Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1109/mcomstd.0010.2200026
Shuo Wang, Chen Sun
As the scarcity of spectrum resources, especially in mid-band (1 to 6 GHz), becomes more significant in beyond 5G and 6G era, spectrum sharing is promising to solve this problem. Various spectrum sharing approaches have been proposed and standardized, such as centralized geolocation database. The emergence of blockchain technology provides a great solution to enhance spectrum sharing technology in a decentralized way. With blockchain technology, trust can be established among multiple public or private wireless networks owned by different operators. Moreover, decentralized ledgers can reduce the number of transactions and validation processes executed by each node, thereby improving spectrum trading efficiency. In this article, we summarize the standardization progress of spectrum sharing and the application of blockchain in wireless communications. Then, we investigate the key issues encountered by blockchain-based spectrum sharing and propose potential solutions to these problems. Finally, we present future research directions for blockchain-based dynamic spectrum sharing.
{"title":"Blockchain Empowered Dynamic Spectrum Sharing: Standards, State of Research and Road Ahead","authors":"Shuo Wang, Chen Sun","doi":"10.1109/mcomstd.0010.2200026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0010.2200026","url":null,"abstract":"As the scarcity of spectrum resources, especially in mid-band (1 to 6 GHz), becomes more significant in beyond 5G and 6G era, spectrum sharing is promising to solve this problem. Various spectrum sharing approaches have been proposed and standardized, such as centralized geolocation database. The emergence of blockchain technology provides a great solution to enhance spectrum sharing technology in a decentralized way. With blockchain technology, trust can be established among multiple public or private wireless networks owned by different operators. Moreover, decentralized ledgers can reduce the number of transactions and validation processes executed by each node, thereby improving spectrum trading efficiency. In this article, we summarize the standardization progress of spectrum sharing and the application of blockchain in wireless communications. Then, we investigate the key issues encountered by blockchain-based spectrum sharing and propose potential solutions to these problems. Finally, we present future research directions for blockchain-based dynamic spectrum sharing.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200031
Xinyuan Wang, Xiang He, Hao Ren
200 Gb/s transceiver specification is under development in IEEE 802.3 as an essential technology for 800 GbE and 1.6 TbE, including electrical and optical interconnection applications. Both IM-DD and coherent modulations are being considered for optical solutions. Due to the higher rate transmission and more stringent requirements, advanced FEC beyond RS (544, 514) code used in 100 Gb/s transceivers is most likely to be mandatory. To enable 200 Gb/s transceivers for 800 GbE and 1.6 TbE, this article investigates on FEC coding gain performance, latency, and area from logic layer perspective.
{"title":"Advanced FEC for 200 Gb/s Transceiver in 800 GbE and 1.6 TbE Standard","authors":"Xinyuan Wang, Xiang He, Hao Ren","doi":"10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200031","url":null,"abstract":"200 Gb/s transceiver specification is under development in IEEE 802.3 as an essential technology for 800 GbE and 1.6 TbE, including electrical and optical interconnection applications. Both IM-DD and coherent modulations are being considered for optical solutions. Due to the higher rate transmission and more stringent requirements, advanced FEC beyond RS (544, 514) code used in 100 Gb/s transceivers is most likely to be mandatory. To enable 200 Gb/s transceivers for 800 GbE and 1.6 TbE, this article investigates on FEC coding gain performance, latency, and area from logic layer perspective.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"141 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200041
Esteban Municio, Gines Garcia-Aviles, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Pérez
5G and B5G/6G foundations heavily rely on virtualization technologies, and virtualized Radio Access Networks (vRANs) are one of their major keystones. However, while vRANs have been traditionally suffering from significant hardware/software coupling, next generation vRANs aim for open, standardized interfaces, and multi-vendor, interoperable components to enable truly flexible deployments following the cloud-native principles. In this line, the O-RAN Alliance is promoting a novel Open RAN architecture to further boost flexibility and cost efficiency. In order to reduce costs and effectively achieve the promised disaggregation levels, O-RAN must ensure shared, integrated transport networks in opposition to dedicated, overprovisioned links from traditional approaches. However, keeping deterministic performance requirements in such cost-effective networks (i.e., general-purpose Ethernet networks), especially in those interfaces that are time-critical, is a challenge. In this article, we review the most relevant Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards that may bring compelling benefits to O-RAN, (i.e., IEEE 802.1CM, IEEE 802.1Qbu, and IEEE 802.1Qbv) for providing determinism over cost-efficient networks. We explore the design space for a TSN-enabled O-RAN architecture, reporting on the requirements and deployment options and finally, we discuss on the opportunities and challenges that O-RAN will face when adopting TSN technologies to fully open the vRAN ecosystem.
