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Reconfiguring repair: Contested politics and values of repair challenge instrumental discourses found in circular economies literature 重新配置修复:有争议的政治和修复的价值挑战在循环经济文献中发现的工具话语
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100046
Duncan McLaren , Johan Niskanen , Jonas Anshelm

The treatment of ideas of repair in circular economy literature is critically reviewed, revealing instrumental understandings of repair as a tool to extend product life-spans and reduce waste. These framings are interpreted as an expression of the dominant technocratic and post-political discourses of circular economy as an intervention to sustain industrial capitalism in the face of sustainability constraints. The review contrasts these understandings of repair derived from a review of circular economy literature with richer and contested interpretations found in sociological, ethnographic and political literatures examining material repair in practice. Drawing on the emerging sociology of repair and applying more distinct concepts of restoration, remediation, reconfiguration and reconciliation derived from these literatures, the paper argues that the understandings of repair in circular economy literature are limited and restrictive, generally supporting a view of repair as sustaining, consumerist and nostalgic; and thereby overlooking potentially transformative, political and future-oriented roles for repair in a circular economy. In the restorative and remedial modes most commonly understood in the circular economy, repair is seen to enable new forms of capitalist commodification, notably of waste and domestic labour. Learning from contestation in other arenas of repair by contrast, understanding repair as encompassing ideas for reconciliation and reconfiguration, and adopting values of integrity, care and legibility, opens up repair in the circular economy to constructive critical discussion and reflection and offers new insights for policy makers.

对循环经济文献中修理思想的处理进行了批判性审查,揭示了对修理作为延长产品寿命和减少浪费的工具的工具性理解。这些框架被解释为循环经济的主导技术官僚和后政治话语的表达,作为在面临可持续性约束时维持工业资本主义的干预。这篇综述对比了这些对修复的理解,这些理解来自于对循环经济文献的回顾,而在社会学、人种学和政治文献中发现了更丰富、有争议的解释,研究了实践中的材料修复。借鉴新兴的修复社会学,并运用这些文献中更明确的修复、修复、重构和和解概念,本文认为循环经济文献中对修复的理解是有限的和限制性的,通常支持修复是持续的、消费主义的和怀旧的观点;从而忽视了在循环经济中潜在的变革性、政治性和面向未来的修复作用。在循环经济中最常见的修复和补救模式中,修复被视为实现新形式的资本主义商品化,特别是废物和家庭劳动力。相比之下,从其他修复领域的争论中学习,将修复理解为包含和解与重构的思想,并采用完整性、关怀和易读性的价值观,为循环经济中的修复开辟了建设性的批判性讨论和反思,并为政策制定者提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 20
WITHDRAWN: Development of an Input-output model for Food-Energy-Water Nexus in the Pacific Northwest, USA 撤回:美国太平洋西北地区粮食-能源-水关系投入产出模型的发展
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100047
S. M. Tabatabaie, G. Murthy
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引用次数: 1
The re-direction of small deposit mining: Technological solutions for raw materials supply security in a whole systems context 小型矿床开采的重新方向:在整个系统背景下实现原材料供应安全的技术解决方案
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100040
K R Moore , N Whyte , D Roberts , J Allwood , D R Leal-Ayala , G Bertrand , A J Bloodworth

Large-scale mining of low-grade ores is energy-intensive and generates vast wastes. It has limited suitability for production of specialist metals that are required in relatively small quantities. An approach that limits environmental impact by restricting mining to high-grade deposits requires the investigation of small ore deposits as alternative sources of metals. The return on investment from small deposits is incompatible with the expensive surveys needed to secure investment and the high costs of managing risk. But increasing energy and transport costs may create space in the market for small-deposit mining with highly-competitive technological solutions. It can be argued that small-deposit mining is ethical because it must involve cooperation between mining companies and local residents who share a collective expectation and responsibility for their quality of life. However, small-deposit mining tends to be a limited, short-term initiative, which requires consideration of the extended ‘afterlife’ of mines. This manuscript is the culmination of five years of cross-sector dialogue and stakeholder engagement activities. It debates what constitutes a small deposit and describes the interactions between mining and manufacturing, investment, environment and society. It reaches the conclusion that technological innovations will support the re-emergence of small deposit mining as an important part of a diverse raw materials production sector. We do not suggest a return to past approaches, to mining of small, high-grade deposits, but a consideration of alternative narratives of localised, community-orientated mining processes, thus giving social, economic and environmental context to the needs of the present day.

