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Properties and Analysis of Liquid Alternative Fuels I: Fatty Acid Esters 液体替代燃料的性质与分析I:脂肪酸酯
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.03.04
Martin Staš, Z. Mužíková, P. Šimáček
The importance of alternative fuels is constantly growing due to environmental reasons, saving fossil fuels and reducing the dependence of the world countries on the supply of fossil raw materials from politically unstable regions. This article is further in a series of review articles focused on an overview of technical requirements and testing methods for selected alternative fuels. It is also the first in a series of papers focused on liquid alternative fuels. The aim of this series of articles is to provide an overview of the required properties of individual alternative fuels, the possibilities of their analysis and the importance of the individual analyzes. This article focuses on fuels containing fatty acid esters.Biodiesel can be burned in diesel engines either in a mixture with conventional diesel or as an individual fuel. Unlike conventional diesel, which is composed of hydrocarbons of petroleum origin, biodiesel contains fatty acid methyl esters. In addition to this main component, glycerol (by-product of transesterification), methanol, free fatty acids, glycerides (mono-, di- and tri-), catalyst residues, water, and possibly other components can be present also. These contaminants can, in certain concentrations, cause some undesirable properties both in pure biodiesel and in biodiesel/diesel blends. Compared to conventional diesel, biodiesel has a higher density and viscosity, but a slightly lower higher heating value, and considerably worse oxidation stability. In terms of pollutant emissions, the combustion of biodiesel produces less hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and solid particles, but slightly more nitrogen oxides than the combustion of mineral diesel. Gas chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, titration methods, and atomic spectroscopy methods have typically been used for the evaluation of these fuels. In addition to the properties monitored by these methods, conventional fuel parameters such as density, viscosity, low-temperature properties, oxidation stability, corrosion properties, flash point, cetane number, and others are monitored for biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends. In general, it can be stated that the analysis of fuels containing biodiesel is well managed. Instrumental equipment and (modified) analytical methods used for the analysis of conventional liquid fuels can be used to analyze these fuels.
由于环境原因,替代燃料的重要性不断增加,节省化石燃料,减少世界各国对来自政治不稳定地区的化石原料供应的依赖。本文是一系列综述文章的后续部分,重点介绍所选替代燃料的技术要求和测试方法。这也是一系列关于液体替代燃料的论文中的第一篇。本系列文章的目的是概述每种替代燃料所需的特性,分析它们的可能性以及每种分析的重要性。本文重点介绍了含脂肪酸酯的燃料。生物柴油既可以与传统柴油混合燃烧,也可以作为单独的燃料在柴油机中燃烧。与由石油来源的碳氢化合物组成的传统柴油不同,生物柴油含有脂肪酸甲酯。除了这一主要成分外,甘油(酯交换的副产物)、甲醇、游离脂肪酸、甘油酯(单、二、三)、催化剂残留物、水和可能存在的其他成分也可能存在。在一定浓度下,这些污染物会在纯生物柴油和生物柴油/柴油混合物中引起一些不期望的特性。与常规柴油相比,生物柴油具有更高的密度和粘度,但热值略低,氧化稳定性差得多。在污染物排放方面,生物柴油燃烧产生的碳氢化合物、一氧化碳和固体颗粒较少,但氮氧化物略多于矿物柴油燃烧。气相色谱法、红外光谱法、滴定法和原子光谱法通常用于这些燃料的评价。除了这些方法监测的性能外,还监测了生物柴油和生物柴油/柴油混合物的常规燃料参数,如密度、粘度、低温性能、氧化稳定性、腐蚀性能、闪点、十六烷值等。总的来说,可以这样说,对含有生物柴油的燃料的分析管理得很好。用于分析传统液体燃料的仪器设备和(改进的)分析方法可用于分析这些燃料。
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引用次数: 0
Properties and Analysis of Gaseous Alternative Fuels II: Fuels Based on Natural Gas and Biogas 气体替代燃料的特性与分析Ⅱ:基于天然气和沼气的燃料
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.03.05
Martin Staš, J. Kroufek, T. Hlinčík, P. Šimáček
