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127874499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214160
T. Iwaki, S. Ishiwaki, T. Sawada, Masayoshi Yamamoto
Wide band gap power semiconductor devices are now replacing the Si-MOSFET or IGBT. GaN-HEMT achieves the reduction in size and weight, thanks to its high frequency switching behavior. However, its high-speed switching characteristics and low threshold voltage may cause a false turn-on phenomenon, which is a fatal effect for the applications. It is urgent issue to tackle and avoid this problem by modifying the circuit conditions. We described differential equations from simplified equivalent circuit of inverter, and algebraically solved with some assumptions. At the same time, drain voltage equation is also developed. As a result, the gate voltage fluctuation was described as a composite waveform including two LC resonance phenomenon, which occur on gate drive circuit and main power flow.
{"title":"An analysis of false turn-on phenomenon of GaN HEMT with parasitic components","authors":"T. Iwaki, S. Ishiwaki, T. Sawada, Masayoshi Yamamoto","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214160","url":null,"abstract":"Wide band gap power semiconductor devices are now replacing the Si-MOSFET or IGBT. GaN-HEMT achieves the reduction in size and weight, thanks to its high frequency switching behavior. However, its high-speed switching characteristics and low threshold voltage may cause a false turn-on phenomenon, which is a fatal effect for the applications. It is urgent issue to tackle and avoid this problem by modifying the circuit conditions. We described differential equations from simplified equivalent circuit of inverter, and algebraically solved with some assumptions. At the same time, drain voltage equation is also developed. As a result, the gate voltage fluctuation was described as a composite waveform including two LC resonance phenomenon, which occur on gate drive circuit and main power flow.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128508675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211668
Y. Nozaki, Odachi Kazuhiko, K. Murai, K. Hakuta, Y. Kawagoe
NTT Group has worked on photovoltaic power (PV) systems deployment for over half a century. Through the activities, we have contributed to the progress of PV technologies, the de-facto standardization of the Japanese large-scale PV systems and the installation of over 500MW PV systems in Asia.
{"title":"How have we progressed in our photovoltaic power technologies for telecommunications energy into today's mega-solar deployment?","authors":"Y. Nozaki, Odachi Kazuhiko, K. Murai, K. Hakuta, Y. Kawagoe","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211668","url":null,"abstract":"NTT Group has worked on photovoltaic power (PV) systems deployment for over half a century. Through the activities, we have contributed to the progress of PV technologies, the de-facto standardization of the Japanese large-scale PV systems and the installation of over 500MW PV systems in Asia.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116022945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To increase the efficiency of the three-phase dual active bridge (DAB) converter for low voltage direct current (LVDC) system, the design consideration based on performance analysis is proposed. The three phase DAB converters are widely used in high-power applications requiring bidirectional power conversion. This is because the three phase DAB converter has not only capability of zero voltage switching (ZVS), but also a lower conduction loss than a single-phase DAB converter. However, for high voltage/high power applications such as LVDC system, IGBTs are mostly used as active components, fading the one of merits of 3-phase DAB converters, ZVS, causing high switching losses. In addition, in a 3-phase DAB converter, the conduction losses increase due to the high circulating current under high load conditions. In this paper, the effective design consideration of coupling inductance is proposed based on the operation principle of the three phase DAB converter. By designing the coupling inductance, the IGBT turn-off current and the phase RMS current can be reduced to overcome the above disadvantages. Experimental results demonstrate the practical feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed design method of three phase DAB converter through the 5 kW prototype.
