Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1986329
G. Morera, S. Lupo, S. Alaniz, G. Robledo
ABSTRACT Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus that includes a great diversity of species. Many of them have been historically described based only on morphological characteristics; however, due to their morphological plasticity, there is no complete understanding about their relationship and taxonomic status. Commonly applied names, particularly in the southern Neotropics, come from species of North Hemisphere distribution (e.g. G. lucidum, G. resinaceum and G. applanatum). The objective of the present work was to perform a survey of Ganoderma species thriving in Uruguay. We aimed to identify and characterize them through molecular, morphological and ecological analysis. The results confirm the presence of four reddish laccate species first registered for Uruguay (G. dorsale, G. platense, G. martinicense and G. mexicanum), and one non-laccate species (G. australe s.l.) composed of two clades. The species are morphologically differentiated mainly by its stipe, pilear surface, context, pores, basidiospores and cutis cells. Regarding the ecological data, the species present differences in substrate preferences. In addition, a taxonomic discussion regarding phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of Uruguayan Ganoderma species is presented.
{"title":"Diversity of the Ganoderma species in Uruguay","authors":"G. Morera, S. Lupo, S. Alaniz, G. Robledo","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1986329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1986329","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus that includes a great diversity of species. Many of them have been historically described based only on morphological characteristics; however, due to their morphological plasticity, there is no complete understanding about their relationship and taxonomic status. Commonly applied names, particularly in the southern Neotropics, come from species of North Hemisphere distribution (e.g. G. lucidum, G. resinaceum and G. applanatum). The objective of the present work was to perform a survey of Ganoderma species thriving in Uruguay. We aimed to identify and characterize them through molecular, morphological and ecological analysis. The results confirm the presence of four reddish laccate species first registered for Uruguay (G. dorsale, G. platense, G. martinicense and G. mexicanum), and one non-laccate species (G. australe s.l.) composed of two clades. The species are morphologically differentiated mainly by its stipe, pilear surface, context, pores, basidiospores and cutis cells. Regarding the ecological data, the species present differences in substrate preferences. In addition, a taxonomic discussion regarding phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of Uruguayan Ganoderma species is presented.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45569996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652
Alejandra I. Domic, J. Capriles
ABSTRACT Forecasting the effects of climate change on the distribution of Andean trees (Polylepis, Rosaceae) is important to understand how species respond to climate variability and to assess their resilience to the ongoing climate crisis. Here, paleodistribution modelling is used to assess distribution shifts of 17 Polylepis species during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), mid-Holocene (MH), and the Anthropocene in the central Andes. Species distribution models (SDMs) were computed by combining presence records and current climatic conditions using Maxent and projected onto three climatic scenarios for the LGM (~22,000 yr BP), the MH (~6,000 yr BP), and the Anthropocene (1,970–2,000). Subsequently, current refugia hotspots were identified by intersecting suitable habitat over the LGM, MH, and anthropogenic conditions for all the studied species. SDMs for the LGM and MH showed a contraction of climate suitable habitat for most of the species in comparison to the Anthropocene. Four current refugia hotspots were identified: central Cordillera of Peru, Lake Titicaca basin, western Cordillera of Bolivia, and northern Chile. In general, SDMs were consistent with patterns proposed with pollen records, and partially with available phylogeographic studies. Current hotspots are highly important areas for the conservation of Polylepis and associated biota. This study assists in understanding distribution shifts over millennia of Andean tree species in response to climate change and identifying key conservation areas for the delineation of future conservation strategies.