The importance of alternative energy sources is constantly growing, especially due to the ever-increasing energy consumption of mankind and due to the effort to replace existing sources with more environmentally friendly ones. This article is another in a series of articles focused on an overview of technical requirements and testing methods for alternative gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels. This series of articles aims to provide an overview of the required properties of individual alternative fuels, the possibilities of their analysis, and the significance of individual analyzes.This article provides an overview of the technical requirements prescribed by legislation and relevant standards for automotive fuels based on natural gas (fossil methane) and biomethane. Furthermore, prescribed analytical tests are presented, which have been used to monitor the quality of these fuels. To a lesser extent, the importance of selected analytical tests is also discussed. Natural gas can be compressed or liquefied for use in automobile transport. In the first case, CNG fuel is obtained, and in the second, LNG. As a source of renewable methane or biomethane, biogas can be used, which is produced by anaerobic fermentation of agricultural waste or other raw materials in biogas plants. The obtained biogas can be used for the combined production of heat and energy. Alternatively, it can be purified into biomethane, which can be injected into the natural gas distribution network or used in automobile transport in the form of bio-CNG and bio-LNG. In general, it can be stated that the analysis of fuels based on natural gas and biomethane is well managed. Instrumental equipment and analytical methods used for natural gas analysis can be used to analyze these fuels.The properties of fuels based on natural gas and biomethane are closely related to their composition. In terms of proper operation and performance of the combustion engine, the lower heating value, Wobbe number, and methane number are critical parameters. An important parameter is also the sulfane content, increased content of which can lead to corrosion of engine components. In terms of emissions, the total sulfur content is an important parameter also. Sulfur compounds are undesirable in emissions for environmental reasons. At the same time, they are also catalytic poisons. Other critical parameters of fuels based on natural gas and bio-methane are the water content or dew point of water.
替代能源的重要性正在不断增长,特别是由于人类能源消耗的不断增加,以及由于人们努力用更环保的能源取代现有的能源。本文是系列文章中的另一篇,重点概述了替代气体、液体和固体燃料的技术要求和测试方法。本系列文章旨在概述每种替代燃料所需的特性,分析它们的可能性,以及个体分析的重要性。本文概述了立法和相关标准对天然气(化石甲烷)和生物甲烷为基础的汽车燃料规定的技术要求。此外,还提出了用于监测这些燃料质量的规定分析试验。在较小程度上,还讨论了选定的分析试验的重要性。天然气可以压缩或液化用于汽车运输。在第一种情况下,获得CNG燃料,在第二种情况下,获得LNG燃料。可以利用沼气作为可再生甲烷或生物甲烷的来源,沼气是由沼气厂的农业废弃物或其他原料厌氧发酵产生的。所得沼气可用于热电联产。或者,它可以被纯化成生物甲烷,可以注入天然气分配网络或以生物cng和生物lng的形式用于汽车运输。总的来说,可以说对基于天然气和生物甲烷的燃料的分析管理得很好。用于天然气分析的仪器设备和分析方法可用于分析这些燃料。以天然气和生物甲烷为基础的燃料的性能与其成分密切相关。对于内燃机的正常运行和性能而言,较低的热值、沃伯数和甲烷数是关键参数。一个重要的参数也是硫化物的含量,其含量的增加会导致发动机部件的腐蚀。在排放方面,总硫含量也是一个重要的参数。由于环境原因,硫化合物在排放中是不受欢迎的。同时,它们也是催化毒物。基于天然气和生物甲烷的燃料的其他关键参数是水的含量或水的露点。
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引用次数: 0
Energy saving technology in power plants industry by HFRW HFRW在电厂工业中的节能技术
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.03.02
M. Sadeghi, H. Sabet
This paper aims at investigating the use of high frequency resistance welding (HFRW) to deploy energy saving technology in power plants industry. The new approach of dissimilar welds A240TP409 finned and 2¼ Cr-1 Mo seamless tube under various conditions of high frequency resistance welding (HFRW) are found in power plant boilers and reducing energy costs is possible through the use of finned tubes. HFRW have accom-plished on samples by changing multiple parameters including current of welding, electric potential, travel speed and fin pitch. Microstructural evolution in weld bond, hardness and tensile strength tests revealed that metallurgical bonding more than 90 % was measured at the weld interface and the average of tensile strengths were more than 275MPa, with setting on appropriate welding parameters and optimum pressure. Since the pitch and fin thickness can be severely reduced, the output transfer surface treatment in final process can be dramatically diminished. Lastly, a well-engineered approach to the design of the best conditions of finned tube welding bond is discussed in modern combined cycle power plant (CCPP).
