Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1982585
Michelle Baquerizo, J. A. Salas
ABSTRACT Lead (Pb) has generated a worldwide concern for its genotoxic effects on human health, and its ability to be bioaccumulative in ecosystems, but nevertheless, there are no estimates of wildlife from terrestrial habitats in Ecuador. Our objective was to determine the concentration of Pb in soft and bone tissues from bats species collected in areas with urban influence in Guayas province, western Ecuador. The specimens were collected with mist nets, manual capture from animals found dead or dying in the streets, and museological collections. We applied Mann-Whitney U test to analyze differences between males and females, and between guilds. 66 chiropterans were analyzed, distributed in 14 species, where 98.5% presented Pb in its body. The nectarivore guild showed highest Pb concentrations than insectivores and frugivores. In the analysis of sexes, no significant differences were found in soft tissue of Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus lituratus, A. aequatorialis and Molossus molossus. Museological samples made possible to detect Pb in several synanthropic species. Finally, Pb should be considered an emerging threat for bats due its possible genotoxic effects over populations.
{"title":"Cuantificación de Plomo (Pb) en tejidos blandos y óseo de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) provenientes de zonas de influencia Urbana en la costa occidental de Ecuador","authors":"Michelle Baquerizo, J. A. Salas","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1982585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1982585","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Lead (Pb) has generated a worldwide concern for its genotoxic effects on human health, and its ability to be bioaccumulative in ecosystems, but nevertheless, there are no estimates of wildlife from terrestrial habitats in Ecuador. Our objective was to determine the concentration of Pb in soft and bone tissues from bats species collected in areas with urban influence in Guayas province, western Ecuador. The specimens were collected with mist nets, manual capture from animals found dead or dying in the streets, and museological collections. We applied Mann-Whitney U test to analyze differences between males and females, and between guilds. 66 chiropterans were analyzed, distributed in 14 species, where 98.5% presented Pb in its body. The nectarivore guild showed highest Pb concentrations than insectivores and frugivores. In the analysis of sexes, no significant differences were found in soft tissue of Glossophaga soricina, Artibeus lituratus, A. aequatorialis and Molossus molossus. Museological samples made possible to detect Pb in several synanthropic species. Finally, Pb should be considered an emerging threat for bats due its possible genotoxic effects over populations.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"560 - 569"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47900778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1940050
Cecilia L. López, Alejandra I. Domic, C. Mayta, E. García, Jorge Quezada, S. C. Gallegos
ABSTRACT Anemophilous species depend on wind for sexual reproduction. When plants do not receive enough pollen and/or pollen has poor quality, they may experience pollen limitation. This can reduce the production of fruits and seeds with negative consequences on population dynamics. The self-compatibility system also plays an important role on the likelihood of a species suffering pollen limitation as it determines if plants can produce fruits and seeds in the absence of compatible mates. Here, we studied the breeding system of the Andean anemophilous tree Polylepis incarum, a critically endangered species endemic to Lake Titicaca. We conducted controlled experimental pollination experiments and florescence microscopy analysis to assess whether pollen limitation and the incompatibility system constrain fruit and seed production. Results showed that the seed set is limited by pollen availability, that P. incarum exhibits a pre-zygotic compatibility system and early inbreeding depression manifested during seed development. Therefore, self-pollination is a factor that could be partially associated with the production of non-viable seeds. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Pollen limitation and reproductive incompatibility system in a critically endangered tree, Polylepis incarum (Bitter) M. Kessler & Schmidt-Leb (Rosaceae)","authors":"Cecilia L. López, Alejandra I. Domic, C. Mayta, E. García, Jorge Quezada, S. C. Gallegos","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1940050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1940050","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Anemophilous species depend on wind for sexual reproduction. When plants do not receive enough pollen and/or pollen has poor quality, they may experience pollen limitation. This can reduce the production of fruits and seeds with negative consequences on population dynamics. The self-compatibility system also plays an important role on the likelihood of a species suffering pollen limitation as it determines if plants can produce fruits and seeds in the absence of compatible mates. Here, we studied the breeding system of the Andean anemophilous tree Polylepis incarum, a critically endangered species endemic to Lake Titicaca. We conducted controlled experimental pollination experiments and florescence microscopy analysis to assess whether pollen limitation and the incompatibility system constrain fruit and seed production. Results showed that the seed set is limited by pollen availability, that P. incarum exhibits a pre-zygotic compatibility system and early inbreeding depression manifested during seed development. Therefore, self-pollination is a factor that could be partially associated with the production of non-viable seeds. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"257 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1940050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42039929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1964914
Álvaro J. Pérez, Daniela Cevallos, Nicolás Zapata, E. Rea, H. Navarrete, M. L. Kawasaki
ABSTRACT Myrcia machinazana, a new species from southern Amazonia in Ecuador is described and illustrated; additionally a distribution map is presented and its conservation status and relationships with other species are discussed. This new species is similar to Myrcia gigantifolia, but differs by its reddish to dark-brown indumentum on new growth (vs. new growth glabrous in M. gigantifolia) and dense panicles with compactly arranged flowers and fruits (vs. panicles lax, flowers and fruits loosely arranged in M. gigantifolia). A key to the Ecuadorian species of Myrcia is provided.
{"title":"Myrcia machinazana (Myrtaceae), a new Amazonian species from southern Ecuador","authors":"Álvaro J. Pérez, Daniela Cevallos, Nicolás Zapata, E. Rea, H. Navarrete, M. L. Kawasaki","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1964914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1964914","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Myrcia machinazana, a new species from southern Amazonia in Ecuador is described and illustrated; additionally a distribution map is presented and its conservation status and relationships with other species are discussed. This new species is similar to Myrcia gigantifolia, but differs by its reddish to dark-brown indumentum on new growth (vs. new growth glabrous in M. gigantifolia) and dense panicles with compactly arranged flowers and fruits (vs. panicles lax, flowers and fruits loosely arranged in M. gigantifolia). A key to the Ecuadorian species of Myrcia is provided.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"415 - 420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48100961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1989936
M. Jiménez, Luis Ocupa Horna, Leisberth Vélez-Abarca, Luis E. Baquero
ABSTRACT Dryadella mocoana which was hitherto thought to be endemic to Mocoa, Putumayo department in Colombia has now been reported for the first time in the lower montane forests of Zamora-Chinchipe province, southern Ecuador. A Lankester composite digital plate (LCDP), photos, taxonomic comments, and an updated description of the species based on the examined material is provided.
{"title":"A new record of Dryadella mocoana (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) from southeastern Ecuador","authors":"M. Jiménez, Luis Ocupa Horna, Leisberth Vélez-Abarca, Luis E. Baquero","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1989936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1989936","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dryadella mocoana which was hitherto thought to be endemic to Mocoa, Putumayo department in Colombia has now been reported for the first time in the lower montane forests of Zamora-Chinchipe province, southern Ecuador. A Lankester composite digital plate (LCDP), photos, taxonomic comments, and an updated description of the species based on the examined material is provided.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"455 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47670285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1953894
P. Venegas, Luis A. García-Ayachi, Jesús Ormeño, Santiago Bullard, A. Catenazzi, A. P. Motta
ABSTRACT We describe two new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs from the Cordillera de Colán, in northeastern Peru. We used Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood approaches to infer a molecular phylogeny on a dataset composed of 75 terminals, including three terminals representing the new species, and 4202 bp of concatenated mtDNA and nuDNA fragments. Our phylogenetic analyses support the placement of the two new species in Lynchius and Oreobates, respectively. The new species of Lynchius occurs in two localities from 1,977 to 2,006 m a.s.l., and is characterized by having a dorsum covered by conical tubercles and a brown dorsal coloration lacking a pattern of blotches on the hidden surfaces of flanks and hindlimbs. The new species of Oreobates is only known from one location at 2608 m a.s.l. and is characterized by the absence of axillary and inguinal glands, and the presence of white or cream blotches on the dark brown hidden surfaces of the body.