大规模开采低品位矿石是能源密集型的,而且会产生大量废物。它对生产数量相对较少的特种金属的适用性有限。通过限制开采高品位矿床来限制环境影响的方法需要调查小型矿床作为金属的替代来源。小额存款的投资回报与确保投资所需的昂贵调查和管理风险的高昂成本是不相容的。但是,能源和运输成本的增加可能会为具有高度竞争力的技术解决方案的小型矿床开采创造市场空间。可以说,小型矿藏开采是合乎道德的,因为它必须涉及矿业公司和当地居民之间的合作,他们对自己的生活质量有共同的期望和责任。然而,小型矿床开采往往是一项有限的短期举措,这需要考虑矿山的长期“来世”。这份手稿是五年来跨部门对话和利益攸关方参与活动的成果。它讨论了什么是小型矿床,并描述了采矿与制造业、投资、环境和社会之间的相互作用。报告得出的结论是,技术革新将支持小型矿床采矿的重新出现,使其成为多样化原材料生产部门的一个重要组成部分。我们不建议回到过去的方法,开采小型、高品位的矿床,而是考虑本地化、面向社区的采矿过程的替代叙述,从而为当今的需求提供社会、经济和环境背景。
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引用次数: 14
The Circular Economy and Cascading: Towards a Framework 循环经济与层叠:构建框架
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100038
Kieran Campbell-Johnston , Walter J.V. Vermeulen , Denise Reike , Sabrina Brullot

The principle of cascading, the sequential and consecutive use of resources, is a potential method to create added value in circular economy (CE) practices. Despite conceptual similarities, no research to date has explored how cascading has been operationalised and how to integrate it with CE R-imperatives (Reduce, Reuse etc.) to facilitate implementation practices. CE practices emphasise value creation and retention, yet, there has been little reflexive examination of explicit and intrinsic value considerations; namely, how allocation choices, i.e. the decision-making process, for resource utilization are made. This paper aims to (1) examine how cascading has been operationalised (empirically and theoretically) to understand its normative underpinnings and value considerations; and (2) integrate cascading with the CE practices in a manner that accounts for the complexities of material allocation choices. Through a literature review of 64 articles from three bodies of literature (CE, cascading and up/downcycling), plus additional material on sustainable development, we show the cascading concept is a suitable framework to direct material uses and provides an overarching concept to integrate with CE R-imperatives. From this, we propose a new theoretical framework that considers the socio-organisational necessities for a CE-cascading system, specifically by deconstructing the allocation choices and exchanges of product material combinations between actor groups. This considers a dual perspective of the physical aspects of materials and the social context in which material allocation is made. The framework transcends individual value chain actor configurations to propose an overarching steering/governance framework, based on the triple-P of sustainability (People, Planet, Prosperity), to examine and direct CE-cascading exchanges, between and above individual users/firms.