{"title":"O-RAN: Analysis of Latency-Critical Interfaces and Overview of Time Sensitive Networking Solutions","authors":"Esteban Municio, Gines Garcia-Aviles, Andres Garcia-Saavedra, Xavier Costa-Pérez","doi":"10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0001.2200041","url":null,"abstract":"5G and B5G/6G foundations heavily rely on virtualization technologies, and virtualized Radio Access Networks (vRANs) are one of their major keystones. However, while vRANs have been traditionally suffering from significant hardware/software coupling, next generation vRANs aim for open, standardized interfaces, and multi-vendor, interoperable components to enable truly flexible deployments following the cloud-native principles. In this line, the O-RAN Alliance is promoting a novel Open RAN architecture to further boost flexibility and cost efficiency. In order to reduce costs and effectively achieve the promised disaggregation levels, O-RAN must ensure shared, integrated transport networks in opposition to dedicated, overprovisioned links from traditional approaches. However, keeping deterministic performance requirements in such cost-effective networks (i.e., general-purpose Ethernet networks), especially in those interfaces that are time-critical, is a challenge. In this article, we review the most relevant Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) standards that may bring compelling benefits to O-RAN, (i.e., IEEE 802.1CM, IEEE 802.1Qbu, and IEEE 802.1Qbv) for providing determinism over cost-efficient networks. We explore the design space for a TSN-enabled O-RAN architecture, reporting on the requirements and deployment options and finally, we discuss on the opportunities and challenges that O-RAN will face when adopting TSN technologies to fully open the vRAN ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1109/mcomstd.0005.2200052
Nilesh Kumar Jadav, Tejal Rathod, Rajesh Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Neeraj Kumar, Rahat Iqbal, Shadi Atalla, Hijji Mohammad, Saba Al-Rubaye
The modern warfare scenario has immense challenges that can risk personnel's lives, highlighting the need for data acquisition to win a military operation successfully. In this context, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a significant role by covertly acquiring reconnaissance data from an enemy location to make the friendly troops aware. The acquired data is mission-critical and needs to be secured from the intruders, which can implicitly manipulate it for their benefit. Moreover, UAVs collect a large amount of data, including high-definition images and surveillance videos; handling such a massive amount of data is a bottleneck on traditional communication networks. To mitigate these issues, this article proposes a blockchain and machine learning (ML)-based secure and intelligent UAV communication underlying sixth-generation (6G) networks, that is, Block-USB. The proposed system refrain the disclosure of highly-sensitive military operations from intruders (either a rogue UAV or a malicious controller). The proposed system uses off-chain storage, that is, Interplanetary file system (IPFS), to improve the blockchain storage capacity. We also present a case study on securing UAV-based military operations by considering multiple scenarios considering controller/UAV malicious. The performance of the proposed system outperforms the traditional baseline 4G/5G and non IPFS-based systems in terms of classification accuracy, communication latency, and data scalability.
{"title":"Blockchain-Based Secure and Intelligent Data Dissemination Framework for UAVs in Battlefield Applications","authors":"Nilesh Kumar Jadav, Tejal Rathod, Rajesh Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Neeraj Kumar, Rahat Iqbal, Shadi Atalla, Hijji Mohammad, Saba Al-Rubaye","doi":"10.1109/mcomstd.0005.2200052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0005.2200052","url":null,"abstract":"The modern warfare scenario has immense challenges that can risk personnel's lives, highlighting the need for data acquisition to win a military operation successfully. In this context, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play a significant role by covertly acquiring reconnaissance data from an enemy location to make the friendly troops aware. The acquired data is mission-critical and needs to be secured from the intruders, which can implicitly manipulate it for their benefit. Moreover, UAVs collect a large amount of data, including high-definition images and surveillance videos; handling such a massive amount of data is a bottleneck on traditional communication networks. To mitigate these issues, this article proposes a blockchain and machine learning (ML)-based secure and intelligent UAV communication underlying sixth-generation (6G) networks, that is, Block-USB. The proposed system refrain the disclosure of highly-sensitive military operations from intruders (either a rogue UAV or a malicious controller). The proposed system uses off-chain storage, that is, Interplanetary file system (IPFS), to improve the blockchain storage capacity. We also present a case study on securing UAV-based military operations by considering multiple scenarios considering controller/UAV malicious. The performance of the proposed system outperforms the traditional baseline 4G/5G and non IPFS-based systems in terms of classification accuracy, communication latency, and data scalability.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1109/mcomstd.0007.2200065
Wali Ullah Khan, Muhammad Awais Javed, Sherali Zeadally, Eva Lagunas, Symeon Chatzinotas
The main challenges in sixth-generation (6G) communication networks are connection reliability, low transmission latency, massive low-powered connectivity, and ultra-high capacity. Reconfigurable meta-surfaces are emerging as a novel and revolutionizing technology to enable intelligent wireless environments. Due to the low cost, improved efficiency, and passive nature of reflecting elements, it is becoming possible to program and control the wireless environment. Since wireless physical layer technologies can generally adapt to the wireless environment, their combination with reconfigurable surfaces and deep learning approaches can open new avenues for achieving secure 6G vehicular aided heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Motivated by these appealing advantages, this work provides an intelligent and secure radio environment (ISRE) paradigm for 6G vehicular aided HetNets. We present an overview of enabling technologies for ISRE-based 6G vehicular aided HetNets. We discuss features, design goals, and applications of such networks. Next, we outline new opportunities provided by ISRE-based 6G vehicular HetNets, and we present a case study using the contextual bandit approach in terms of best IRS for secure communications. Finally, we discuss some future research opportunities.