本文旨在探讨利用高频电阻焊(HFRW)在电厂工业中应用节能技术。在电厂锅炉中发现了不同焊缝的A240TP409翅片和2¼Cr-1 Mo无缝管在各种条件下高频电阻焊(HFRW)的新方法,通过翅片管的使用可以降低能源成本。HFRW通过改变焊接电流、电势、行程速度、翅片间距等多个参数在试样上实现。焊缝组织演变、硬度和抗拉强度试验表明,在适当的焊接参数和最佳焊接压力下,焊缝界面的冶金结合率达到90%以上,抗拉强度平均值大于275MPa。由于节距和翅片厚度可以大大减少,因此最终工艺的输出传递表面处理可以大大减少。最后,讨论了现代联合循环电厂翅片管焊接键合最佳条件的设计方法。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of the combustion process of the developed composite granules 研制的复合颗粒燃烧过程的研究
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.03.03
Yu.P. Novikova, Z. Petrova, L. Vorobiov, V. Chmel, Yevhen Skliarenko, Inessa Novikova
The urgent task of each country is to achieve energy independence through the transition from traditional energy sources to alternative ones. Sewage treatment plants can be considered a potential source of additional raw materials. In Ukraine, one of the problems is the disposal of sludge that are more than 30 years old and to which activated sludge has not been added. This sludge has a low content of organic components, which are not suitable for combustion in pure form and fertilizers. Since the old sludge have a small content of organic components, for their better utilization it is proposed to create composite granules, their subsequent drying and combustion, during which the resulting ash will be used for the production of building materials. The aim of the work is to study the combustion of composite granules based on sludge, peat and biomass. The determined specific heat of combustion of composite granules exceeds this index of peat by 1.2 times. The study of the combustion process of composite granules showed that the obtained results can be used in fuel combustion in different ways. The combustion rate of granules is much lower than the combustion rate of the original biomass, but the combustion rate of a separate part of sludge prevails. The combustion rate of granules is much lower than the combustion rate of the original biomass, but the combustion rate of a separate part of sludge prevails. The conducted experiments showed the possibility of decontamination of sludge and its disposal as an alternative fuel.