级联原则,即资源的顺序和连续使用,是在循环经济实践中创造附加价值的潜在方法。尽管概念上有相似之处,但迄今为止还没有研究探索级联是如何操作的,以及如何将其与CE r指令(Reduce、Reuse等)集成以促进实现实践。行政长官的做法强调价值的创造和保留,然而,很少对明确的和内在的价值考虑进行反思性审查;即如何进行资源利用的分配选择,即决策过程。本文旨在(1)研究级联是如何被操作的(经验和理论),以理解其规范基础和价值考虑;(2)以考虑材料分配选择复杂性的方式将级联与CE实践相结合。通过对来自三个文献主体(CE、级联和上/下循环)的64篇文章的文献综述,加上关于可持续发展的额外材料,我们表明级联概念是指导材料使用的合适框架,并提供了一个与CE r要求集成的总体概念。由此,我们提出了一个新的理论框架,该框架考虑了ce级联系统的社会组织必要性,特别是通过解构参与者群体之间产品材料组合的分配选择和交换。这考虑了材料的物理方面和材料分配的社会背景的双重视角。该框架超越了单个价值链参与者配置,提出了一个基于可持续性3p(人、地球、繁荣)的总体指导/治理框架,以检查和指导个人用户/公司之间及以上的ce级联交流。
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引用次数: 58
Being shown samples of composted, granulated faecal sludge strongly influences acceptability of its use in peri-urban subsistence agriculture 展示了堆肥样,颗粒粪便污泥强烈影响其在城郊自给农业中使用的可接受性
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100041
Heather Roxburgh , Kate Hampshire , Elizabeth A Tilley , David M Oliver , Richard S Quilliam

Using human excreta derived fertiliser (HEDF) in agriculture reduces dependence on diminishing phosphorus rock reserves, improves soil health, and facilitates sustainable nutrient recycling. Such schemes have particular scope for expansion in peri-urban areas of low-income countries, where large quantities of faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems are available. However, public acceptability is a critical unknown factor. This study used surveys of 534 peri-urban subsistence farmers in Blantyre, Malawi, to investigate the public acceptability of HEDF. Two factors are highlighted as having a particularly strong association with acceptability: showing a sample of composted, granulated faecal sludge to participants at the start of the survey, and having heard of HEDF before. For instance, almost all participants who were shown the composted, granulated sample and had prior knowledge of HEDF were willing to buy maize grown in HEDF (96%). Conversely, less than a third of participants who had not heard of HEDF before and were not shown the composted, granulated sample were willing to do so (30%). Maize was the most widely accepted crop for use with HEDF, as there is perceived to be little contact between the edible parts and the ground. This suggests that HEDF has the potential to be widely accepted by subsistence maize farmers and the general public in Malawi. However, uptake rates could be substantially improved with public engagement campaigns involving demonstrations or samples of a visually appealing product, and by promoting the concept through channels such as farmer radio programmes or agricultural extension workers.

在农业中使用人类排泄物衍生肥料(HEDF)减少了对日益减少的磷岩储量的依赖,改善了土壤健康,并促进了可持续的养分循环。这种计划在低收入国家的城郊地区特别有扩大的余地,因为那里有来自现场卫生系统的大量粪便污泥。然而,公众的接受程度是一个关键的未知因素。本研究对马拉维布兰太尔的534名城郊自给农民进行了调查,以调查公众对HEDF的接受程度。有两个因素被强调为与可接受性有特别强的联系:在调查开始时向参与者展示堆肥颗粒粪便污泥样本,以及之前听说过HEDF。例如,几乎所有看到堆肥颗粒样品并事先了解HEDF的参与者都愿意购买在HEDF中种植的玉米(96%)。相反,在没有听说过HEDF的参与者中,只有不到三分之一的人愿意这样做(30%)。玉米是最被广泛接受用于HEDF的作物,因为人们认为玉米的可食用部分与地面之间几乎没有接触。这表明HEDF有可能被马拉维的自给玉米农民和普通公众广泛接受。但是,通过公众参与运动,包括展示或展示具有视觉吸引力的产品样品,以及通过农民广播节目或农业推广人员等渠道宣传这一概念,可以大大提高接受率。
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引用次数: 5
WITHDRAWN: Insights from combining techno-economic and life cycle assessment - a case study of polyphenol extraction from red wine pomace 摘自:技术经济与生命周期评价相结合的启示——以红酒渣中多酚提取为例
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100045
G. Vega, Joshua Sohn, J. Voogt, A. Nilsson, M. Birkved, S. Olsen
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引用次数: 2
WITHDRAWN: The living, the dead, and the obsolete: A characterization of lifetime and stock of ICT products in Denmark 撤退:活着的、死去的和过时的:丹麦ICT产品的寿命和库存特征
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100043
Dmitry Zhilyaev, C. Cimpan, Zhi Cao, Gang Liu, Søren Askegaard, H. Wenzel
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引用次数: 0
Optimizing transport to maximize nutrient recycling and green energy recovery 优化运输,最大限度地回收养分和绿色能源
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2021.100049
Geneviève S. Metson , Roozbeh Feiz , Nils-Hassan Quttineh , Karin Tonderski