{"title":"Two new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) from Cordillera de Colán, Peru","authors":"P. Venegas, Luis A. García-Ayachi, Jesús Ormeño, Santiago Bullard, A. Catenazzi, A. P. Motta","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1953894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1953894","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We describe two new species of terrestrial-breeding frogs from the Cordillera de Colán, in northeastern Peru. We used Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood approaches to infer a molecular phylogeny on a dataset composed of 75 terminals, including three terminals representing the new species, and 4202 bp of concatenated mtDNA and nuDNA fragments. Our phylogenetic analyses support the placement of the two new species in Lynchius and Oreobates, respectively. The new species of Lynchius occurs in two localities from 1,977 to 2,006 m a.s.l., and is characterized by having a dorsum covered by conical tubercles and a brown dorsal coloration lacking a pattern of blotches on the hidden surfaces of flanks and hindlimbs. The new species of Oreobates is only known from one location at 2608 m a.s.l. and is characterized by the absence of axillary and inguinal glands, and the presence of white or cream blotches on the dark brown hidden surfaces of the body.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"279 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1953894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48141807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1953891
Ramiro Jiménez, Eduardo Barnuevo, Bruno Timbe, Pedro X. Astudillo
ABSTRACT Aquatic macroinvertebrates are widely used as indicators of water quality. However, in the Andean region of Ecuador, little is known about how the macroinvertebrate community assemblage responds to changes in the habitat where they occur. One of the main drawbacks is taxonomy, where classifying organisms on a full taxonomic scale becomes complicated. To resolve this point, in a in a NMDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) ordination analysis, the abundance of macroinvertebrates obtained in 12 monitoring stations in the Cajas Massif, southern Ecuador, was used. The rankings were contrasted using the trophic guilds approach versus the family taxonomic approach (the maximum taxonomic classification available). The ordering analyzes showed a more differentiated spatial organization with the trophic guilds approach than with the family-level approach. When explaining the organization of the communities, the ABI (Andean Biotic Index) and the elevation, significantly explains the organization of the community from the trophic guilds approach; although, only the elevation explains the ordering from the family scale approach. The results suggest that, from the trophic guilds approach, a better approximation of the general ecological role of the macroinvertebrate community associated with environmental services such as water quality is represented. Guilds such as shredders, scrapers, and detritivores adjust to increasing ABI (i.e. water quality). Consequently, monitoring with a focus on the trophic guilds can be used in studies of water quality and its relationship with the community.