{"title":"Intelligent and Secure Radio Environments for 6G Vehicular Aided HetNets: Key Opportunities and Challenges","authors":"Wali Ullah Khan, Muhammad Awais Javed, Sherali Zeadally, Eva Lagunas, Symeon Chatzinotas","doi":"10.1109/mcomstd.0007.2200065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0007.2200065","url":null,"abstract":"The main challenges in sixth-generation (6G) communication networks are connection reliability, low transmission latency, massive low-powered connectivity, and ultra-high capacity. Reconfigurable meta-surfaces are emerging as a novel and revolutionizing technology to enable intelligent wireless environments. Due to the low cost, improved efficiency, and passive nature of reflecting elements, it is becoming possible to program and control the wireless environment. Since wireless physical layer technologies can generally adapt to the wireless environment, their combination with reconfigurable surfaces and deep learning approaches can open new avenues for achieving secure 6G vehicular aided heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Motivated by these appealing advantages, this work provides an intelligent and secure radio environment (ISRE) paradigm for 6G vehicular aided HetNets. We present an overview of enabling technologies for ISRE-based 6G vehicular aided HetNets. We discuss features, design goals, and applications of such networks. Next, we outline new opportunities provided by ISRE-based 6G vehicular HetNets, and we present a case study using the contextual bandit approach in terms of best IRS for secure communications. Finally, we discuss some future research opportunities.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"5 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1109/mcomstd.0004.2200024
Ke Guan, Danping He, Markus Rupp, Mumtaz Shahid, Zhangdui Zhong
Emerging window glass plays an increasingly important role in rail vehicles thanks to its outstanding mechanical, optical, and thermal performance. However, due to insufficient attention on the electromagnetic (EM) properties and wireless propagation characteristics, the potential of window glass to enhance the intelligence of rail vehicles and the wireless communication of onboard passengers is not fully realized. To a certain extent, window glass even becomes the bottleneck of the informatization of rail vehicles. Thus, this article aims to explore window glass for one important component of vehicular networking-smart rail vehicles-from the perspective of wireless propagation. In this context, we present key capabilities and discuss the potential forms of window glass for smart rail vehicles. Finally, based on the review of representative research, we investigate and outline the future research challenges and trends from the propagation channel perspective.
{"title":"Challenges and Future Research Trends of Window Glass for Smart Rail Vehicles: From the Perspective of Wireless Propagation","authors":"Ke Guan, Danping He, Markus Rupp, Mumtaz Shahid, Zhangdui Zhong","doi":"10.1109/mcomstd.0004.2200024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/mcomstd.0004.2200024","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging window glass plays an increasingly important role in rail vehicles thanks to its outstanding mechanical, optical, and thermal performance. However, due to insufficient attention on the electromagnetic (EM) properties and wireless propagation characteristics, the potential of window glass to enhance the intelligence of rail vehicles and the wireless communication of onboard passengers is not fully realized. To a certain extent, window glass even becomes the bottleneck of the informatization of rail vehicles. Thus, this article aims to explore window glass for one important component of vehicular networking-smart rail vehicles-from the perspective of wireless propagation. In this context, we present key capabilities and discuss the potential forms of window glass for smart rail vehicles. Finally, based on the review of representative research, we investigate and outline the future research challenges and trends from the propagation channel perspective.","PeriodicalId":36719,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Communications Standards Magazine","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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