Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.12
Dorota Gorzelany-Nowak
The objective of the article is to discuss the history of the acquiring of marble sculptures by Prince Władysław Czartoryski during his two stays in Italy: in Naples in 1889 and in Rome in 1891, based on preserved archival documents. The statues include such exquisite examples as a sculpture of Venus Medici from the beginning of the 1st century AD, as well as examples of compilations of ancient fragments that supposedly had previously belonged to the Roman Torlonia collection. Formal analysis of individual objects is expanded upon with information related to conservations they have been subject to.
{"title":"Czartoryski & Torlonia: A Collection of Roman Marble Statues in the Princes Czartoryski Museum","authors":"Dorota Gorzelany-Nowak","doi":"10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.12","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the article is to discuss the history of the acquiring of marble sculptures by Prince Władysław Czartoryski during his two stays in Italy: in Naples in 1889 and in Rome in 1891, based on preserved archival documents. The statues include such exquisite examples as a sculpture of Venus Medici from the beginning of the 1st century AD, as well as examples of compilations of ancient fragments that supposedly had previously belonged to the Roman Torlonia collection. Formal analysis of individual objects is expanded upon with information related to conservations they have been subject to.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41870505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.01
J. Witowski
In recent years Archaic Greek warfare has become one of the issues most often raised among scholars focused on Ancient Greece in general. Questions about the emergence of the phalanx, evolution of fighting styles and types of weapons feature prominently in the mentioned discourse. The considerations of the provenance of these innovations certainly do not go beyond the frames of that debate. Taking the vast scope of interactions between the Near East and the widely understood Greek world into account, presuming the possible presence of the Near-Eastern influences in Archaic Greek warfare seems to be legitimate. The aim of this paper is an attempt to point out archaeologically traceable solutions in the terms of weapons and tactics in Greek warfare which may have been drawn from the Oriental area and assess their potential significance for the development of Greek warfare.
{"title":"Several Remarks About the Near-Eastern Contribution to Early Archaic Greek Warfare","authors":"J. Witowski","doi":"10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.01","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years Archaic Greek warfare has become one of the issues most often raised among scholars focused on Ancient Greece in general. Questions about the emergence of the phalanx, evolution of fighting styles and types of weapons feature prominently in the mentioned discourse. The considerations of the provenance of these innovations certainly do not go beyond the frames of that debate. Taking the vast scope of interactions between the Near East and the widely understood Greek world into account, presuming the possible presence of the Near-Eastern influences in Archaic Greek warfare seems to be legitimate. The aim of this paper is an attempt to point out archaeologically traceable solutions in the terms of weapons and tactics in Greek warfare which may have been drawn from the Oriental area and assess their potential significance for the development of Greek warfare.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46868450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.09
Bartosz Awianowicz
Johann Peter Titz (Lat. Titius, 1619-1689), a professor of rhetoric at the Gdańsk Academic Gymnasium is known as an author of speeches, poems, rhetorical and historical writings. However, in 1676 he published an important (though less known) work on numismatics: Commentatio tertia, nummaria, de pecunia vetere ac nova, abaco tabulisque exhibita (Third, Monetary Commentary, on Old and New Money, Presented on a Plate and in Tables) as a signifcant part (320 pages) of a collection of treatises of more than 1,000 pages entitled Manuductio ad excerpendum. The aim of the paper is to present the content of the Commentatio tertia, nummaria and its ancient and early modern sources. The overall approach to the Titius’ study shows its practical nature (almost a third of the entire argument is devoted to attempts to reconcile the values of various ancient denominations and accounting units with contemporary coins) which seems to suggest that it might have been used by students viewing the coin collection in the Gdańsk library. A more thorough examination of the Commentatio alongside an analysis of the accounts of the seventeenth-century Gdańsk writer’s numismatic collection may contribute to determining to what extent numismatics were a permanent feature in the gymnasium curriculum in Gdańsk in the latter seventeenth century, and to what extent the youth (juventus) of the Academic Gymnasium, to whom Titius was addressing his work, really wanted to and could identify ancient Greek, Roman and Jewish coins.
