Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1920296
I. Ballesteros, Paulina Terán, Cristina Guamán-Burneo, N. González, Alejandra Cruz, Pablo Castillejo
ABSTRACT The use of suitable DNA barcodes and the generation of databases with reference sequences have been considered a promissory approach for the identification of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta microalgae. In this study, we carried out a molecular characterization and identification of strains isolated from freshwater systems in Ecuador using a dual barcode method. The target sequences for Chlorophyta were 18S rDNA and rbcL genes, and 16S rDNA and 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer (ITS) for Cyanophyta. We reported these DNA barcodes for 20 different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) for Chlorophyta and 10 for Cyanophyta. Our results show that the 18S V4 hypervariable region (300 bp) is sufficient for differentiating between isolates, but rbcL is a determinant for genus identification in Scenedesmaceae and Chlorellaceae strains. In Cyanophyta, both barcodes enabled the genus-level assignment of 9 out of 10 MOTUs. These results highlight the necessity of a second barcode additional to small ribosomal subunit sequences to improve molecular identification. Furthermore, the present study significantly contributes to the body of Ecuadorian barcode sequences of microalgae that are currently documented, making them available for future comparative diversity studies.
{"title":"DNA barcoding approach to characterize microalgae isolated from freshwater systems in Ecuador","authors":"I. Ballesteros, Paulina Terán, Cristina Guamán-Burneo, N. González, Alejandra Cruz, Pablo Castillejo","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1920296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1920296","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The use of suitable DNA barcodes and the generation of databases with reference sequences have been considered a promissory approach for the identification of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta microalgae. In this study, we carried out a molecular characterization and identification of strains isolated from freshwater systems in Ecuador using a dual barcode method. The target sequences for Chlorophyta were 18S rDNA and rbcL genes, and 16S rDNA and 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer (ITS) for Cyanophyta. We reported these DNA barcodes for 20 different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) for Chlorophyta and 10 for Cyanophyta. Our results show that the 18S V4 hypervariable region (300 bp) is sufficient for differentiating between isolates, but rbcL is a determinant for genus identification in Scenedesmaceae and Chlorellaceae strains. In Cyanophyta, both barcodes enabled the genus-level assignment of 9 out of 10 MOTUs. These results highlight the necessity of a second barcode additional to small ribosomal subunit sequences to improve molecular identification. Furthermore, the present study significantly contributes to the body of Ecuadorian barcode sequences of microalgae that are currently documented, making them available for future comparative diversity studies.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"170 - 183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1920296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43644184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.2000294
R. Laval, R. Lawton
ABSTRACT We investigated the role of environmental and temporal variables on the activity of 20 species of aerial insectivorous bats at a site in tropical premontane forest in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The primary study site was an opening in secondary forest adjacent to the Children’s Eternal Rainforest. We passively monitored the echolocation calls of all bats detected by an Anabat II detector all night for 1,147 nights from November 2000 through August 2010, from which we were able to identify the species in more than 250,000 bat passes. Simultaneously, we recorded environmental variables. Five species accounted for most of the activity, but the relative frequency of these species fluctuated widely over the ten-year period. The likelihood of any one of the three most common species being present was significantly influenced by wind, rain, phase of the moon, the time of night, the season of the year, and the presence of the other two species. In general, strong winds are associated with an increase in bat activity, moderate to heavy rain seems to halt bat activity, full moon appears to depress bat activity, and bats seem to be most active early in the evening. The number of bat passes at the study site declined over the ten-year period, possibly at least partially due to bat preference for foraging near bright lights, which increased markedly during the period due to development for tourism.