每个国家的紧迫任务是通过从传统能源向替代能源的过渡实现能源独立。污水处理厂可被视为额外原材料的潜在来源。在乌克兰,问题之一是处理使用年限超过30年且未添加活性污泥的污泥。这种污泥的有机成分含量低,不适合以纯形式和肥料燃烧。由于旧污泥中有机成分含量很低,为了更好地利用它们,建议制作复合颗粒,随后进行干燥和燃烧,在此过程中产生的灰烬将用于生产建筑材料。本工作的目的是研究基于污泥、泥炭和生物质的复合颗粒的燃烧。测定的复合颗粒的燃烧比热比泥炭的这一指数高1.2倍。对复合颗粒燃烧过程的研究表明,所得结果可用于不同的燃料燃烧方式。颗粒的燃烧速率远低于原始生物质的燃烧速率,但污泥的单独部分的燃烧速率占主导地位。颗粒的燃烧速率远低于原始生物质的燃烧速率,但污泥的单独部分的燃烧速率占主导地位。所进行的实验表明了污泥净化及其作为替代燃料处理的可能性。
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引用次数: 1
Activation of solid residues from batch pyrolysis of waste tires 废轮胎间歇热解固体残渣的活化
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.03.01
M. Staf, Běla Ondrová, V. Šrámek
The paper deals with a two-stage process of thermal treatment of waste tires in order to obtain a carbonaceous adsorbent. A fraction of 0.4 ‒ 0.8 mm of the ground material was involved in the experiments. In the first stage, pyrolysis took place in a retort apparatus, which provided about 43 % of solid residues, 41 % of condensates and 16 % of gas at temperatures of 600 and 800 ° C.The mass balance was confirmed by the TGA method independently of the retort apparatus. N-alkanes, mono- to trialkylated benzenes, cycloalkenes, higher alcohols, ethers, acetates and aliphatic and aromatic thiols were identified in the liquid product by GC-MS. The main components of the condensates were: 50% n-al-kanes and more than 25 % alkylated benzenes. According to GC-TCD-FID, the separated pyrolysis gases contained nine main components with a volume fraction >1 %. Of these majority compounds, methane with volume fractions approaching 30 % was the most represented. Other important compounds were in descending order: hydrogen (20.2 and 20.8 %), carbon dioxide (8.9 %), ethane (8.5 %) and ethene (7.0 %). Due to the upper calorific value of 44 ‒ 45 MJ m‒3, the gas can be advantageously used energetically, but the high sulfur content must be considered anyway.The solid residues were subjected to steam activation in a separate apparatus. The activation apparatus operated with a batch reactor of similar design as the pyrolysis retort. By activation, the specific surface area of the pyrolysis residues was increased from a very small initial value <59 m2 g‒1 to a maximum of 337 m2 g‒1. However, this result, in contrast to the reference sample prepared from hardwood, required aggressive conditions, namely 900 °C combined with a steam exposure time of 60 min. The combination of the lower of the selected pyrolysis temperatures and the higher activation temperature led to better results than the opposite setting.Both the crude pyrolysis residues and the obtained activated products were significantly mesoporous and pores with a diameter of 20 ‒ 80 nm predominated in their structure. Prior to activation, the pyrolysis residues always had a pore content of at least 60 %, while the activation further increased their proportion to 81 %. Such a significant proportion of mesopores 20 - 80 nm suggests that the material could be suitable for the next modification/improving step in the form of wet impregnation.