约翰·彼得·提兹(已故)提提乌斯(1619-1689)，Gdańsk学术体育馆的修辞学教授，以演讲、诗歌、修辞和历史著作的作者而闻名。然而，在1676年，他出版了一本重要的(虽然不太为人所知的)关于钱币学的著作:《评注tertia, nummaria, de pecunia vetere ac nova, abaco tabulisque exhibit》(第三，货币评注，关于新旧货币，呈现在盘子和表格上)，作为1000多页题为《制作和摘录》的论文集的重要部分(320页)。本文的目的是提出的内容注释的tertia, nummaria和它的古代和早期的现代来源。提提乌斯研究的整体方法显示了它的实用性(几乎整个论证的三分之一致力于试图调和各种古代面额和会计单位与当代硬币的价值)，这似乎表明它可能是由学生在Gdańsk图书馆查看硬币收藏时使用的。对《评注》进行更彻底的检查，并对17世纪Gdańsk作家的钱币收藏进行分析，可能有助于确定在17世纪后期Gdańsk的体育馆课程中，钱币学在多大程度上是一个永久性的特征，以及在多大程度上，学术体育馆的年轻人(尤文图斯)，提提乌斯在他的工作中所针对的人，真正想要并能够识别古希腊、罗马和犹太的硬币。
{"title":"\"Commentatio tertia, nummaria\" by Johann Peter Titius. A Contribution to the Knowledge of Ancient Greek and Roman Coins in the 17th-century Gdańsk Academic Gymnasium","authors":"Bartosz Awianowicz","doi":"10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.09","url":null,"abstract":"Johann Peter Titz (Lat. Titius, 1619-1689), a professor of rhetoric at the Gdańsk Academic Gymnasium is known as an author of speeches, poems, rhetorical and historical writings. However, in 1676 he published an important (though less known) work on numismatics: Commentatio tertia, nummaria, de pecunia vetere ac nova, abaco tabulisque exhibita (Third, Monetary Commentary, on Old and New Money, Presented on a Plate and in Tables) as a signifcant part (320 pages) of a collection of treatises of more than 1,000 pages entitled Manuductio ad excerpendum. The aim of the paper is to present the content of the Commentatio tertia, nummaria and its ancient and early modern sources. The overall approach to the Titius’ study shows its practical nature (almost a third of the entire argument is devoted to attempts to reconcile the values of various ancient denominations and accounting units with contemporary coins) which seems to suggest that it might have been used by students viewing the coin collection in the Gdańsk library. A more thorough examination of the Commentatio alongside an analysis of the accounts of the seventeenth-century Gdańsk writer’s numismatic collection may contribute to determining to what extent numismatics were a permanent feature in the gymnasium curriculum in Gdańsk in the latter seventeenth century, and to what extent the youth (juventus) of the Academic Gymnasium, to whom Titius was addressing his work, really wanted to and could identify ancient Greek, Roman and Jewish coins.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42925725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.10
W. Ostrowski, Ł. Miszk, W. Winiarska
This paper aims to present the results of experiments which allowed us to propose up-to-date method of 3D visual representation of explored archaeological layers. Considering the destructive nature of excavations, the correct documentation of an exploration, which offers an insight both into the decision-making process taking place on site, and into the most faithful representation of the examined material, presents a fundamental challenge for a field archaeologist. The aim of the experiments presented here was to test three methods of creating 3D models of successive archaeological layers (contexts) recorded during an exploration. The presented findings show that the method of editing point clouds using open-source software prior to importing the model of the reconstruction of the explored layer into GIS software, is the best solution from the point of view of both the effort and time required, and it can definitely be suggested as the standard procedure of creating the graphical bases for an archaeological database.