{"title":"Design consideration of efficinecy improvement in three phase dual active bridge converter for LVDC application","authors":"Hyun-Jun Choi, Jun-Young Lee, Young-pyo Cho, Jeehoon Jung","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214194","url":null,"abstract":"To increase the efficiency of the three-phase dual active bridge (DAB) converter for low voltage direct current (LVDC) system, the design consideration based on performance analysis is proposed. The three phase DAB converters are widely used in high-power applications requiring bidirectional power conversion. This is because the three phase DAB converter has not only capability of zero voltage switching (ZVS), but also a lower conduction loss than a single-phase DAB converter. However, for high voltage/high power applications such as LVDC system, IGBTs are mostly used as active components, fading the one of merits of 3-phase DAB converters, ZVS, causing high switching losses. In addition, in a 3-phase DAB converter, the conduction losses increase due to the high circulating current under high load conditions. In this paper, the effective design consideration of coupling inductance is proposed based on the operation principle of the three phase DAB converter. By designing the coupling inductance, the IGBT turn-off current and the phase RMS current can be reduced to overcome the above disadvantages. Experimental results demonstrate the practical feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed design method of three phase DAB converter through the 5 kW prototype.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115389827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211676
Yun Wang, Fujian Feng
Energy saving is a main concern of telecom operators to reduce TCO and improve market competition. Normally, single generator reaches the best fuel consumption rate when it works under 70%–85% loading rate. But in certain scenarios, the capacity of existing generator is not enough, thus more than one generator will work in parallel in the same hybrid power supply system; for instance in site sharing scenario when new tenants joins bringing larger load capacity, or in the scenario with single operator requires to increase site load capacity. In this case, how to optimize the loading rate of each generator? How to make the whole system energy efficiency reach the optimal performance? This paper introduces a self-adaptive dual-generator parallel operation system, and the optimization method of loading rate for each generator in the system, taking the hybrid system as a whole, that energy efficiency of the entire system achieves the best. In this paper, taking the dual-generator parallel system as an example, the principle of multi-generator is similar.
{"title":"Loading rate optimization of hybrid power supply system in self-adaptive dual-generator parallel operation","authors":"Yun Wang, Fujian Feng","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211676","url":null,"abstract":"Energy saving is a main concern of telecom operators to reduce TCO and improve market competition. Normally, single generator reaches the best fuel consumption rate when it works under 70%–85% loading rate. But in certain scenarios, the capacity of existing generator is not enough, thus more than one generator will work in parallel in the same hybrid power supply system; for instance in site sharing scenario when new tenants joins bringing larger load capacity, or in the scenario with single operator requires to increase site load capacity. In this case, how to optimize the loading rate of each generator? How to make the whole system energy efficiency reach the optimal performance? This paper introduces a self-adaptive dual-generator parallel operation system, and the optimization method of loading rate for each generator in the system, taking the hybrid system as a whole, that energy efficiency of the entire system achieves the best. In this paper, taking the dual-generator parallel system as an example, the principle of multi-generator is similar.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114454799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211670
K. Hakuta, K. Murai, S. Ihara, Y. Nozaki
A highly land-area-efficient solar array structure named “F Solar Package Type-M” was developed and evaluated based on the actual data in “F Nagara Solar Power Plant”. This package shows better power generation performance and return on investment than a conventional system configuration. A PV power plant using this package becomes more cost-effective and is expected to spread widely because the price of PV modules decreases dramatically in recent years.
{"title":"Demonstration of a highly land-area-efficient solar array structure","authors":"K. Hakuta, K. Murai, S. Ihara, Y. Nozaki","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211670","url":null,"abstract":"A highly land-area-efficient solar array structure named “F Solar Package Type-M” was developed and evaluated based on the actual data in “F Nagara Solar Power Plant”. This package shows better power generation performance and return on investment than a conventional system configuration. A PV power plant using this package becomes more cost-effective and is expected to spread widely because the price of PV modules decreases dramatically in recent years.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114353978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211678
E. B. Haghighi
Thermal management is an important aspect in designing any telecommunication base stations. Cooling is traditionally counted for 25–50% of the total energy consumption for a typical base station. Accordingly, any effort to reduce the cooling load is a considerable merit for base stations' operators. Using outside fresh air directly as coolant, in a stand-alone unit or a combination with an air conditioning unit, is a well-demonstrated method to reduce total energy consumption in base stations. This article compares a conventional approach in free cooling with a rather different one, which is called displacement free cooling. In the conventional method, the whole air in the shelter is considered as target to cool. In the displacement free cooling a layer of cold air is built up at the bottom of the shelter. This different method results in some benefits in thermal management of base stations and saving more energy compared to the conventional method.
