Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2023-6-57-74
E. V. Matveev, A. Gaidar, B. Lapshinov, V. V. Berestov
The method of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis was used to study the morphology and surface composition of cotton lint fibers carbonized by microwave radiation and secondary micro- and nanostructures formed on the surface of the fibers in the process of carbonization. The mass of 3 g of cotton lint treated with 5 at. % H3PO4 solution and having a cylindrical form with transverse notches was used as samples for microwave carbonization. It was shown that impurity elements contained in the initial fibers move during microwave carbonization from the central region of the sample to the marginal zones, where they are deposited on the fibers both as continuous phosphorus-containing coatings and as micro- and nanostructures with different morphology and composition. It was found that the most difficult to remove impurities are P and Ca. On the surfaces of notches of microwave carbonized samples, mainly in the central part, there are areas of deep black color characteristic of activated carbon. It is shown that the carbonized fibers of these areas do not contain impurity elements. Significant differences in the morphology of the fiber surface in this area were found. Four characteristic types of fiber surface structure were revealed. In similar areas of samples without notches, carbonized earlier, the fiber surface always contained a small amount of impurity elements (phosphorus ~ 3 – 6 at. %, calcium ~ 1 – 3 at. %), and the fiber structure was fairly uniform. Secondary carbon structures of various morphologies were found on the surfaces of the cuts: monolithic carbon deposits with a hummocky and platelet structure, thin transparent films (presumably, graphene-like structures), carbon nanofibers and nanotubes (straight and curved, diameter 70 – 150 nm and several microns long). A large variety of structures of carbon products and the absence of impurities in them is due to the high heterogeneity of the process conditions in the slit gap, within which microplasma spots, spark and arc discharges arise.
{"title":"Secondary micro- and nanostructures on the surface of microwave carbonized cotton fibers","authors":"E. V. Matveev, A. Gaidar, B. Lapshinov, V. V. Berestov","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2023-6-57-74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-6-57-74","url":null,"abstract":"The method of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis was used to study the morphology and surface composition of cotton lint fibers carbonized by microwave radiation and secondary micro- and nanostructures formed on the surface of the fibers in the process of carbonization. The mass of 3 g of cotton lint treated with 5 at. % H3PO4 solution and having a cylindrical form with transverse notches was used as samples for microwave carbonization. It was shown that impurity elements contained in the initial fibers move during microwave carbonization from the central region of the sample to the marginal zones, where they are deposited on the fibers both as continuous phosphorus-containing coatings and as micro- and nanostructures with different morphology and composition. It was found that the most difficult to remove impurities are P and Ca. On the surfaces of notches of microwave carbonized samples, mainly in the central part, there are areas of deep black color characteristic of activated carbon. It is shown that the carbonized fibers of these areas do not contain impurity elements. Significant differences in the morphology of the fiber surface in this area were found. Four characteristic types of fiber surface structure were revealed. In similar areas of samples without notches, carbonized earlier, the fiber surface always contained a small amount of impurity elements (phosphorus ~ 3 – 6 at. %, calcium ~ 1 – 3 at. %), and the fiber structure was fairly uniform. Secondary carbon structures of various morphologies were found on the surfaces of the cuts: monolithic carbon deposits with a hummocky and platelet structure, thin transparent films (presumably, graphene-like structures), carbon nanofibers and nanotubes (straight and curved, diameter 70 – 150 nm and several microns long). A large variety of structures of carbon products and the absence of impurities in them is due to the high heterogeneity of the process conditions in the slit gap, within which microplasma spots, spark and arc discharges arise.","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"36 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141276102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2023-5-47-57
A. Samokhin, N. Alekseev, M. Sinayskiy, A. Astashov, A. Vodopyanov, A. A. Sorokin, S. Sintsov
Experiments were carried out on the treatment of the W – C – Co system nanopowders obtained by plasma chemical synthesis in a microwave electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2.45 and 24 GHz in different gas media. The effect of treatment time, power input and carbon content in the treated nanopowder on the yield of tungsten monocarbide WC was investigated.