{"title":"Three-dimensional Stratigraphy Reconstruction and GIS – Postprocessing Issues in Archaeological field 3D Documentation","authors":"W. Ostrowski, Ł. Miszk, W. Winiarska","doi":"10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.10","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to present the results of experiments which allowed us to propose up-to-date method of 3D visual representation of explored archaeological layers. Considering the destructive nature of excavations, the correct documentation of an exploration, which offers an insight both into the decision-making process taking place on site, and into the most faithful representation of the examined material, presents a fundamental challenge for a field archaeologist. The aim of the experiments presented here was to test three methods of creating 3D models of successive archaeological layers (contexts) recorded during an exploration. The presented findings show that the method of editing point clouds using open-source software prior to importing the model of the reconstruction of the explored layer into GIS software, is the best solution from the point of view of both the effort and time required, and it can definitely be suggested as the standard procedure of creating the graphical bases for an archaeological database.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44871229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.02
Agata Kubala
The National Archaeological Museum of Athens possesses fourteen Greek fibulae of different sizes found during American excavations at Halae of Locris carried out between 1911 and 1914. They belong to the hinged fibula group, which is characterized by the distinctive decoration of its bows. Fibulae of this type have been found in the area of the Central Balkans, Romania, and northern and central Greece. Observable differences in the shapes of the decorative elements of these fibulae are of regional nature and allow several varieties to be identified within the type. The fibulae in question represent a local transformation of the northern models manifested mainly in the use of native Greek patterns particularly in the case of the palmettes decorating their hinge plates which are purely Greek in shape, and in the form of projections adorning their bows. The high artistic quality of the Halae fibulae reinforces the conviction of their Greek workmanship. They differ from each other in details, and this makes them very good examples of the development of the Greek variant of the hinged type fibula in the 5th century BC.
{"title":"Hinged Fibulae from Halae in the Collection of the National Archaeological Museum of Athens","authors":"Agata Kubala","doi":"10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.02","url":null,"abstract":"The National Archaeological Museum of Athens possesses fourteen Greek fibulae of different sizes found during American excavations at Halae of Locris carried out between 1911 and 1914. They belong to the hinged fibula group, which is characterized by the distinctive decoration of its bows. Fibulae of this type have been found in the area of the Central Balkans, Romania, and northern and central Greece. Observable differences in the shapes of the decorative elements of these fibulae are of regional nature and allow several varieties to be identified within the type. The fibulae in question represent a local transformation of the northern models manifested mainly in the use of native Greek patterns particularly in the case of the palmettes decorating their hinge plates which are purely Greek in shape, and in the form of projections adorning their bows. The high artistic quality of the Halae fibulae reinforces the conviction of their Greek workmanship. They differ from each other in details, and this makes them very good examples of the development of the Greek variant of the hinged type fibula in the 5th century BC.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44956643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.08
M. Jaworska
During the Polish excavations in Ptolemais (Libya), a unique terracotta lamp top of the Cretan Ivy Leaf type was found. It is one of only few known specimens of that kind found on the site. The article provides a brief discussion on the Cretan influences seen in the lychnological material found in Ptolemais. It also draws attention to the problem of studying the relations between the two parts of the Roman province Crete and Cyrenaica.
{"title":"Some Remarks on the Ivy Leaf Lamp Found in Ptolemais","authors":"M. Jaworska","doi":"10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.08","url":null,"abstract":"During the Polish excavations in Ptolemais (Libya), a unique terracotta lamp top of the Cretan Ivy Leaf type was found. It is one of only few known specimens of that kind found on the site. The article provides a brief discussion on the Cretan influences seen in the lychnological material found in Ptolemais. It also draws attention to the problem of studying the relations between the two parts of the Roman province Crete and Cyrenaica.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41561318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.05
P. Komar
This paper investigates the imports of Aegean wines to the city of Rome between the Late Republican and the Middle Imperial period (1st century BC – 3rd century AD). Its main aim is to show the share of the Roman wine market that was supplied by the Aegean region, as well as investigating which areas of the Aegean were the main wine exporters.
{"title":"Aegean Wine Imports to the City of Rome (1st century BC – 3rd century AD)","authors":"P. Komar","doi":"10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the imports of Aegean wines to the city of Rome between the Late Republican and the Middle Imperial period (1st century BC – 3rd century AD). Its main aim is to show the share of the Roman wine market that was supplied by the Aegean region, as well as investigating which areas of the Aegean were the main wine exporters.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66105106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.04
E. Almasri, F. Alawneh
Scholars who have written about the city of Petra have concentrated on the history and archaeology of the city. And, while some of them have written about Nabataean religion, only few of them mentioned information about the holiness of the city; specifically, if it was worshiped as a deity. The aim of this study is to fulfil a gap in Nabataean religion in general and, in particular, re-examine the status of Petra in their religion. In addition to the archaeological evidence, such as buildings, art, and features, the study is based on written resources, such as historical sources and Nabataean inscriptions found in Petra and other cities.