{"title":"Distribution shifts in habitat suitability and hotspot refugia of Andean tree species from the last glacial maximum to the Anthropocene","authors":"Alejandra I. Domic, J. Capriles","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Forecasting the effects of climate change on the distribution of Andean trees (Polylepis, Rosaceae) is important to understand how species respond to climate variability and to assess their resilience to the ongoing climate crisis. Here, paleodistribution modelling is used to assess distribution shifts of 17 Polylepis species during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), mid-Holocene (MH), and the Anthropocene in the central Andes. Species distribution models (SDMs) were computed by combining presence records and current climatic conditions using Maxent and projected onto three climatic scenarios for the LGM (~22,000 yr BP), the MH (~6,000 yr BP), and the Anthropocene (1,970–2,000). Subsequently, current refugia hotspots were identified by intersecting suitable habitat over the LGM, MH, and anthropogenic conditions for all the studied species. SDMs for the LGM and MH showed a contraction of climate suitable habitat for most of the species in comparison to the Anthropocene. Four current refugia hotspots were identified: central Cordillera of Peru, Lake Titicaca basin, western Cordillera of Bolivia, and northern Chile. In general, SDMs were consistent with patterns proposed with pollen records, and partially with available phylogeographic studies. Current hotspots are highly important areas for the conservation of Polylepis and associated biota. This study assists in understanding distribution shifts over millennia of Andean tree species in response to climate change and identifying key conservation areas for the delineation of future conservation strategies.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1957652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42515436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.2000294
R. Laval, R. Lawton
ABSTRACT We investigated the role of environmental and temporal variables on the activity of 20 species of aerial insectivorous bats at a site in tropical premontane forest in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The primary study site was an opening in secondary forest adjacent to the Children’s Eternal Rainforest. We passively monitored the echolocation calls of all bats detected by an Anabat II detector all night for 1,147 nights from November 2000 through August 2010, from which we were able to identify the species in more than 250,000 bat passes. Simultaneously, we recorded environmental variables. Five species accounted for most of the activity, but the relative frequency of these species fluctuated widely over the ten-year period. The likelihood of any one of the three most common species being present was significantly influenced by wind, rain, phase of the moon, the time of night, the season of the year, and the presence of the other two species. In general, strong winds are associated with an increase in bat activity, moderate to heavy rain seems to halt bat activity, full moon appears to depress bat activity, and bats seem to be most active early in the evening. The number of bat passes at the study site declined over the ten-year period, possibly at least partially due to bat preference for foraging near bright lights, which increased markedly during the period due to development for tourism.
{"title":"The effect of environmental variables on nightly activity patterns of insectivorous bats monitored over ten years in a tropical premontane forest, Costa Rica","authors":"R. Laval, R. Lawton","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.2000294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.2000294","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We investigated the role of environmental and temporal variables on the activity of 20 species of aerial insectivorous bats at a site in tropical premontane forest in Monteverde, Costa Rica. The primary study site was an opening in secondary forest adjacent to the Children’s Eternal Rainforest. We passively monitored the echolocation calls of all bats detected by an Anabat II detector all night for 1,147 nights from November 2000 through August 2010, from which we were able to identify the species in more than 250,000 bat passes. Simultaneously, we recorded environmental variables. Five species accounted for most of the activity, but the relative frequency of these species fluctuated widely over the ten-year period. The likelihood of any one of the three most common species being present was significantly influenced by wind, rain, phase of the moon, the time of night, the season of the year, and the presence of the other two species. In general, strong winds are associated with an increase in bat activity, moderate to heavy rain seems to halt bat activity, full moon appears to depress bat activity, and bats seem to be most active early in the evening. The number of bat passes at the study site declined over the ten-year period, possibly at least partially due to bat preference for foraging near bright lights, which increased markedly during the period due to development for tourism.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41271559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136
T. Pfingstl
ABSTRACT A decade ago the Caribbean was almost completely uncharted in terms of intertidal ameronothroid mites. Now the present data show that these organisms are a common component of the fauna of Caribbean shorelines. Two families of Ameronothroidea are present, the Fortuyniidae with three genera and four species and the Selenoribatidae with five genera and nine species. The most common species are the fortuyniid Alismobates inexpectatus and the selenoribatid Carinozetes mangrovi, both taxa were found in the Northern Caribbean, the Greater and Lesser Antilles as well as on Central American coasts. Six species are endemic to the Caribbean, Litoribates bonairensis, L. floridae, Schusteria marina, Thalassozetes balboa, T. barbara and Thasecazetes falcidactylus. Biogeographic patterns suggest that the genera Carinozetes and Litoribates may have evolved and diversified in the Caribbean region and that the Western Atlantic Bermudian intertidal oribatid mite fauna was largely shaped by Caribbean colonizers. Most of the species found in the Caribbean are typical rock dwellers and only a minority is represented by exclusive mangrove specialists. These species are seriously threatened by the significant progressive decline of mangrove ecosystems throughout the Caribbean.