在频率为 2.45 和 24 千兆赫的微波电磁场中，在不同的气体介质中对等离子化学合成得到的 W - C - Co 系纳米粉体进行了处理实验。研究了处理时间、输入功率和处理纳米粉体中碳含量对碳化钨产量的影响。
{"title":"W – C – Co composite nanopowder treatment in microwave electromagnetic field","authors":"A. Samokhin, N. Alekseev, M. Sinayskiy, A. Astashov, A. Vodopyanov, A. A. Sorokin, S. Sintsov","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2023-5-47-57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-5-47-57","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments were carried out on the treatment of the W – C – Co system nanopowders obtained by plasma chemical synthesis in a microwave electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2.45 and 24 GHz in different gas media. The effect of treatment time, power input and carbon content in the treated nanopowder on the yield of tungsten monocarbide WC was investigated.","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141278164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2023-4-47-64
D. Romanov, K. V. Sosnin, S. Pronin, V. Pochetukha, Yu.F. Ivanov, V. E. Gromov
In this article, an attempt was made to solve the problem of creating a coating for an implant that has better biological compatibility than the medical titanium alloy Titanium Grade 5. A Mo – Nb coating of the composition Mo – Nb is formed on the titanium grade 5 medical alloy by the electroexplosive method. The coating is formed as a result of the simultaneous electric explosion of molybdenum and niobium foils. A set of studies has been carried out to establish the structure, phase composition, and properties of the formed coatings. The coatings were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the hardness of the surface layer of the coating by 60 % and Young’s modulus by 43 % exceed the corresponding characteristics of the Titanium Grade 5 alloy. The thickness of the layer with high (relative to the substrate) values of hardness and Young’s modulus reaches 80 µm. It was found that the wear parameter of the coating is 1.8 times, and the friction coefficient of the coating is 1.6 times higher than the wear parameter and the friction coefficient of the substrate. It has been established that in the surface layer, along with the coating atoms, there are Al, Ti, V atoms, which indicates that the coating is doped with substrate atoms, as well as oxygen and carbon atoms. The layering of the coating by elemental composition was revealed, namely, the top of the coating is enriched with niobium atoms, the lower part of the coating is enriched with molybdenum atoms. It is shown that the coating has a polycrystalline structure formed by a solid solution based on molybdenum. In the bulk and along the grain boundaries, there are inclusions of the second phase of the composition a-Ti, Nb, Mo9Ti4, and NbTi4 of various shapes and sizes. The studies of the phase composition did not reveal compounds based on vanadium and aluminum, which reduce the biocompatibility of the coatings. The identified phases contain only molybdenum, niobium and titanium, which are bioinert. This fact suggests that, as in studies of the phase composition of the surface of the coatings and its change in thickness, the biocompatibility of the obtained coatings will be higher compared to the Titanium Grade 5 titanium alloy. The conducted complex of studies makes it possible to recommend the resulting coatings for further clinical trials. These coatings are expected to be used in the future for better survival of titanium implants in the human body.
{"title":"Structure and properties of bioinert Mo – Nb coating formed on Titanium Grade 5 medical alloy by electroexplosive method","authors":"D. Romanov, K. V. Sosnin, S. Pronin, V. Pochetukha, Yu.F. Ivanov, V. E. Gromov","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2023-4-47-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-4-47-64","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an attempt was made to solve the problem of creating a coating for an implant that has better biological compatibility than the medical titanium alloy Titanium Grade 5. A Mo – Nb coating of the composition Mo – Nb is formed on the titanium grade 5 medical alloy by the electroexplosive method. The coating is formed as a result of the simultaneous electric explosion of molybdenum and niobium foils. A set of studies has been carried out to establish the structure, phase composition, and properties of the formed coatings. The coatings were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the hardness of the surface layer of the coating by 60 % and Young’s modulus by 43 % exceed the corresponding characteristics of the Titanium Grade 5 alloy. The thickness of the layer with high (relative to the substrate) values of hardness and Young’s modulus reaches 80 µm. It was found that the wear parameter of the coating is 1.8 times, and the friction coefficient of the coating is 1.6 times higher than the wear parameter and the friction coefficient of the substrate. It has been established that in the surface layer, along with the coating atoms, there are Al, Ti, V atoms, which indicates that the coating is doped with substrate atoms, as well as oxygen and carbon atoms. The layering of the coating by elemental composition was revealed, namely, the top of the coating is enriched with niobium atoms, the lower part of the coating is enriched with molybdenum atoms. It is shown that the coating has a polycrystalline structure formed by a solid solution based on molybdenum. In the bulk and along the grain boundaries, there are inclusions of the second phase of the composition a-Ti, Nb, Mo9Ti4, and NbTi4 of various shapes and sizes. The studies of the phase composition did not reveal compounds based on vanadium and aluminum, which reduce the biocompatibility of the coatings. The identified phases contain only molybdenum, niobium and titanium, which are bioinert. This fact suggests that, as in studies of the phase composition of the surface of the coatings and its change in thickness, the biocompatibility of the obtained coatings will be higher compared to the Titanium Grade 5 titanium alloy. The conducted complex of studies makes it possible to recommend the resulting coatings for further clinical trials. These coatings are expected to be used in the future for better survival of titanium implants in the human body.","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"26 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141276064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2019-3-5-12