{"title":"Petra – Holy City from the Perspective of Art, Architecture, inscriptions and Other Features","authors":"E. Almasri, F. Alawneh","doi":"10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.04","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars who have written about the city of Petra have concentrated on the history and archaeology of the city. And, while some of them have written about Nabataean religion, only few of them mentioned information about the holiness of the city; specifically, if it was worshiped as a deity. The aim of this study is to fulfil a gap in Nabataean religion in general and, in particular, re-examine the status of Petra in their religion. In addition to the archaeological evidence, such as buildings, art, and features, the study is based on written resources, such as historical sources and Nabataean inscriptions found in Petra and other cities.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42603404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.03
A. Brzozowska-Jawornicka
The subject of the paper is the analysis of three doublefaced cornices excavated in the main courtyard of the ‘Hellenistic’ House. The decorated blocks constitute a very rare example of architectural embellishment, the more so that they come from a circular structure. The aim of the paper is to present possible types of buildings the cornices originally might have been parts of.
{"title":"In Search of a Paphian Lost Circular Building","authors":"A. Brzozowska-Jawornicka","doi":"10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.03","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of the paper is the analysis of three doublefaced cornices excavated in the main courtyard of the ‘Hellenistic’ House. The decorated blocks constitute a very rare example of architectural embellishment, the more so that they come from a circular structure. The aim of the paper is to present possible types of buildings the cornices originally might have been parts of.","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41632280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-31DOI: 10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.07
G. Cravinho
The 34 intaglios and cameos discussed in this paper are part of a collection of 136 gems (both Roman and Modern) we studied in 2002, with permission of the former Museum director, Mónica Baldaque, and the curator Fátima Macedo. Some of those gems are set in rings (no. 10 – Roman iron ring; no. 22 – medieval gold ring; no. 31 – modern gold ring; also 3 ceramic cameos depicting the Portuguese Queen Maria I – modern silver rings: inv. nos 74 CMP; 75 CMP and 174 MNSR) and 2 others in snuff boxes (1 ivory cameo and 1 Wedgwood cameo – inv. nos 37 MNSR and 31 MNSR, respectively). Besides them, the museum also holds a collection of 800 plaster seals. Among the types of these Roman gems, some deserve special attention: Marsyas (no. 6) – the only gem in the Portuguese Gem Corpus bearing this theme, as well as those of Athena Promachos (no. 7), Isis-Selene bust (no. 9), Socrates (no. 11), Diogenes (no. 14), eagle fighting a serpent (no. 17), shrimp and murex (no. 19), mouse (23) and confronted doves (no. 25). This last one, with its associated inscription, perhaps symbolizes the union of a couple by the bonds of matrimony. However, how did the scarab bearing a Centaur (no. 28) reach Portugal?
{"title":"Roman Gems in the National Soares dos Reis Museum in Oporto","authors":"G. Cravinho","doi":"10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12797/saac.22.2018.22.07","url":null,"abstract":"The 34 intaglios and cameos discussed in this paper are part of a collection of 136 gems (both Roman and Modern) we studied in 2002, with permission of the former Museum director, Mónica Baldaque, and the curator Fátima Macedo. Some of those gems are set in rings (no. 10 – Roman iron ring; no. 22 – medieval gold ring; no. 31 – modern gold ring; also 3 ceramic cameos depicting the Portuguese Queen Maria I – modern silver rings: inv. nos 74 CMP; 75 CMP and 174 MNSR) and 2 others in snuff boxes (1 ivory cameo and 1 Wedgwood cameo – inv. nos 37 MNSR and 31 MNSR, respectively). Besides them, the museum also holds a collection of 800 plaster seals. Among the types of these Roman gems, some deserve special attention: Marsyas (no. 6) – the only gem in the Portuguese Gem Corpus bearing this theme, as well as those of Athena Promachos (no. 7), Isis-Selene bust (no. 9), Socrates (no. 11), Diogenes (no. 14), eagle fighting a serpent (no. 17), shrimp and murex (no. 19), mouse (23) and confronted doves (no. 25). This last one, with its associated inscription, perhaps symbolizes the union of a couple by the bonds of matrimony. However, how did the scarab bearing a Centaur (no. 28) reach Portugal?","PeriodicalId":36852,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46302199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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