{"title":"First comprehensive insights into the biogeography of the Caribbean intertidal oribatid mite fauna (Ameronothroidea)","authors":"T. Pfingstl","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A decade ago the Caribbean was almost completely uncharted in terms of intertidal ameronothroid mites. Now the present data show that these organisms are a common component of the fauna of Caribbean shorelines. Two families of Ameronothroidea are present, the Fortuyniidae with three genera and four species and the Selenoribatidae with five genera and nine species. The most common species are the fortuyniid Alismobates inexpectatus and the selenoribatid Carinozetes mangrovi, both taxa were found in the Northern Caribbean, the Greater and Lesser Antilles as well as on Central American coasts. Six species are endemic to the Caribbean, Litoribates bonairensis, L. floridae, Schusteria marina, Thalassozetes balboa, T. barbara and Thasecazetes falcidactylus. Biogeographic patterns suggest that the genera Carinozetes and Litoribates may have evolved and diversified in the Caribbean region and that the Western Atlantic Bermudian intertidal oribatid mite fauna was largely shaped by Caribbean colonizers. Most of the species found in the Caribbean are typical rock dwellers and only a minority is represented by exclusive mangrove specialists. These species are seriously threatened by the significant progressive decline of mangrove ecosystems throughout the Caribbean.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1906136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42312301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.2010469
P. Medrano‐Vizcaíno, David Brito-Zapata
ABSTRACT Monitoring wildlife roadkills is a valuable method to identify critical areas where animals are more susceptible to collision with vehicles, likewise, this type of work can let us know which species are more vulnerable to this human impact. Besides these relevant utilities used for mitigation purposes, this effort can provide very important information about the biology, ecology and biogeography of species. In this paper, we report new geographic records found while working on a road ecology study. These data increase the distribution of six snakes’ species (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Micrurus lemniscatus, Oxyrhopus vanidicus and Trilepida anthracina), from which, four show scarce and almost inexistent historical records (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, and Trilepida anthracina). We encourage researchers, especially road ecologists, to notice and report these observations, which can be highly valuable for expanding the knowledge of species distributions, a key factor forconducting integral studies of fauna.
{"title":"Filling biogeographical gaps through wildlife roadkills: New distribution records for six snake species from Ecuador (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Micrurus lemniscatus, Oxyrhopus vanidicus, Trilepida anthracina)","authors":"P. Medrano‐Vizcaíno, David Brito-Zapata","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.2010469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.2010469","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Monitoring wildlife roadkills is a valuable method to identify critical areas where animals are more susceptible to collision with vehicles, likewise, this type of work can let us know which species are more vulnerable to this human impact. Besides these relevant utilities used for mitigation purposes, this effort can provide very important information about the biology, ecology and biogeography of species. In this paper, we report new geographic records found while working on a road ecology study. These data increase the distribution of six snakes’ species (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, Micrurus lemniscatus, Oxyrhopus vanidicus and Trilepida anthracina), from which, four show scarce and almost inexistent historical records (Anilius scytale, Drymarchon corais, Erythrolamprus breviceps, and Trilepida anthracina). We encourage researchers, especially road ecologists, to notice and report these observations, which can be highly valuable for expanding the knowledge of species distributions, a key factor forconducting integral studies of fauna.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48329717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544
F. T. Mise, J. Miranda, Danusy Lopes Santos, Alexandre Curcino, F. H. Oda
ABSTRACT Snakes are common predators of birds. However, reported cases of snake predation on Troglodytes musculus are scarce. Here, we report a predation attempt of a Troglodytes musculus nestling by the dipsadid snake Philodryas olfersii. We also present a list with bird species recorded as prey of this snake species. We found 25 predation events of P. olfersii on adult, juvenile, and nestling birds. A total of 19 bird species from 14 families have been reported as prey of P. olfersii. Most predation events occurred on the vegetation, while some others were observed on the ground, cage, and artificial nest.
{"title":"An opportunist predator hidden in the vegetation: on the predation of birds by Philodryas olfersii (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)","authors":"F. T. Mise, J. Miranda, Danusy Lopes Santos, Alexandre Curcino, F. H. Oda","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Snakes are common predators of birds. However, reported cases of snake predation on Troglodytes musculus are scarce. Here, we report a predation attempt of a Troglodytes musculus nestling by the dipsadid snake Philodryas olfersii. We also present a list with bird species recorded as prey of this snake species. We found 25 predation events of P. olfersii on adult, juvenile, and nestling birds. A total of 19 bird species from 14 families have been reported as prey of P. olfersii. Most predation events occurred on the vegetation, while some others were observed on the ground, cage, and artificial nest.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2021.1879544","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49094875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900
C. S. Sevillano-Rios, A. Rodewald
ABSTRACT Habitat loss and fragmentation can devastate biodiversity, especially at regional and global scales. However, generalizing to individual species is challenging given the wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape species-specific responses – particularly among species that are specialists, generalists, or adapted to naturally patchy landscapes. In this study, we examined how patch and landscape attributes affected bird communities within Polylepis forest ecosystems, which are patchily distributed within landscapes of Puna grasslands and shrublands in the High Andes of Peru (3,300–4,700 m). We surveyed birds in 59 Polylepis patches and 47 sites in the Puna matrix, resulting in 13,210 observations of 88 bird species, including 15 species of conservation concern specialized on Polylepis. Data were analysed using Multi-Species Occupancy-Models (MSOM) and cumulative species-area curves. Species richness was generally greatest at mid-to-low elevations, within small fragments, and in landscapes with comparatively little forest cover; this was especially true for birds associated with the Puna matrix. Consistent with the hypothesis that Polylepis specialists are adapted to naturally patchy landscapes, we found no evidence that Polylepis specialists were sensitive to patch size, though two of nine species were positively related to forest cover within 200 m. Our work shows that small patches of Polylepis have high ecological value and that conservation of species of concern may depend more on retaining at least 10% forest cover within landscapes than on the presence of large patches of Polylepis.