A. G. Chetverikova, O. N. Kanygina, M. Filyak, S. A. Ogerchuk
{"title":"Structural and morphological peculiarities of montmorillonite treated with microwave radiation","authors":"A. G. Chetverikova, O. N. Kanygina, M. Filyak, S. A. Ogerchuk","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2019-3-5-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2019-3-5-12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115369916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2023-3-18-32
V. Shymanski, V. V. Sheveleva, V. Uglov, V. Astashynski, A. Kuzmitski
The results of investigation of the zirconium structure on the first stage of oxidation at temperature 700 °C in the air atmosphere after 15 minutes are presented. The commercial pure zirconium alloy as well as zirconium alloyed with chromium atoms by means of compression plasma flows impact are investigated. The results showed the possibility to form the top layer in zirconium alloyed with chromium when a thin chromium coating (1 mm) was deposited on the surface and the compression plasma flow with the absorbed energy density 25 – 43 J/cm2 influenced. Due to alloying with chromium, the high-temperature β-phase of zirconium is stabilized at room temperature as β-Zr(Cr) solid solution and martensite α′-Zr phase is formed. The oxidation at temperature 700 °C demonstrated the higher oxidation resistance of the zirconium samples treated with compression plasma flows at the highest absorbed energy density 43 J/cm2. This regime modified the top layer of the zirconium sample without β-Zr(Cr) solid solution formation which enhances the oxygen diffusion.
{"title":"Oxidation of zirconium alloyed with chromium atoms by means of compression plasma flows impact","authors":"V. Shymanski, V. V. Sheveleva, V. Uglov, V. Astashynski, A. Kuzmitski","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2023-3-18-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-3-18-32","url":null,"abstract":"The results of investigation of the zirconium structure on the first stage of oxidation at temperature 700 °C in the air atmosphere after 15 minutes are presented. The commercial pure zirconium alloy as well as zirconium alloyed with chromium atoms by means of compression plasma flows impact are investigated. The results showed the possibility to form the top layer in zirconium alloyed with chromium when a thin chromium coating (1 mm) was deposited on the surface and the compression plasma flow with the absorbed energy density 25 – 43 J/cm2 influenced. Due to alloying with chromium, the high-temperature β-phase of zirconium is stabilized at room temperature as β-Zr(Cr) solid solution and martensite α′-Zr phase is formed. The oxidation at temperature 700 °C demonstrated the higher oxidation resistance of the zirconium samples treated with compression plasma flows at the highest absorbed energy density 43 J/cm2. This regime modified the top layer of the zirconium sample without β-Zr(Cr) solid solution formation which enhances the oxygen diffusion.","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115469440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2019-1-35-42
A. Nadiradze, G. V. Panasova, R. R. Rakhmatullin, V. A. Smirnov
{"title":"Degradation of spacecraft’s thermo control coatings during deposition of thin Au films","authors":"A. Nadiradze, G. V. Panasova, R. R. Rakhmatullin, V. A. Smirnov","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2019-1-35-42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2019-1-35-42","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124909165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2023-3-5-17
S. G. Bystrov, S. Reshetnikov, A. Kolotov, V. Bayankin
The effect of implantation of argon, oxygen and nitrogen ions on the physicochemical structure of the surface and the corrosion-electrochemical behavior of chromium-nickel steel 03Cr18Ni11has been studied. Methods of electrochemical polarization (EP), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used. Ion implantation of argon, oxygen and nitrogen leads to an increase in the corrosion resistance of steel 03Cr18Ni11 both in a neutral environment and in the presence of a corrosion activator (chloride anions), while irradiation with argon ions is most effective. It was found that after implantation of argon ions, a partial etching of the steel surface occurs, i.e. an increase in the true surface. This, in turn, facilitates the onset of the passive state. At the same time, the use of oxygen and nitrogen ions leads to smoothing of the surface. AFM data indicate that the studied steel treated with argon ions exhibits the greatest resistance to local corrosion. The implantation of oxygen and argon ions reduces the overall corrosion to the greatest extent. It is important to note that deep craters and traces of pitting corrosion do not form on the surface of the steel. The XPS data show that after ion implantation, there was a change in the concentration of the elements that make up the steel in the near-surface layers of the material in the depth of the implanted layer compared with the non-irradiated sample. It is established that the surface layers of steel are enriched with chromium atoms during ion implantation. This process occurs most intensively when samples are treated with argon ions. In this case, mixed chromium and iron oxides are formed, contributing to