{"title":"El uso de gremios tróficos en macroinvertebrados acuáticos como herramienta de monitoreo en los Altos Andes del Sur de Ecuador","authors":"Ramiro Jiménez, Eduardo Barnuevo, Bruno Timbe, Pedro X. Astudillo","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1953891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1953891","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Aquatic macroinvertebrates are widely used as indicators of water quality. However, in the Andean region of Ecuador, little is known about how the macroinvertebrate community assemblage responds to changes in the habitat where they occur. One of the main drawbacks is taxonomy, where classifying organisms on a full taxonomic scale becomes complicated. To resolve this point, in a in a NMDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) ordination analysis, the abundance of macroinvertebrates obtained in 12 monitoring stations in the Cajas Massif, southern Ecuador, was used. The rankings were contrasted using the trophic guilds approach versus the family taxonomic approach (the maximum taxonomic classification available). The ordering analyzes showed a more differentiated spatial organization with the trophic guilds approach than with the family-level approach. When explaining the organization of the communities, the ABI (Andean Biotic Index) and the elevation, significantly explains the organization of the community from the trophic guilds approach; although, only the elevation explains the ordering from the family scale approach. The results suggest that, from the trophic guilds approach, a better approximation of the general ecological role of the macroinvertebrate community associated with environmental services such as water quality is represented. Guilds such as shredders, scrapers, and detritivores adjust to increasing ABI (i.e. water quality). Consequently, monitoring with a focus on the trophic guilds can be used in studies of water quality and its relationship with the community.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"310 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1953891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44853098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1987769
José Ramón Martínez Batlle, Yntze van der Hoek
ABSTRACT Despite being increasingly threatened by human-induced disturbances, dry forests remain the least studied and protected forest types in the Caribbean region. In contrast to many other forest systems in the world, we have little knowledge of the site-specific variation in vegetation communities within these forests nor understand how plant species distribution is determined by environmental variables, including geological attributes. Here, we aimed to provide evidence of the relationship between biodiversity and geodiversity, by assessing the associations between plant communities and habitat types in a semi-deciduous forest of the Dominican Republic. We collected vegetation data from 23 sites within the Ocoa river basin, which we classified into six groups with a Random Forest algorithm, using lithology, geomorphology, topography, and last decade history of forest loss as predictor variables. We established three main clusters: one group, which encompassed sites with forest over a limestone substrate, four groups of sites with forests over a marlstone substrate with varying degrees of steepness and forest loss history, and one group that gathered all sites with forest over an alluvial substrate. In order to measure the associations of plant communities with groups of sites, we used the indicator value index (IndVal), which indicates whether a plant species is found in one or multiple-habitat types and the phi coefficient of association, which measures species preferences for habitats. We found that 16 species of woody plants are significantly associated with groups of sites by means of their indices. Our findings suggest that the detection of plant species associations with our selection of environmental variables is possible using a combination of indices. We show that there is considerable variation in plant community composition within the semi-deciduous forest studied and suggest that conservation planning should focus on protection of this variation, while considering the significance and variability of geodiversity as well. In addition, we propose that our indicator groups facilitate vegetation mapping in nearby dry forests, where it is difficult to conduct thorough vegetation or environmental surveys. In short, our analyses hold potential for the development of site-specific management and protection measures for threatened semi-deciduous forests in the Caribbean.
尽管受到人为干扰的威胁日益严重，但干林仍然是加勒比地区研究和保护最少的森林类型。与世界上许多其他森林系统相比，我们对这些森林中植被群落的特定地点变化知之甚少，也不了解包括地质属性在内的环境变量如何决定植物物种分布。本文通过对多米尼加共和国半落叶森林植物群落与生境类型之间关系的研究，为生物多样性与地理多样性之间的关系提供证据。我们收集了奥科阿河流域23个地点的植被数据，并使用随机森林算法将其分为6组，使用岩性、地貌、地形和近十年森林损失历史作为预测变量。我们建立了三个主要的集群:一组包含石灰岩基质上的森林遗址，四组具有不同程度陡峭和森林损失历史的泥灰岩基质上的森林遗址，一组收集了冲积基质上所有森林遗址。为了衡量植物群落与类群的关联，我们使用指示值指数(indicator value index, IndVal)和关联系数(phi coefficient of association)来衡量物种对生境的偏好。结果表明，16种木本植物与样地群具有显著的相关性。我们的研究结果表明，植物物种的检测与我们选择的环境变量是可能使用组合指数。研究结果表明，所研究的半落叶森林内植物群落组成存在较大的变化，并建议保护规划应注重保护这种变化，同时考虑地质多样性的重要性和变异性。此外，我们建议，我们的指标组有助于附近干旱森林的植被测绘，在那里很难进行彻底的植被或环境调查。简而言之，我们的分析具有为加勒比地区受威胁的半落叶森林制定特定地点管理和保护措施的潜力。