本文研究了废轮胎的两阶段热处理工艺,以获得一种碳质吸附剂。实验中只涉及到0.4 - 0.8毫米地面材料的一小部分。在第一阶段,热解在蒸馏装置中进行,在600和800℃的温度下提供了约43%的固体残渣,41%的凝析油和16%的气体,质量平衡由独立于蒸馏装置的TGA法确定。气相色谱-质谱联用技术鉴定了液相产物中的正烷烃、单-三烷基苯、环烯烃、高级醇、醚、乙酸酯、脂肪族和芳香硫醇。缩合物的主要成分为:50%的正烷烃和25%以上的烷基化苯。经GC-TCD-FID测定,分离的热解气体含有9种主要组分,体积分数为>.1 %。在这些主要化合物中,体积分数接近30%的甲烷是最具代表性的。其他重要的化合物依次为:氢(20.2%和20.8%)、二氧化碳(8.9%)、乙烷(8.5%)和乙烯(7.0%)。由于热值在44 ~ 45 MJ - m-3之间,可以很好地进行节能利用,但必须考虑到高含硫量。固体残留物在一个单独的装置中进行蒸汽活化。活化装置在与热解反应器设计相似的间歇式反应器上运行。通过活化,热解残渣的比表面积从很小的初始值<59 m2 g-1增加到最大的337 m2 g-1。然而,与硬木制备的参考样品相比,该结果需要较强的条件,即900°C和60分钟的蒸汽暴露时间。选择较低的热解温度和较高的活化温度相结合,结果优于相反的设置。粗热解残渣和得到的活化产物均具有明显的介孔特征,其结构以直径为20 ~ 80 nm的孔为主。在活化前,热解残渣的孔隙含量一直在60%以上,而活化后,这一比例进一步提高到81%。20 - 80 nm的介孔比例如此之高,表明该材料可以以湿浸渍的形式进行下一个改性/改进步骤。
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引用次数: 0
Properties and Analysis of Gaseous Alternative Fuels I: Hydrogen and liquefied petroleum gases 气体替代燃料的性质和分析I:氢和液化石油气
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.02.03
Martin Staš, J. Kroufek, T. Hlinčík, P. Šimáček
The importance of alternative fuels has increased significantly and continues to grow due to gradually lowering fossil fuel sources as well as environmental reasons. This article is the first in a series of articles focused on gaseous, liquid, and solid alternative fuels. The aim of the articles is to provide an overview of the required properties and testing methods for individual alternative fuels prescribed by the relevant standards. This first article in the forthcoming series focuses on gaseous alternative fuels based on hydrogen and liquefied petroleum gases.
由于化石燃料来源的逐渐减少以及环境原因,替代燃料的重要性显著增加,并继续增长。这篇文章是一系列关注气体、液体和固体替代燃料的文章中的第一篇。这些文章的目的是概述相关标准规定的各种替代燃料所需的性能和测试方法。这是即将出版的系列文章中的第一篇,重点介绍基于氢气和液化石油气的气体替代燃料。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Properties of Different Materials by Adsorptions N2 and Ar at Temperature –196 °C 不同材料在–196°C温度下吸附N2和Ar的性能比较
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.02.04
Veronika Kyselová, K. Ciahotný
The article is focused on comparing of the structural properties of different adsorption materials. The measurement of adsorption isotherms was carried out in nitrogen and argon at a temperature of –196 °C. The individual isotherms using selected samples were measured on an Autosorb ASiQ instrument. BET surfaces and total pore volumes of individual samples were calculated and compared from the resulting isotherms. The results show relatively high differences between the adsorption isotherm measured by using nitrogen and argon. For the Envisorb sample, which consists of up to 85% silicagel, the BET surface area calculated from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm was 45 % higher than when measuring the adsorption isotherm using argon as the adsorptive. For silicagel SGR 50 was the difference between BET surface area measurements with nitrogen and argon only 4 %. The opposite phenomenon was calculated for the material activated carbon SC 40, where the BET surface measured by argon was higher than BET surface measured by nitrogen.Of the adsorbents used, nitrogen appears to be more suitable; only for carbonbased microporous materials is it better to use argon as an adsorptive.The evaluation of the measured adsorption isotherms by the t-plot method showed a good usability of this method when it is applied similarly to the BET method for adsorption isotherms in the range of adsorptive rel. pressure ranged from 0.05 to 0.35. This method is a reliable tool for determining the proportion of the smallest pores (micropores) in the total surface area of a given adsorbent. However, in the case of adsorbents with a very low proportion of micropores, its accuracy is lower.