the passivation of the steel surface. Also, the process of ion implantation is accompanied by oxidation of the surface of the steel under study. This is confirmed by an increase in the oxygen content in the surface layers. To the greatest extent, this process occurs during implantation of oxygen ions. After corrosion tests, an increased chromium content is also observed on the surface of steel treated with Ar+ ions, which confirms the formation in this case of strong chromium oxides that remain on the surface during the corrosion of steel. The analysis of the fine structure of the XPS spectra showed that under the action of argon ions, the oxygen of surface oxides is redistributed in favor of chromium atoms and the formation of strong mixed iron and chromium oxides of the spinel type, including Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+ and Cr6+ compounds. It is important to note that although chromium oxides are also formed during oxygen implantation and in the same quantities as during argon implantation, the protective properties of the resulting compounds are noticeably lower. Therefore, not only the chemical composition is important, but also the structure of the resulting layers. It can be assumed that the high kinetic energy of heavy argon ions affects both the formation of a de
{"title":"Changes in the composition and corrosion-electrochemical properties of the chromium-nickel steel 03Cr18Ni11 during implantation of argon, oxygen and nitrogen ions","authors":"S. G. Bystrov, S. Reshetnikov, A. Kolotov, V. Bayankin","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2023-3-5-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-3-5-17","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of implantation of argon, oxygen and nitrogen ions on the physicochemical structure of the surface and the corrosion-electrochemical behavior of chromium-nickel steel 03Cr18Ni11has been studied. Methods of electrochemical polarization (EP), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used. Ion implantation of argon, oxygen and nitrogen leads to an increase in the corrosion resistance of steel 03Cr18Ni11 both in a neutral environment and in the presence of a corrosion activator (chloride anions), while irradiation with argon ions is most effective. It was found that after implantation of argon ions, a partial etching of the steel surface occurs, i.e. an increase in the true surface. This, in turn, facilitates the onset of the passive state. At the same time, the use of oxygen and nitrogen ions leads to smoothing of the surface. AFM data indicate that the studied steel treated with argon ions exhibits the greatest resistance to local corrosion. The implantation of oxygen and argon ions reduces the overall corrosion to the greatest extent. It is important to note that deep craters and traces of pitting corrosion do not form on the surface of the steel. The XPS data show that after ion implantation, there was a change in the concentration of the elements that make up the steel in the near-surface layers of the material in the depth of the implanted layer compared with the non-irradiated sample. It is established that the surface layers of steel are enriched with chromium atoms during ion implantation. This process occurs most intensively when samples are treated with argon ions. In this case, mixed chromium and iron oxides are formed, contributing to the passivation of the steel surface. Also, the process of ion implantation is accompanied by oxidation of the surface of the steel under study. This is confirmed by an increase in the oxygen content in the surface layers. To the greatest extent, this process occurs during implantation of oxygen ions. After corrosion tests, an increased chromium content is also observed on the surface of steel treated with Ar+ ions, which confirms the formation in this case of strong chromium oxides that remain on the surface during the corrosion of steel. The analysis of the fine structure of the XPS spectra showed that under the action of argon ions, the oxygen of surface oxides is redistributed in favor of chromium atoms and the formation of strong mixed iron and chromium oxides of the spinel type, including Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+ and Cr6+ compounds. It is important to note that although chromium oxides are also formed during oxygen implantation and in the same quantities as during argon implantation, the protective properties of the resulting compounds are noticeably lower. Therefore, not only the chemical composition is important, but also the structure of the resulting layers. It can be assumed that the high kinetic energy of heavy argon ions affects both the formation of a de","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123706903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2022-6-76-80
I. Belyaev, N. M. Zaytsev, Yu. V. Rudnitsky
The possibility of waterjet cutting of permanent magnets of the Fe – Co – Ni – Cu – Al – Ti system was investigated. The OMAX 555 JetMachining Center XX waterjet cutting machine was used. Permanent magnet blanks intended for cutting had a thickness of 2 and 5 mm. The cutting process was carried out in air. The cutting speed varied between 50 – 250 mm/min. The magnetic properties of the studied workpieces were measured before and after waterjet cutting by recording demagnetization curves. Changes in the chemical and phase composition of the studied alloys were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase analysis. It was found that permanent magnets 2 – 5 mm thick can be cut without causing any mechanical damage to their surface. At the same time, the chemical and phase composition of the permanent magnet material practically does not change. The magnetic properties of permanent magnets do not decrease or even increase. The thickness of the cut is not more than 0.5 mm. Cutting modes can be optimized for workpieces of different thicknesses.