{"title":"The effect of environmental variables on nightly activity patterns of insectivorous bats monitored over ten years in a tropical premontane forest, Costa Rica","authors":"R. Laval, R. Lawton","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.2000294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.2000294","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We investigated the role of environmental and temporal variables on the activity of 20 species of aerial insectivorous bats at a site in tropical premontane forest in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The primary study site was an opening in secondary forest adjacent to the Children’s Eternal Rainforest. We passively monitored the echolocation calls of all bats detected by an Anabat II detector all night for 1,147 nights from November 2000 through August 2010, from which we were able to identify the species in more than 250,000 bat passes. Simultaneously, we recorded environmental variables. Five species accounted for most of the activity, but the relative frequency of these species fluctuated widely over the ten-year period. The likelihood of any one of the three most common species being present was significantly influenced by wind, rain, phase of the moon, the time of night, the season of the year, and the presence of the other two species. In general, strong winds are associated with an increase in bat activity, moderate to heavy rain seems to halt bat activity, full moon appears to depress bat activity, and bats seem to be most active early in the evening. The number of bat passes at the study site declined over the ten-year period, possibly at least partially due to bat preference for foraging near bright lights, which increased markedly during the period due to development for tourism.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"503 1","pages":"476 - 490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41271559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136
T. Pfingstl
ABSTRACT A decade ago the Caribbean was almost completely uncharted in terms of intertidal ameronothroid mites. Now the present data show that these organisms are a common component of the fauna of Caribbean shorelines. Two families of Ameronothroidea are present, the Fortuyniidae with three genera and four species and the Selenoribatidae with five genera and nine species. The most common species are the fortuyniid Alismobates inexpectatus and the selenoribatid Carinozetes mangrovi, both taxa were found in the Northern Caribbean, the Greater and Lesser Antilles as well as on Central American coasts. Six species are endemic to the Caribbean, Litoribates bonairensis, L. floridae, Schusteria marina, Thalassozetes balboa, T. barbara and Thasecazetes falcidactylus. Biogeographic patterns suggest that the genera Carinozetes and Litoribates may have evolved and diversified in the Caribbean region and that the Western Atlantic Bermudian intertidal oribatid mite fauna was largely shaped by Caribbean colonizers. Most of the species found in the Caribbean are typical rock dwellers and only a minority is represented by exclusive mangrove specialists. These species are seriously threatened by the significant progressive decline of mangrove ecosystems throughout the Caribbean.
{"title":"First comprehensive insights into the biogeography of the Caribbean intertidal oribatid mite fauna (Ameronothroidea)","authors":"T. Pfingstl","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A decade ago the Caribbean was almost completely uncharted in terms of intertidal ameronothroid mites. Now the present data show that these organisms are a common component of the fauna of Caribbean shorelines. Two families of Ameronothroidea are present, the Fortuyniidae with three genera and four species and the Selenoribatidae with five genera and nine species. The most common species are the fortuyniid Alismobates inexpectatus and the selenoribatid Carinozetes mangrovi, both taxa were found in the Northern Caribbean, the Greater and Lesser Antilles as well as on Central American coasts. Six species are endemic to the Caribbean, Litoribates bonairensis, L. floridae, Schusteria marina, Thalassozetes balboa, T. barbara and Thasecazetes falcidactylus. Biogeographic patterns suggest that the genera Carinozetes and Litoribates may have evolved and diversified in the Caribbean region and that the Western Atlantic Bermudian intertidal oribatid mite fauna was largely shaped by Caribbean colonizers. Most of the species found in the Caribbean are typical rock dwellers and only a minority is represented by exclusive mangrove specialists. These species are seriously threatened by the significant progressive decline of mangrove ecosystems throughout the Caribbean.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"102 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42312301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.2010469
P. Medrano‐Vizcaíno, David Brito-Zapata
ABSTRACT Monitoring wildlife roadkills is a valuable method to identify critical areas where animals are more susceptible to collision with vehicles, likewise, this type of work can let us know which species are more vulnerable to this human impact. Besides these relevant utilities used for mitigation purposes, this effort can provide very important information about the biology, ecology and biogeography of species. In this paper, we report new geographic records found while working on a road ecology study. These data increase the distribution of six snakes’ species (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Micrurus lemniscatus, Oxyrhopus vanidicus and Trilepida anthracina), from which, four show scarce and almost inexistent historical records (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, and Trilepida anthracina). We encourage researchers, especially road ecologists, to notice and report these observations, which can be highly valuable for expanding the knowledge of species distributions, a key factor forconducting integral studies of fauna.
{"title":"Filling biogeographical gaps through wildlife roadkills: New distribution records for six snake species from Ecuador (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Micrurus lemniscatus, Oxyrhopus vanidicus, Trilepida anthracina)","authors":"P. Medrano‐Vizcaíno, David Brito-Zapata","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.2010469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.2010469","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Monitoring wildlife roadkills is a valuable method to identify critical areas where animals are more susceptible to collision with vehicles, likewise, this type of work can let us know which species are more vulnerable to this human impact. Besides these relevant utilities used for mitigation purposes, this effort can provide very important information about the biology, ecology and biogeography of species. In this paper, we report new geographic records found while working on a road ecology study. These data increase the distribution of six snakes’ species (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Micrurus lemniscatus, Oxyrhopus vanidicus and Trilepida anthracina), from which, four show scarce and almost inexistent historical records (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, and Trilepida anthracina). We encourage researchers, especially road ecologists, to notice and report these observations, which can be highly valuable for expanding the knowledge of species distributions, a key factor forconducting integral studies of fauna.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"554 - 559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48329717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544
F. T. Mise, J. Miranda, Danusy Lopes Santos, Alexandre Curcino, F. H. Oda
ABSTRACT Snakes are common predators of birds. However, reported cases of snake predation on Troglodytes musculus are scarce. Here, we report a predation attempt of a Troglodytes musculus nestling by the dipsadid snake Philodryas olfersii. We also present a list with bird species recorded as prey of this snake species. We found 25 predation events of P. olfersii on adult, juvenile, and nestling birds. A total of 19 bird species from 14 families have been reported as prey of P. olfersii. Most predation events occurred on the vegetation, while some others were observed on the ground, cage, and artificial nest.