A circular biobased economy must be able to sustainably manage multiple resources simultaneously. Nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) recycling and renewable energy production (biogas) can be compatible practices but require substantial transport of heavy organic waste. We combine a spatial optimization model and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to explore how Sweden could maximize its use of excreta resources. We use 10×10 km2 resolution data on the location of animal and human excreta and crop demand and model both optimal biogas plant locations and transport of nutrients to and from these plants. Each type of biogas plant (given 4 realistic mixes of excreta) is then evaluated for global warming potential, primary energy use and financial resource costs. Moving excreta through biogas plants, as opposed to simply reapplying on fields, to meet crop nutrient demands comes at a similar cost but the climate and primary energy savings are substantial. As much as 91% of phosphorus and 44% of nitrogen crop demand could be met via optimally transported excreta and the country would avoid about 1 450 kt of CO2-eq, save 3.6 TWh (13 000 tera-joules) of primary energy, and save 90 million euros per year. Substituting mineral fertilizers with recycled nutrients results in savings across all indicators, but the added energy and avoided greenhouse gas emissions associated with biogas production make a large difference in the attractiveness of nutrient recycling. Although the numeric values are theoretical, our results indicate that carefully coordinated and supported biogas production could help maximize multi-resource benefits.

以生物为基础的循环经济必须能够同时可持续地管理多种资源。养分(氮、磷和钾)回收和可再生能源生产(沼气)可以是兼容的做法,但需要大量的重有机废物运输。我们结合空间优化模型和生命周期评估(LCA)来探索瑞典如何最大限度地利用排泄物资源。我们使用10×10平方公里的分辨率数据来确定动物和人类排泄物的位置以及作物需求,并对最佳沼气工厂的位置以及这些工厂的营养物质的运输进行建模。然后对每种类型的沼气厂(给定4种实际的排泄物混合物)进行全球变暖潜力、一次能源使用和财务资源成本的评估。通过沼气工厂转移排泄物来满足作物的养分需求,而不是简单地在田地里重新施用,成本相似,但对气候和初级能源的节省是巨大的。通过最佳运输的排泄物可以满足91%的磷和44%的氮作物需求,国家将避免约1450千吨二氧化碳当量,节省3.6太瓦时(13000太焦耳)的一次能源,每年节省9000万欧元。用循环养分代替矿物肥料可以节省所有指标,但与沼气生产相关的增加的能源和避免的温室气体排放对养分循环的吸引力产生了很大的影响。虽然数值是理论值,但我们的结果表明,精心协调和支持沼气生产可以帮助实现多资源效益最大化。
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引用次数: 15
Optimal sizing of rainwater harvesting systems for domestic water usages: A systematic literature review 家庭用水的雨水收集系统的最佳尺寸:系统的文献综述
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100033
Mary Semaan , Susan D. Day , Michael Garvin , Naren Ramakrishnan , Annie Pearce

Rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) are increasing in popularity because of their ability to alleviate water pressure on centralized systems, minimize or delay rainfall runoff, and fit relatively easily in both the centralized/decentralized infrastructure organization. Adequately sizing RWHS is critical to optimizing their operation because under-sizing results in systems that are unable to provide a sufficient, reliable source of water while oversizing increases the capital costs incurred with limited marginal benefits and poses potential water quality risks.