{"title":"Responses of Polylepis birds to patch and landscape attributes in the High Andes","authors":"C. S. Sevillano-Rios, A. Rodewald","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Habitat loss and fragmentation can devastate biodiversity, especially at regional and global scales. However, generalizing to individual species is challenging given the wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape species-specific responses – particularly among species that are specialists, generalists, or adapted to naturally patchy landscapes. In this study, we examined how patch and landscape attributes affected bird communities within Polylepis forest ecosystems, which are patchily distributed within landscapes of Puna grasslands and shrublands in the High Andes of Peru (3,300–4,700 m). We surveyed birds in 59 Polylepis patches and 47 sites in the Puna matrix, resulting in 13,210 observations of 88 bird species, including 15 species of conservation concern specialized on Polylepis. Data were analysed using Multi-Species Occupancy-Models (MSOM) and cumulative species-area curves. Species richness was generally greatest at mid-to-low elevations, within small fragments, and in landscapes with comparatively little forest cover; this was especially true for birds associated with the Puna matrix. Consistent with the hypothesis that Polylepis specialists are adapted to naturally patchy landscapes, we found no evidence that Polylepis specialists were sensitive to patch size, though two of nine species were positively related to forest cover within 200 m. Our work shows that small patches of Polylepis have high ecological value and that conservation of species of concern may depend more on retaining at least 10% forest cover within landscapes than on the presence of large patches of Polylepis.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/23766808.2020.1869900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42768958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.2004802
C. F. Álvarez, Alejandra Clavijo-Giraldo, Sandra Inés Uribe, T. Pyrcz, C. A. Iserhard, André Victor Lucci Freitas, M. Marín
ABSTRACT Studies on model organisms such as butterflies are useful tools for conservation decision-making. However, in tropical ecosystems with an intrinsic high diversity a full understanding of biotic communities is difficult to obtain. Bait trap samplings have traditionally been used for community appraisals related to ecological and conservation issues. Nonetheless, in the Andes Mountains, there is little knowledge related to the effectiveness of bait traps for butterfly sampling. In this study, we tested the success of fermented fruits and rotten fish baits for butterfly sampling in four land-cover types (páramo, cloud forests, mixed, and pasture) in the upper Rio Chico basin of the northern Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. A butterfly survey was conducted between 2011 and 2014, in an elevation range of 2650 to 3300 masl, within a total of 132 field days. Three sampling units for each land cover were established with four standard Van Someren-Rydon traps (VSR) per sampling unit. Traps were baited alternatively with fermented fruits and carrion (rotten fish). All 57 recorded species were captured using rotten fish, while approximately 65% (37 species) were collected from fermented fruit. Moreover, species richness was higher in all sampled land covers using rotten fish bait, but the dominant species in the land covers differed between baits. The rotten fish bait proved to be highly effective for butterfly sampling in páramo and cloud forest, although the combination of traps baited with fermented banana and rotten fish, allowed the collection of data suitable for comparison among all studied land cover.