{"title":"An opportunist predator hidden in the vegetation: on the predation of birds by Philodryas olfersii (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)","authors":"F. T. Mise, J. Miranda, Danusy Lopes Santos, Alexandre Curcino, F. H. Oda","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Snakes are common predators of birds. However, reported cases of snake predation on Troglodytes musculus are scarce. Here, we report a predation attempt of a Troglodytes musculus nestling by the dipsadid snake Philodryas olfersii. We also present a list with bird species recorded as prey of this snake species. We found 25 predation events of P. olfersii on adult, juvenile, and nestling birds. A total of 19 bird species from 14 families have been reported as prey of P. olfersii. Most predation events occurred on the vegetation, while some others were observed on the ground, cage, and artificial nest.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"61 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49094875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652
Alejandra I. Domic, J. Capriles
ABSTRACT Forecasting the effects of climate change on the distribution of Andean trees (Polylepis, Rosaceae) is important to understand how species respond to climate variability and to assess their resilience to the ongoing climate crisis. Here, paleodistribution modelling is used to assess distribution shifts of 17 Polylepis species during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), mid-Holocene (MH), and the Anthropocene in the central Andes. Species distribution models (SDMs) were computed by combining presence records and current climatic conditions using Maxent and projected onto three climatic scenarios for the LGM (~22,000 yr BP), the MH (~6,000 yr BP), and the Anthropocene (1,970–2,000). Subsequently, current refugia hotspots were identified by intersecting suitable habitat over the LGM, MH, and anthropogenic conditions for all the studied species. SDMs for the LGM and MH showed a contraction of climate suitable habitat for most of the species in comparison to the Anthropocene. Four current refugia hotspots were identified: central Cordillera of Peru, Lake Titicaca basin, western Cordillera of Bolivia, and northern Chile. In general, SDMs were consistent with patterns proposed with pollen records, and partially with available phylogeographic studies. Current hotspots are highly important areas for the conservation of Polylepis and associated biota. This study assists in understanding distribution shifts over millennia of Andean tree species in response to climate change and identifying key conservation areas for the delineation of future conservation strategies.
{"title":"Distribution shifts in habitat suitability and hotspot refugia of Andean tree species from the last glacial maximum to the Anthropocene","authors":"Alejandra I. Domic, J. Capriles","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Forecasting the effects of climate change on the distribution of Andean trees (Polylepis, Rosaceae) is important to understand how species respond to climate variability and to assess their resilience to the ongoing climate crisis. Here, paleodistribution modelling is used to assess distribution shifts of 17 Polylepis species during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), mid-Holocene (MH), and the Anthropocene in the central Andes. Species distribution models (SDMs) were computed by combining presence records and current climatic conditions using Maxent and projected onto three climatic scenarios for the LGM (~22,000 yr BP), the MH (~6,000 yr BP), and the Anthropocene (1,970–2,000). Subsequently, current refugia hotspots were identified by intersecting suitable habitat over the LGM, MH, and anthropogenic conditions for all the studied species. SDMs for the LGM and MH showed a contraction of climate suitable habitat for most of the species in comparison to the Anthropocene. Four current refugia hotspots were identified: central Cordillera of Peru, Lake Titicaca basin, western Cordillera of Bolivia, and northern Chile. In general, SDMs were consistent with patterns proposed with pollen records, and partially with available phylogeographic studies. Current hotspots are highly important areas for the conservation of Polylepis and associated biota. This study assists in understanding distribution shifts over millennia of Andean tree species in response to climate change and identifying key conservation areas for the delineation of future conservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"297 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42515436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1888625
M. Colombo, Adrián Jauregui, E. Gonzalez, L. Segura
ABSTRACT Knowledge of the breeding biology of grassland birds is important given the accelerated rate of transformation of their habitats, which has led to noticeable population declines of many species. Although several species in South America are of conservation concern due to habitat alteration, information on their nesting biology is generally sparse. During three seasons we studied a breeding population of a poorly studied ground-nesting bird, the Grassland Sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis), in grasslands used for cattle grazing in central-eastern Argentina. We described its breeding parameters, estimated nestling growth curves, and analyzed daily nest survival rates (DSR) as a function of grassland characteristics, including grass density, grass height, and distance to forest edges. We found 34 nests placed among low and sparse vegetation and made exclusively of grass. The modal clutch size was three eggs. Incubation and nestling periods lasted 11 and 10.5 days, respectively. Nestlings had a fast-growing tarsus, which could be advantageous to escape from predators early. Only seven nests (20.6%) were successful and predation was the principal cause of nest failure (78% of the failures). DSR was 0.91, resulting in a cumulative survival of 11% for the 23.5 day nesting period. We found no effects of habitat features on DSR, which may be a consequence of the high predation rate and a very diverse predator community in the area. Studies at a broader scale could help to elucidate which habitats favor the reproduction of these species. We emphasize the importance of knowing basic ecological aspects of native grassland birds to develop management plans, especially given the lack of protected grassland areas in the Pampas Grassland ecoregion.