{"title":"Plant community associations with morpho-topographic, geological and land use attributes in a semi-deciduous tropical forest of the Dominican Republic","authors":"José Ramón Martínez Batlle, Yntze van der Hoek","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1987769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1987769","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite being increasingly threatened by human-induced disturbances, dry forests remain the least studied and protected forest types in the Caribbean region. In contrast to many other forest systems in the world, we have little knowledge of the site-specific variation in vegetation communities within these forests nor understand how plant species distribution is determined by environmental variables, including geological attributes. Here, we aimed to provide evidence of the relationship between biodiversity and geodiversity, by assessing the associations between plant communities and habitat types in a semi-deciduous forest of the Dominican Republic. We collected vegetation data from 23 sites within the Ocoa river basin, which we classified into six groups with a Random Forest algorithm, using lithology, geomorphology, topography, and last decade history of forest loss as predictor variables. We established three main clusters: one group, which encompassed sites with forest over a limestone substrate, four groups of sites with forests over a marlstone substrate with varying degrees of steepness and forest loss history, and one group that gathered all sites with forest over an alluvial substrate. In order to measure the associations of plant communities with groups of sites, we used the indicator value index (IndVal), which indicates whether a plant species is found in one or multiple-habitat types and the phi coefficient of association, which measures species preferences for habitats. We found that 16 species of woody plants are significantly associated with groups of sites by means of their indices. Our findings suggest that the detection of plant species associations with our selection of environmental variables is possible using a combination of indices. We show that there is considerable variation in plant community composition within the semi-deciduous forest studied and suggest that conservation planning should focus on protection of this variation, while considering the significance and variability of geodiversity as well. In addition, we propose that our indicator groups facilitate vegetation mapping in nearby dry forests, where it is difficult to conduct thorough vegetation or environmental surveys. In short, our analyses hold potential for the development of site-specific management and protection measures for threatened semi-deciduous forests in the Caribbean.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"465 - 475"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45275389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1964915
Nicole Chinacalle-Martínez, Elka García-Rada, Jean López-Macías, Silvia Pinoargote, G. Loor, Javier Zevallos-Rosado, P. Cruz, D. Pablo, Belén Andrade, Carlos Robalino-Mejía, Stephanie Añazco, Jéssica Guerrero, Andrea Intriago, C. Veelenturf, César Peñaherrera-Palma
ABSTRACT Primary productivity (PP) is a vital oceanographic process generated by photoautotrophic organisms that transform inorganic carbon into organic macronutrients and micronutrients via photosynthesis. While in situ studies have shed light onto the spatial and seasonal variations of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, and thus PP, in specific study sites, there are no comprehensive monitoring programs to assess its long-term variation nor its seasonal patterns in broader areas of coastal Ecuador. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate changes in Chl a concentration along the coast of Ecuador and examine how these changes correspond to changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST). Eighteen offshore and nearshore sampling sites along the Ecuadorian coast were studied over 15 years, using satellite measurements of MODIS-Aqua and MUR. Results show mean Chl a concentration in coastal Ecuador is rather low (1.5 mg m−3) in comparison with other oceanic regions. Puerto Bolivar, Gulf of Guayaquil and Esmeraldas were characterized by the highest mean Chl a concentration; while Galera San Francisco Marine Reserve, Cojimies and Cabuyal were characterized by the lowest. A positive trend in Chl a concentration was detected at the southernmost (Puerto Bolivar and Gulf of Guayaquil) and northernmost (Esmeraldas) study sites, with a seasonal trend following the observed seasonal SST trend. Chl a is high in areas under the influence of both the Humboldt upwelling system and river discharge. The positive correlation between Chl a and SST is likely a response to increased precipitation during warmer months. These results highlight the importance of improving our understanding of the effects of climate change on coastal PP, and the potential for these effects to influence the health of commercial and threatened marine species. Further research should assess the implications of changes in PP and SST for species of commercial and conservation importance along the coast of Ecuador.