{"title":"Sampling performance of bait traps in high Andean fruit-feeding butterflies","authors":"C. F. Álvarez, Alejandra Clavijo-Giraldo, Sandra Inés Uribe, T. Pyrcz, C. A. Iserhard, André Victor Lucci Freitas, M. Marín","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.2004802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.2004802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies on model organisms such as butterflies are useful tools for conservation decision-making. However, in tropical ecosystems with an intrinsic high diversity a full understanding of biotic communities is difficult to obtain. Bait trap samplings have traditionally been used for community appraisals related to ecological and conservation issues. Nonetheless, in the Andes Mountains, there is little knowledge related to the effectiveness of bait traps for butterfly sampling. In this study, we tested the success of fermented fruits and rotten fish baits for butterfly sampling in four land-cover types (páramo, cloud forests, mixed, and pasture) in the upper Rio Chico basin of the northern Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. A butterfly survey was conducted between 2011 and 2014, in an elevation range of 2650 to 3300 masl, within a total of 132 field days. Three sampling units for each land cover were established with four standard Van Someren-Rydon traps (VSR) per sampling unit. Traps were baited alternatively with fermented fruits and carrion (rotten fish). All 57 recorded species were captured using rotten fish, while approximately 65% (37 species) were collected from fermented fruit. Moreover, species richness was higher in all sampled land covers using rotten fish bait, but the dominant species in the land covers differed between baits. The rotten fish bait proved to be highly effective for butterfly sampling in páramo and cloud forest, although the combination of traps baited with fermented banana and rotten fish, allowed the collection of data suitable for comparison among all studied land cover.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43470126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1964911
Y. Galviz, R. Valerio
ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the leaf anatomy of Jacquinia armillaris plants in two different Venezuelan xeric shrublands to evaluate possible variations caused by the environments, which differ in rainfall and soil salinity. Leaf samples were collected in two sites: La Tortuga Island, a dryer and salty environment than the other collecting site, Turpialito, a coastal location in the mainland. The epidermis and the mesophylls were observed with a light microscope and measured with an ocular micrometer inserted in one of the eyepieces. The results show that J. armillaris has many characteristic anatomical traits of xerophytes, among them: thick cuticles and thick epidermis in both leaf surfaces, stomata only in the abaxial side and epidermal depressions lodging a glandular trichome. Leaves are bifacial and present multistratified palisade parenchyma facing the adaxial epidermis and abaxial spongy parenchyma with abundant intercellular spaces. Furthermore, the hypodermis is composed of one or two cell layers below the upper epidermis. Leaf lamina dimension, petiole, cuticles, epidermis and hypodermis cells, as well as the stomatal occlusive cells and number of trichomes, had differences in size and number when the plants of both sites were compared, being higher in plants from La Tortuga. On the other hand, palisade parenchyma and stomatal density were higher in Turpialito plants. Plants collected in La Tortuga Island showed characteristics that suggest adaptation to the island’s saline and more arid conditions in comparison to plants from Turpialito, which presented more leaf traits related to adaptations to water deficit. These results demonstrate the phenotypic plasticity of J. armillaris plants that grow in two different xeric shrublands.
{"title":"Leaf morphoanatomical traits of Jacquinia armillaris Jacq. (Theophrastoideae - Primulaceae) in two xeric shrublands from Venezuela","authors":"Y. Galviz, R. Valerio","doi":"10.1080/23766808.2021.1964911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/23766808.2021.1964911","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the leaf anatomy of Jacquinia armillaris plants in two different Venezuelan xeric shrublands to evaluate possible variations caused by the environments, which differ in rainfall and soil salinity. Leaf samples were collected in two sites: La Tortuga Island, a dryer and salty environment than the other collecting site, Turpialito, a coastal location in the mainland. The epidermis and the mesophylls were observed with a light microscope and measured with an ocular micrometer inserted in one of the eyepieces. The results show that J. armillaris has many characteristic anatomical traits of xerophytes, among them: thick cuticles and thick epidermis in both leaf surfaces, stomata only in the abaxial side and epidermal depressions lodging a glandular trichome. Leaves are bifacial and present multistratified palisade parenchyma facing the adaxial epidermis and abaxial spongy parenchyma with abundant intercellular spaces. Furthermore, the hypodermis is composed of one or two cell layers below the upper epidermis. Leaf lamina dimension, petiole, cuticles, epidermis and hypodermis cells, as well as the stomatal occlusive cells and number of trichomes, had differences in size and number when the plants of both sites were compared, being higher in plants from La Tortuga. On the other hand, palisade parenchyma and stomatal density were higher in Turpialito plants. Plants collected in La Tortuga Island showed characteristics that suggest adaptation to the island’s saline and more arid conditions in comparison to plants from Turpialito, which presented more leaf traits related to adaptations to water deficit. These results demonstrate the phenotypic plasticity of J. armillaris plants that grow in two different xeric shrublands.","PeriodicalId":36863,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Biodiversity","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44542606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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