In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review to assess the state-of-art in the field of optimization of domestic rainwater harvesting systems. Sizing of storage is identified as the most important objective of optimization, yet sizing for cost is the most frequently implemented outcome of optimization. Optimizing for a local maximum is often favored over simulation-based optimization methods that produce global maxima. To derive more realistic sizing estimates, future optimization studies will have to take into account greater variation in water demands as well as various climate change scenarios, especially given that rainfall frequency and quantity are critical design variables of a rainwater harvesting system.

雨水收集系统(RWHS)越来越受欢迎,因为它们能够减轻集中式系统的水压,最大限度地减少或延迟降雨径流,并且相对容易适用于集中式/分散式基础设施组织。适当的RWHS规模对于优化其运行至关重要,因为规模过小会导致系统无法提供充足、可靠的水源,而规模过大则会增加资本成本,边际效益有限,并带来潜在的水质风险。在本文中,我们进行了系统的文献综述,以评估国内雨水收集系统优化领域的最新进展。存储的大小确定为优化的最重要的目标,然而根据成本进行大小调整是优化中最常实现的结果。与产生全局最大值的基于模拟的优化方法相比,对局部最大值的优化通常更受青睐。为了得出更现实的规模估计,未来的优化研究将不得不考虑更大的水需求变化以及各种气候变化情景,特别是考虑到降雨频率和数量是雨水收集系统的关键设计变量。
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引用次数: 62
Effects of car electronics penetration, integration and downsizing on their recycling potentials 汽车电子产品的渗透、整合和小型化对其回收潜力的影响
Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100032
Eliette Restrepo , Amund N. Løvik , Rolf Widmer , Patrick Wäger , Daniel B. Müller

Car electronics form an extensive yet untapped source for secondary critical raw materials. To seize their recycling potentials it is imperative to understand how the number and volumes of car electric and electronic (EE) devices are affected by trends in: i) car typology, ii) penetration and integration of automobile electronic control systems (AECS), and iii) unit mass of EE devices. We used a layered dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) incorporating comprehensive data series to analyze the aforementioned trends and their influence on end-of-life mass flows of two automobile EE devices in Switzerland over the period 1975 to 2015. We found that there has been an increased penetration of the EE devices coinciding with a replacement of unifunctional devices by multifunctional ones (integration) and a decrease in their unit mass (downsizing). Both penetration and unit mass changed most rapidly in the 1990s and have flattened after the year 2000. Penetration outweighed integration and downsizing, so that before stabilizing, it caused a rapid increase in the mass flows of the EE devices. Due to the long lifetime of cars, changes in penetration, integration and downsizing are still evident at the end-of-life flows, but can be expected to slow down considerably between 2015 and 2025. The results demonstrate that monitoring of the trends at the car inflow, in combination with a dynamic MFA, can be used to anticipate changes in end-of-life flows 10–20 years before they occur and to timely inform recycling policies.

汽车电子产品是一个广泛但尚未开发的次要关键原材料来源。为了抓住它们的回收潜力,必须了解汽车电动和电子(EE)设备的数量和体积如何受到以下趋势的影响:i)汽车类型,ii)汽车电子控制系统(AECS)的渗透和集成,以及iii) EE设备的单位质量。我们使用分层动态物料流分析(MFA)结合综合数据序列来分析上述趋势及其对1975年至2015年期间瑞士两种汽车EE设备的报废质量流的影响。我们发现,随着多功能设备(集成)取代功能设备(集成)和单位质量(缩小)的减少,EE设备的渗透率有所增加。穿透和单位质量在20世纪90年代变化最为迅速,2000年后趋于平缓。渗透比集成和小型化更重要,因此在稳定之前,它会导致EE设备的质量流量迅速增加。由于汽车的使用寿命较长,在报废流程中,渗透、整合和小型化的变化仍然很明显,但预计在2015年至2025年之间将大幅放缓。结果表明,监测汽车流入趋势,结合动态MFA,可用于预测10-20年的报废流量变化,并及时为回收政策提供信息。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Resources, Conservation and Recycling: X
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