初级生产力(Primary productivity, PP)是由光自养生物通过光合作用将无机碳转化为有机宏量营养素和微量营养素的重要海洋过程。虽然原位研究已经揭示了叶绿素a (Chl a)浓度的空间和季节变化，从而揭示了特定研究地点的PP，但在厄瓜多尔沿海更广泛的地区，没有全面的监测方案来评估其长期变化及其季节模式。本研究的主要目的是评估厄瓜多尔沿海Chl - a浓度的变化，并检查这些变化如何对应于海表温度(SST)的变化。利用MODIS-Aqua和MUR的卫星测量，对厄瓜多尔沿海的18个近海和近岸采样点进行了15年的研究。结果表明，与其他海洋地区相比，厄瓜多尔沿海地区的平均Chl - a浓度相当低(1.5 mg m - 3)。玻利瓦尔港、瓜亚基尔湾和埃斯梅拉达斯的Chl - a平均浓度最高;而Galera San Francisco Marine Reserve, Cojimies和cabyal的特征是最低的。在最南端(玻利瓦尔港和瓜亚基尔湾)和最北端(埃斯梅拉达斯)的研究地点，Chl - A浓度呈上升趋势，其季节性趋势与观测到的季节性海温趋势一致。洪堡上升流系统和河流流量共同影响的地区Chl a较高。Chl a与海温的正相关可能是对温暖月份降水增加的响应。这些结果强调了提高我们对气候变化对沿海PP影响的理解的重要性，以及这些影响对商业和受威胁海洋物种健康的潜在影响。进一步的研究应评估PP和SST变化对厄瓜多尔沿海具有商业和保护意义的物种的影响。
{"title":"Oceanic primary production trend patterns along coast of Ecuador","authors":"Nicole Chinacalle-Martínez, Elka García-Rada, Jean López-Macías, Silvia Pinoargote, G. Loor, Javier Zevallos-Rosado, P. Cruz, D. Pablo, Belén Andrade, Carlos Robalino-Mejía, Stephanie Añazco, Jéssica Guerrero, Andrea Intriago, C. Veelenturf, César Peñaherrera-Palma","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1964915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1964915","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Primary productivity (PP) is a vital oceanographic process generated by photoautotrophic organisms that transform inorganic carbon into organic macronutrients and micronutrients via photosynthesis. While in situ studies have shed light onto the spatial and seasonal variations of chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, and thus PP, in specific study sites, there are no comprehensive monitoring programs to assess its long-term variation nor its seasonal patterns in broader areas of coastal Ecuador. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate changes in Chl a concentration along the coast of Ecuador and examine how these changes correspond to changes in Sea Surface Temperature (SST). Eighteen offshore and nearshore sampling sites along the Ecuadorian coast were studied over 15 years, using satellite measurements of MODIS-Aqua and MUR. Results show mean Chl a concentration in coastal Ecuador is rather low (1.5 mg m−3) in comparison with other oceanic regions. Puerto Bolivar, Gulf of Guayaquil and Esmeraldas were characterized by the highest mean Chl a concentration; while Galera San Francisco Marine Reserve, Cojimies and Cabuyal were characterized by the lowest. A positive trend in Chl a concentration was detected at the southernmost (Puerto Bolivar and Gulf of Guayaquil) and northernmost (Esmeraldas) study sites, with a seasonal trend following the observed seasonal SST trend. Chl a is high in areas under the influence of both the Humboldt upwelling system and river discharge. The positive correlation between Chl a and SST is likely a response to increased precipitation during warmer months. These results highlight the importance of improving our understanding of the effects of climate change on coastal PP, and the potential for these effects to influence the health of commercial and threatened marine species. Further research should assess the implications of changes in PP and SST for species of commercial and conservation importance along the coast of Ecuador.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"379 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48178563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1953893
Fernando Henrique de Sena, Bruno Melo Lustosa, Silvia Roberta Santos Silva, H. Falcão, J. S. de Almeida
ABSTARCT Leaf traits are analyzed as essential drivers for the evolutionary and ecological role of plant defense mechanisms. Plants show leaf trait variation as a response to the diverse environmental conditions, like different successional stages. Those variations can impact leaf herbivory rates and drive changes in the allocation of plant resources. In this study, we aimed at comparing the expression of leaf defenses in established plants over different successional stages in a tropical dry forest to understand how these defenses modify the plant–herbivore interactions based on herbivory rates. We analyzed physical leaf traits (specific leaf area, thickness, and density), nutrient content (N, P, and K), total phenolic compounds, and leaf herbivory, of the native tree species Aspidosperma pyrifolium and Cenostigma pyramidale, in early- and late-successional stage areas. Results showed that the plant investment in defenses varies according to the successional stage and that both species have similar defense strategies, confirming the resource availability hypothesis. Individuals from the early stage adopt a strategy to lower sclerophylly, higher nutrient content and less phenolic compounds, while the late-stage individuals showed an opposite behaviour. For both species in this study, the average percentage of leaf herbivory observed was 40% higher in the early compared to the late-stage area. Our data indicate that plant defenses are tightly coupled to sclerophylly and investments in secondary metabolites, and the environmental conditions of different successional stage drive that plasticity in such leaf traits.