研究了水射流切割Fe - Co - Ni - Cu - Al - Ti系永磁体的可能性。采用OMAX 555 JetMachining Center XX型水射流切割机。用于切割的永磁体坯的厚度为2和5毫米。切割过程在空气中进行。切割速度在50 - 250mm /min之间变化。通过记录消磁曲线，测量了水射流切割前后工件的磁性能。通过x射线荧光和x射线相分析，评价了所研究合金的化学成分和相组成的变化。研究发现，2 - 5mm厚的永磁体可以切割而不会对其表面造成任何机械损伤。同时，永磁材料的化学成分和相组成几乎没有变化。永磁体的磁性能不降低，甚至不增加。切割厚度不大于0.5 mm。可针对不同厚度的工件优化切削方式。
{"title":"Waterjet cutting of permanent magnets from Fe – Co – Ni – Cu – Al – Ti alloys","authors":"I. Belyaev, N. M. Zaytsev, Yu. V. Rudnitsky","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2022-6-76-80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2022-6-76-80","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of waterjet cutting of permanent magnets of the Fe – Co – Ni – Cu – Al – Ti system was investigated. The OMAX 555 JetMachining Center XX waterjet cutting machine was used. Permanent magnet blanks intended for cutting had a thickness of 2 and 5 mm. The cutting process was carried out in air. The cutting speed varied between 50 – 250 mm/min. The magnetic properties of the studied workpieces were measured before and after waterjet cutting by recording demagnetization curves. Changes in the chemical and phase composition of the studied alloys were evaluated by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray phase analysis. It was found that permanent magnets 2 – 5 mm thick can be cut without causing any mechanical damage to their surface. At the same time, the chemical and phase composition of the permanent magnet material practically does not change. The magnetic properties of permanent magnets do not decrease or even increase. The thickness of the cut is not more than 0.5 mm. Cutting modes can be optimized for workpieces of different thicknesses.","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125521928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2021-4-5-14
S. G. Bystrov, S. Reshetnikov, E. Borisova, I. N. Klimova, A. Kolotov, A. V. Zhikharev, V. Bayankin
The effect of argon and oxygen ion implantation both in separate and joint was carried out. Physical and chemical structure of the surface and corrosion-electrochemical behavior of 14Cr17Ni2 chromium-nickel steel was studied. Methods of potentiometry, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microhardness measurement were used. It was found that the initial chromium-nickel steel exhibits high corrosion resistance in the medium of a borate buffer solution with the addition of a local corrosion initiator — potassium sulfate. However, steel was found to be susceptible to local (pitting) corrosion in this environment. It is shown that the implantation of argon and oxygen ions changes the nature of the corrosion-electrochemical behavior of chromium-nickel steel. Treatment with Ar+ ions enriched the sample surface with Cr atoms and reduces the overall corrosion losses of steel, but is characterized by the maximum value of local corrosion. Treatment with O+ ions provide optimal results in terms of reducing local and general corrosion. It was found that in this case, the sample surface is intensively oxidized to a depth of more than 20 nm, resulting in the formation of mixed oxides that are resistant to corrosion. There is a process similar to electropolishing of the sample surface due to partial dissolution of steel. Defects in the structure of the sample surface, on which pitting corrosion began, are “healed”. Joint treatment with Ar+ ions and O+ ions does not give noticeable advantages compared to separate implantation with these ions. Corrosion losses for samples treated only with O+ ions and Ar+ ions together with O+ ions did not exceed those for the original sample, although there are practically no passivation regions on the potentiodynamic curves. Microhardness of the samples after ion implantation coincides with the microhardness of the original sample. Result of ion implantation is no significant for change in the structural and phase structure of the surface layers of chromium-nickel steel. Ion implantation will not negatively affect the physical and mechanical properties of studied steel. The research shows that it is advisable to choose the type of implantable ions and the optimal process parameters depending on the steel grade and its application. For these purposes, the research methodology proposed in this article will be useful.