本文着重比较了不同吸附材料的结构性能。吸附等温线的测量是在–196°C的温度下在氮气和氩气中进行的。使用所选样品的单独等温线在Autosorb ASiQ仪器上进行测量。根据所得等温线计算并比较单个样品的BET表面和总孔体积。结果显示,通过使用氮气和氩气测量的吸附等温线之间存在相对较高的差异。对于由高达85%的硅胶组成的Envisorb样品,根据氮吸附等温线计算的BET表面积比使用氩气作为吸附剂测量吸附等温线时高45%。对于硅胶,SGR50是用氮气和氩气测量的BET表面积之间的差异仅为4%。对于材料活性炭SC 40计算了相反的现象,其中通过氩气测量的BET表面高于通过氮气测量的BET表面。在所使用的吸附剂中,氮气似乎更合适;只有对于碳基微孔材料,最好使用氩气作为吸附剂。通过t图法对测量的吸附等温线的评估表明,当该方法类似于BET法应用于在0.05至0.35的吸附相对压力范围内的吸附等温线时,该方法具有良好的可用性。该方法是确定给定吸附剂总表面积中最小孔隙(微孔)比例的可靠工具。然而,在微孔比例非常低的吸附剂的情况下,其精度较低。
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引用次数: 0
Combustion effectivity of high ash coal in adiabatic calorimeter 高灰分煤在绝热量热计中的燃烧效率
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.02.05
B. Taraba, P. Gřunděl
A series of coal-mineral matter mixtures was investigated by bomb combustion calorimetry (IKA C4000, Germany) to elucidate boundary for ash content in coal at which combustion proceeds with lowered efficiency.For the experiments, a high rank bituminous coal was mixed with particles of mine stone, both being milled to size below 0.2 mm. Before the usage, the sample of stone was heated at 900°C for 2 hours in air to stabilize mineral matter composition. Mixtures 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 50% of coal were used, with sample weights both of 1 g and/or 2 grams being applied. The efficiency of the combustion process at the bomb test was assessed of the measured calorific value and that of “theoretically” calculated. The “theoretical” calorific value of the mixture was determined from the actual content of the coal proving known specific calorific value (36.6 MJ/kg).Based on the measurements, mineral matter content of about 50% was found as limiting for fully efficient combustion of coal in the bomb calorimeter. At content of 90% of mineral matter, the efficiency of combustion is about 70 % (sample weight 1 g) and/or 50 % (sample weight 2 g). Afterwards, the combustion efficiency steeply decreases to zero.
用弹燃烧量热法(IKA C4000,德国)对一系列煤-矿物混合物进行了研究,以阐明煤中灰分含量在燃烧效率较低时的边界。在实验中,高阶烟煤与矿石颗粒混合,两者都被磨成0.2 mm以下的尺寸。使用前,将石材样品在空气中900℃加热2小时,以稳定矿物成分。混合5、10、15、20、25、30、40和50%的煤被使用,样品重量分别为1克和/或2克。爆炸试验中燃烧过程的效率是用测量的热值和“理论”计算的热值来评定的。混合物的“理论”热值是根据证明已知比热值(36.6 MJ/kg)的煤的实际含量确定的。根据测量结果,在弹量热计中,矿物含量约为50%是煤充分有效燃烧的极限。在矿物含量为90%时,燃烧效率约为70%(样重1 g)和/或50%(样重2 g),之后燃烧效率急剧下降至零。
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引用次数: 0
Co-combustion of Sewage Sludge in the Coal-Fired Heating Plant 燃煤供热厂污泥的共燃
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.02.02
Ondřej Hlaváček
Due to greening of production of electricity and heat some owners of heating plant are changing their fuel mix from fossil fuels to biomass one. The stabilized sewage sludge is in this biomass category as well. New Czech national legislation limits are stricter in parameters of biological activity, so the owners of water treatment plant are looking for new utilization of their stabilized sludge. There are some possibilities in combustion or co-combustion of this sludge in currently heating plant.The article describes the trial test of stabilized sludge combustion on heating plant technology. The heating plant is originally designed for combustion of brown coal. The stabilized sludge was produced at the municipal wastewater treatment plant, from where it was transported to low-temperature (78 °C) drying technology, from where it was transported in granular form to the heating plant in Mladá Boleslav. The fuel mixture of trial test was in energetic ratio of 23% dried sludge and 77% brown coal. The sludge was transported into the boilers by pneumatic conveying, which is used in normal operation for conveying pelletized phytomass. The result shows an increase in SO2 emissions from the original 189.91 mg∙m-3 to 407.98 mg∙m-3 and an increase in NOx emissions from 148.45 mg∙m-3 to 181.46 mg∙m-3. There were also detected increasing NH3 emissions due to reac-tion of control system in SNCR technology od decreasing of NOx emissions. The trial test was done during full op-eration of the heating plant. During the test there was also a lower steam production, from originally 38.17 kg∙s-1 to 34.44 kg∙s-1, which is related to the lower LHV compared to the reference fuel. There were no major operation problems, except higher dustiness during unloading of sludge.Finally, the Czech legislative problems associated with the combustion of stabilized sewage sludge are mentioned. In the current system, the sludge is established as waste, which forbids the combustion of it in conventional heating plants, even though all emission legislative limits are complied with. Nowadays the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic is working on new regulation, which will determine new category of solid alternative fuels and it will be solution of this situation.