{"title":"Displacement free cooling for telecommunication base stations","authors":"E. B. Haghighi","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8211678","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal management is an important aspect in designing any telecommunication base stations. Cooling is traditionally counted for 25–50% of the total energy consumption for a typical base station. Accordingly, any effort to reduce the cooling load is a considerable merit for base stations' operators. Using outside fresh air directly as coolant, in a stand-alone unit or a combination with an air conditioning unit, is a well-demonstrated method to reduce total energy consumption in base stations. This article compares a conventional approach in free cooling with a rather different one, which is called displacement free cooling. In the conventional method, the whole air in the shelter is considered as target to cool. In the displacement free cooling a layer of cold air is built up at the bottom of the shelter. This different method results in some benefits in thermal management of base stations and saving more energy compared to the conventional method.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"2013 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114639409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214128
J. Elerath
Single axis trackers are becoming a common means to achieve greater efficiency from solar farms. Two competing architectures include independent-rows designs and linked-rows designs. Many manufacturers contend that linked-rows design is a superior design because it has fewer components and higher reliability. However, since these systems are repairable, availability is a better measure of superior power production. This paper compares two generic systems using general failure distributions for mechanical hardware and realistic distributions for restorations. The analysis is conducted using sequential Monte Carlo simulations and models the rates of occurrence using Weibull distributions with non-constant occurrence rates, which is consistent with mechanical failure distributions. The analyses include sensitivity studies of the down-time distributions and concludes that the amount of hardware rendered as unavailable during restoration for the linked-rows design impacts the power production (row-availability) much more than the slightly higher unreliability of the independent row design. This study concludes that the linked rows design will, on average, experience 5 to 10 times the days of unavailability as compared to the independent row design.
{"title":"Solar tracker effectiveness: It's all about availability","authors":"J. Elerath","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214128","url":null,"abstract":"Single axis trackers are becoming a common means to achieve greater efficiency from solar farms. Two competing architectures include independent-rows designs and linked-rows designs. Many manufacturers contend that linked-rows design is a superior design because it has fewer components and higher reliability. However, since these systems are repairable, availability is a better measure of superior power production. This paper compares two generic systems using general failure distributions for mechanical hardware and realistic distributions for restorations. The analysis is conducted using sequential Monte Carlo simulations and models the rates of occurrence using Weibull distributions with non-constant occurrence rates, which is consistent with mechanical failure distributions. The analyses include sensitivity studies of the down-time distributions and concludes that the amount of hardware rendered as unavailable during restoration for the linked-rows design impacts the power production (row-availability) much more than the slightly higher unreliability of the independent row design. This study concludes that the linked rows design will, on average, experience 5 to 10 times the days of unavailability as compared to the independent row design.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127339176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214174
Lenon Schmitz, G. Knabben, D. Martins, R. Coelho, O. J. Custódio, R. Z. de Medeiros, A. Ferreira
A design optimization of a generalized high step-up dc-dc converter applied as front-stage in a photovoltaic (PV) microinverter is proposed. The design methodology optimizes the weighted California Energy Commission (CEC) efficiency of the generalized converter considering not only the classical parameters, as turns ratio and switching frequency, but also the topology structure through different connections of voltage multiplier cells. Two design optimizations have been carried out. The first maximizes only the CEC efficiency, obtaining results around 98%. In the second it was added terms related to cost and volume in the objective function, which results in a converter with lower CEC efficiencies — around 96% — but with a higher power density and lower cost.
{"title":"Design optimization of a high step-Up DC-DC converter for photovoltaic microinverters","authors":"Lenon Schmitz, G. Knabben, D. Martins, R. Coelho, O. J. Custódio, R. Z. de Medeiros, A. Ferreira","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2017.8214174","url":null,"abstract":"A design optimization of a generalized high step-up dc-dc converter applied as front-stage in a photovoltaic (PV) microinverter is proposed. The design methodology optimizes the weighted California Energy Commission (CEC) efficiency of the generalized converter considering not only the classical parameters, as turns ratio and switching frequency, but also the topology structure through different connections of voltage multiplier cells. Two design optimizations have been carried out. The first maximizes only the CEC efficiency, obtaining results around 98%. In the second it was added terms related to cost and volume in the objective function, which results in a converter with lower CEC efficiencies — around 96% — but with a higher power density and lower cost.","PeriodicalId":366207,"journal":{"name":"2017 IEEE International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC)","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125836480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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