{"title":"Nesting biology and nest survival of the Grassland Sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis) in grazed grasslands of central-eastern Argentina","authors":"M. Colombo, Adrián Jauregui, E. Gonzalez, L. Segura","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1888625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1888625","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Knowledge of the breeding biology of grassland birds is important given the accelerated rate of transformation of their habitats, which has led to noticeable population declines of many species. Although several species in South America are of conservation concern due to habitat alteration, information on their nesting biology is generally sparse. During three seasons we studied a breeding population of a poorly studied ground-nesting bird, the Grassland Sparrow (Ammodramus humeralis), in grasslands used for cattle grazing in central-eastern Argentina. We described its breeding parameters, estimated nestling growth curves, and analyzed daily nest survival rates (DSR) as a function of grassland characteristics, including grass density, grass height, and distance to forest edges. We found 34 nests placed among low and sparse vegetation and made exclusively of grass. The modal clutch size was three eggs. Incubation and nestling periods lasted 11 and 10.5 days, respectively. Nestlings had a fast-growing tarsus, which could be advantageous to escape from predators early. Only seven nests (20.6%) were successful and predation was the principal cause of nest failure (78% of the failures). DSR was 0.91, resulting in a cumulative survival of 11% for the 23.5 day nesting period. We found no effects of habitat features on DSR, which may be a consequence of the high predation rate and a very diverse predator community in the area. Studies at a broader scale could help to elucidate which habitats favor the reproduction of these species. We emphasize the importance of knowing basic ecological aspects of native grassland birds to develop management plans, especially given the lack of protected grassland areas in the Pampas Grassland ecoregion.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"67 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1888625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41622992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900
C. S. Sevillano-Rios, A. Rodewald
ABSTRACT Habitat loss and fragmentation can devastate biodiversity, especially at regional and global scales. However, generalizing to individual species is challenging given the wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape species-specific responses – particularly among species that are specialists, generalists, or adapted to naturally patchy landscapes. In this study, we examined how patch and landscape attributes affected bird communities within Polylepis forest ecosystems, which are patchily distributed within landscapes of Puna grasslands and shrublands in the High Andes of Peru (3,300–4,700 m). We surveyed birds in 59 Polylepis patches and 47 sites in the Puna matrix, resulting in 13,210 observations of 88 bird species, including 15 species of conservation concern specialized on Polylepis. Data were analysed using Multi-Species Occupancy-Models (MSOM) and cumulative species-area curves. Species richness was generally greatest at mid-to-low elevations, within small fragments, and in landscapes with comparatively little forest cover; this was especially true for birds associated with the Puna matrix. Consistent with the hypothesis that Polylepis specialists are adapted to naturally patchy landscapes, we found no evidence that Polylepis specialists were sensitive to patch size, though two of nine species were positively related to forest cover within 200 m. Our work shows that small patches of Polylepis have high ecological value and that conservation of species of concern may depend more on retaining at least 10% forest cover within landscapes than on the presence of large patches of Polylepis.