由于电力和热能生产的绿色化,一些供热厂的业主正在将他们的燃料组合从化石燃料改为生物质燃料。稳定的污水污泥也属于这种生物质范畴。新的捷克国家立法对生物活性参数的限制更加严格,因此水处理厂的所有者正在寻找稳定污泥的新用途。该污泥在目前的热电厂中有燃烧或共燃烧的可能性。本文介绍了利用加热装置技术进行污泥稳定燃烧试验的情况。供热厂最初是为燃烧褐煤而设计的。稳定污泥在城市污水处理厂生产,从那里运输到低温(78°C)干燥技术,从那里它以颗粒形式运输到mlad Boleslav的供热厂。试验燃料混合物的含能比为干污泥23%,褐煤77%。污泥通过气力输送进入锅炉,在正常运行中用于输送颗粒状生物质。结果表明,SO2排放量从原来的189.91 mg∙m-3增加到407.98 mg∙m-3, NOx排放量从148.45 mg∙m-3增加到181.46 mg∙m-3。SNCR工艺中由于控制系统的反应,NH3排放量增加,NOx排放量减少。试验是在热电厂全面运行的情况下进行的。在试验期间,蒸汽产量也较低,从最初的38.17 kg∙s-1降至34.44 kg∙s-1,这与与参考燃料相比,LHV较低有关。除卸泥时粉尘较大外,运行无大问题。最后,捷克与稳定污泥燃烧相关的立法问题被提及。在目前的系统中,污泥被确定为废物,这禁止在传统的加热工厂燃烧,即使所有的排放限制都得到遵守。如今,捷克共和国环境部正在制定新的法规,这将确定固体替代燃料的新类别,这将是解决这种情况的办法。
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引用次数: 0
Synergy of blending hydrotreated and hydrocracked kerosene in the production of jet fuel 加氢处理和加氢裂化煤油在航空燃料生产中的协同作用
Q4 Energy Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.35933/paliva.2022.02.01
H. Kittel, D. Kadleček
Aviation kerosene is the fastest growing transportation fuel. Regardless of the ambition to replace it by SAF, consumption of the mineral component in JET fuel will grow. In oil refineries, kerosene fractions are used to produce JET fuel and as a component of diesel fuel. These fractions can differ in origin and composition. In this article the possibility of blending hydrocracked kerosene used for JET production and hydrotreated kerosene used for diesel fuel production was investigated. It was concluded that significant synergies can be achieved by blending of these fractions in terms of increasing JET fuel production by up to 2.5 times, controlling the aromatics content of hydrocracked kerosene and obtaining a fraction for blending of diesel fuel with improved low temperature properties.
航空煤油是增长最快的运输燃料。不管用SAF取代它的雄心如何,喷气燃料中矿物成分的消费量将会增长。在炼油厂,煤油馏分用于生产喷气燃料和柴油燃料的组成部分。这些分数在来源和组成上可能不同。本文探讨了用于JET生产的加氢裂化煤油与用于柴油生产的加氢处理煤油混配的可能性。结果表明,通过混合这些馏分,可将喷气燃料产量提高2.5倍,控制加氢裂化煤油的芳烃含量,并获得用于混合具有改善低温性能的柴油的馏分。
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引用次数: 2
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Paliva
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