{"title":"The effect of argon and oxygen ion implantation on the physicochemical and corrosion-electrochemical properties of 14Cr17Ni2 chromium-nickel steel","authors":"S. G. Bystrov, S. Reshetnikov, E. Borisova, I. N. Klimova, A. Kolotov, A. V. Zhikharev, V. Bayankin","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2021-4-5-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2021-4-5-14","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of argon and oxygen ion implantation both in separate and joint was carried out. Physical and chemical structure of the surface and corrosion-electrochemical behavior of 14Cr17Ni2 chromium-nickel steel was studied. Methods of potentiometry, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and microhardness measurement were used. It was found that the initial chromium-nickel steel exhibits high corrosion resistance in the medium of a borate buffer solution with the addition of a local corrosion initiator — potassium sulfate. However, steel was found to be susceptible to local (pitting) corrosion in this environment. It is shown that the implantation of argon and oxygen ions changes the nature of the corrosion-electrochemical behavior of chromium-nickel steel. Treatment with Ar+ ions enriched the sample surface with Cr atoms and reduces the overall corrosion losses of steel, but is characterized by the maximum value of local corrosion. Treatment with O+ ions provide optimal results in terms of reducing local and general corrosion. It was found that in this case, the sample surface is intensively oxidized to a depth of more than 20 nm, resulting in the formation of mixed oxides that are resistant to corrosion. There is a process similar to electropolishing of the sample surface due to partial dissolution of steel. Defects in the structure of the sample surface, on which pitting corrosion began, are “healed”. Joint treatment with Ar+ ions and O+ ions does not give noticeable advantages compared to separate implantation with these ions. Corrosion losses for samples treated only with O+ ions and Ar+ ions together with O+ ions did not exceed those for the original sample, although there are practically no passivation regions on the potentiodynamic curves. Microhardness of the samples after ion implantation coincides with the microhardness of the original sample. Result of ion implantation is no significant for change in the structural and phase structure of the surface layers of chromium-nickel steel. Ion implantation will not negatively affect the physical and mechanical properties of studied steel. The research shows that it is advisable to choose the type of implantable ions and the optimal process parameters depending on the steel grade and its application. For these purposes, the research methodology proposed in this article will be useful.","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"390 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126742679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.30791/0015-3214-2023-1-56-63
A. Ayzenshtadt, E. Korolev, M. Malygina, T. Drozdyuk, M. Frolova
The kinetic regularities of the process of structural modification of highly dispersed powders of saponite-containing material after mechanical dispersion have been studied. As information criteria characterizing the restructuring of the crystal lattice of minerals, changes are used that occur with the specific surface of powders at different grinding times and the exothermic thermal effect (enthalpy change) in the temperature range of 810 – 820 °С. It has been determined that during mechanical grinding of a saponite-containing material for more than 20 minutes, intensive modification of saponite occurs, associated with its structural changes, leading to the formation of serpentine. It has been established that the traditionally used criterion for evaluating the process of mechanical grinding of raw materials by the specific surface of the powder in this case is not a sufficient information parameter when optimizing structural changes in experimental samples. The dominant parameter of this process is the enthalpy factor, which characterizes the thermal effect of the structural modification.
{"title":"Structural modification of fine powders of overburden rocks of saponite-containing bentonite clay","authors":"A. Ayzenshtadt, E. Korolev, M. Malygina, T. Drozdyuk, M. Frolova","doi":"10.30791/0015-3214-2023-1-56-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30791/0015-3214-2023-1-56-63","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetic regularities of the process of structural modification of highly dispersed powders of saponite-containing material after mechanical dispersion have been studied. As information criteria characterizing the restructuring of the crystal lattice of minerals, changes are used that occur with the specific surface of powders at different grinding times and the exothermic thermal effect (enthalpy change) in the temperature range of 810 – 820 °С. It has been determined that during mechanical grinding of a saponite-containing material for more than 20 minutes, intensive modification of saponite occurs, associated with its structural changes, leading to the formation of serpentine. It has been established that the traditionally used criterion for evaluating the process of mechanical grinding of raw materials by the specific surface of the powder in this case is not a sufficient information parameter when optimizing structural changes in experimental samples. The dominant parameter of this process is the enthalpy factor, which characterizes the thermal effect of the structural modification.","PeriodicalId":366423,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115196700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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