{"title":"Responses of Polylepis birds to patch and landscape attributes in the High Andes","authors":"C. S. Sevillano-Rios, A. Rodewald","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Habitat loss and fragmentation can devastate biodiversity, especially at regional and global scales. However, generalizing to individual species is challenging given the wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape species-specific responses – particularly among species that are specialists, generalists, or adapted to naturally patchy landscapes. In this study, we examined how patch and landscape attributes affected bird communities within Polylepis forest ecosystems, which are patchily distributed within landscapes of Puna grasslands and shrublands in the High Andes of Peru (3,300–4,700 m). We surveyed birds in 59 Polylepis patches and 47 sites in the Puna matrix, resulting in 13,210 observations of 88 bird species, including 15 species of conservation concern specialized on Polylepis. Data were analysed using Multi-Species Occupancy-Models (MSOM) and cumulative species-area curves. Species richness was generally greatest at mid-to-low elevations, within small fragments, and in landscapes with comparatively little forest cover; this was especially true for birds associated with the Puna matrix. Consistent with the hypothesis that Polylepis specialists are adapted to naturally patchy landscapes, we found no evidence that Polylepis specialists were sensitive to patch size, though two of nine species were positively related to forest cover within 200 m. Our work shows that small patches of Polylepis have high ecological value and that conservation of species of concern may depend more on retaining at least 10% forest cover within landscapes than on the presence of large patches of Polylepis.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"5 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42768958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1964911
Y. Galviz, R. Valerio
ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the leaf anatomy of Jacquinia armillaris plants in two different Venezuelan xeric shrublands to evaluate possible variations caused by the environments, which differ in rainfall and soil salinity. Leaf samples were collected in two sites: La Tortuga Island, a dryer and salty environment than the other collecting site, Turpialito, a coastal location in the mainland. The epidermis and the mesophylls were observed with a light microscope and measured with an ocular micrometer inserted in one of the eyepieces. The results show that J. armillaris has many characteristic anatomical traits of xerophytes, among them: thick cuticles and thick epidermis in both leaf surfaces, stomata only in the abaxial side and epidermal depressions lodging a glandular trichome. Leaves are bifacial and present multistratified palisade parenchyma facing the adaxial epidermis and abaxial spongy parenchyma with abundant intercellular spaces. Furthermore, the hypodermis is composed of one or two cell layers below the upper epidermis. Leaf lamina dimension, petiole, cuticles, epidermis and hypodermis cells, as well as the stomatal occlusive cells and number of trichomes, had differences in size and number when the plants of both sites were compared, being higher in plants from La Tortuga. On the other hand, palisade parenchyma and stomatal density were higher in Turpialito plants. Plants collected in La Tortuga Island showed characteristics that suggest adaptation to the island’s saline and more arid conditions in comparison to plants from Turpialito, which presented more leaf traits related to adaptations to water deficit. These results demonstrate the phenotypic plasticity of J. armillaris plants that grow in two different xeric shrublands.
{"title":"Leaf morphoanatomical traits of Jacquinia armillaris Jacq. (Theophrastoideae - Primulaceae) in two xeric shrublands from Venezuela","authors":"Y. Galviz, R. Valerio","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1964911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1964911","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the leaf anatomy of Jacquinia armillaris plants in two different Venezuelan xeric shrublands to evaluate possible variations caused by the environments, which differ in rainfall and soil salinity. Leaf samples were collected in two sites: La Tortuga Island, a dryer and salty environment than the other collecting site, Turpialito, a coastal location in the mainland. The epidermis and the mesophylls were observed with a light microscope and measured with an ocular micrometer inserted in one of the eyepieces. The results show that J. armillaris has many characteristic anatomical traits of xerophytes, among them: thick cuticles and thick epidermis in both leaf surfaces, stomata only in the abaxial side and epidermal depressions lodging a glandular trichome. Leaves are bifacial and present multistratified palisade parenchyma facing the adaxial epidermis and abaxial spongy parenchyma with abundant intercellular spaces. Furthermore, the hypodermis is composed of one or two cell layers below the upper epidermis. Leaf lamina dimension, petiole, cuticles, epidermis and hypodermis cells, as well as the stomatal occlusive cells and number of trichomes, had differences in size and number when the plants of both sites were compared, being higher in plants from La Tortuga. On the other hand, palisade parenchyma and stomatal density were higher in Turpialito plants. Plants collected in La Tortuga Island showed characteristics that suggest adaptation to the island’s saline and more arid conditions in comparison to plants from Turpialito, which presented more leaf traits related to adaptations to water deficit. These results demonstrate the phenotypic plasticity of J. armillaris plants that grow in two different xeric shrublands.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":"7 1","pages":"364 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44542606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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