{"title":"Herbivory and leaf traits of two tree species from different successional stages in a tropical dry forest","authors":"Fernando Henrique de Sena, Bruno Melo Lustosa, Silvia Roberta Santos Silva, H. Falcão, J. S. de Almeida","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1953893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1953893","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTARCT Leaf traits are analyzed as essential drivers for the evolutionary and ecological role of plant defense mechanisms. Plants show leaf trait variation as a response to the diverse environmental conditions, like different successional stages. Those variations can impact leaf herbivory rates and drive changes in the allocation of plant resources. In this study, we aimed at comparing the expression of leaf defenses in established plants over different successional stages in a tropical dry forest to understand how these defenses modify the plant–herbivore interactions based on herbivory rates. We analyzed physical leaf traits (specific leaf area, thickness, and density), nutrient content (N, P, and K), total phenolic compounds, and leaf herbivory, of the native tree species Aspidosperma pyrifolium and Cenostigma pyramidale, in early- and late-successional stage areas. Results showed that the plant investment in defenses varies according to the successional stage and that both species have similar defense strategies, confirming the resource availability hypothesis. Individuals from the early stage adopt a strategy to lower sclerophylly, higher nutrient content and less phenolic compounds, while the late-stage individuals showed an opposite behaviour. For both species in this study, the average percentage of leaf herbivory observed was 40% higher in the early compared to the late-stage area. Our data indicate that plant defenses are tightly coupled to sclerophylly and investments in secondary metabolites, and the environmental conditions of different successional stage drive that plasticity in such leaf traits.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"39 18","pages":"266 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1953893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41298053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2020.1870256
David Brito-Zapata
ABSTRACT The poison frog Epipedobates anthonyi is a species of the Dendrobatidae family distributed in a restricted area in Ecuador and Peru; it has high chromatic variation in Ecuadorian populations. An individual with partial leucism was registered in the Province of El Oro-Ecuador. It is the first case formally reported from this species and in the country. This note describes the record and presents photographs to compare a leucistic individual with one with the normal coloration of the area.
{"title":"First report of partial leucism in the poison frog Epipedobates anthonyi (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in El Oro, Ecuador","authors":"David Brito-Zapata","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2020.1870256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2020.1870256","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The poison frog Epipedobates anthonyi is a species of the Dendrobatidae family distributed in a restricted area in Ecuador and Peru; it has high chromatic variation in Ecuadorian populations. An individual with partial leucism was registered in the Province of El Oro-Ecuador. It is the first case formally reported from this species and in the country. This note describes the record and presents photographs to compare a leucistic individual with one with the normal coloration of the area.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2020.1870256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41486110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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