Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00004
{"title":"List of figures","authors":"","doi":"10.7765/9781526127686.00004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127686.00004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130812033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00018
David R. Lawrence
{"title":"Robotic intelligence","authors":"David R. Lawrence","doi":"10.7765/9781526127686.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127686.00018","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114703340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.7765/9781526146472.00024
H. Mertes
{"title":"The donation of embryos for research","authors":"H. Mertes","doi":"10.7765/9781526146472.00024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146472.00024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123700758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00015
G. Selvaggi, Sean Aas
Various types of organ transplantations are now considered standard procedures: heart and liver transplants lengthen lives; kidney transplants also do so, as well as improving quality of life by reducing or eliminating the need for dialysis. The transplantation of faces and limbs, a more novel set of techniques, improves quality of life without necessarily lengthening or ‘saving’ lives. An even more recent development is uterus and penis transplantations, which also do not save or lengthen life, but increase reproductive and sexual function and thereby improve quality of life. This chapter identifies and discusses central ethical issues that are likely to arise in the development of uterus and penis transplantations. These include general issues related to the ethics of surgical research, and specific concerns regarding the rationale of these particular procedures in the context of reproductive and sexual medicine. How should prospective patient-subjects be selected for innovative surgeries? Are these procedures appropriate as treatment for gender dysphoria, or should they be restricted to people whose reproductive and sexual organs have been damaged by illness or accident? Who is most likely to benefit and how are benefit and risks to be judged? What are the alternatives to these transplant surgeries? How should donor organs be sourced? Finally, more broadly, how should we think of these procedures from the perspective of cost-effectiveness – are these expensive, non-life-saving procedures a good use of scarce health resources in light of pressing global needs?
{"title":"New frontiers in surgery","authors":"G. Selvaggi, Sean Aas","doi":"10.7765/9781526127686.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127686.00015","url":null,"abstract":"Various types of organ transplantations are now considered standard procedures: heart and liver transplants lengthen lives; kidney transplants also do so, as well as improving quality of life by reducing or eliminating the need for dialysis. The transplantation of faces and limbs, a more novel set of techniques, improves quality of life without necessarily lengthening or ‘saving’ lives. An even more recent development is uterus and penis transplantations, which also do not save or lengthen life, but increase reproductive and sexual function and thereby improve quality of life. This chapter identifies and discusses central ethical issues that are likely to arise in the development of uterus and penis transplantations. These include general issues related to the ethics of surgical research, and specific concerns regarding the rationale of these particular procedures in the context of reproductive and sexual medicine. How should prospective patient-subjects be selected for innovative surgeries? Are these procedures appropriate as treatment for gender dysphoria, or should they be restricted to people whose reproductive and sexual organs have been damaged by illness or accident? Who is most likely to benefit and how are benefit and risks to be judged? What are the alternatives to these transplant surgeries? How should donor organs be sourced? Finally, more broadly, how should we think of these procedures from the perspective of cost-effectiveness – are these expensive, non-life-saving procedures a good use of scarce health resources in light of pressing global needs?","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116506920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.7765/9781526146472.00023
Andrea Boggio, Cesare P. R. Romano
While international law recognizes a human right to science, the binding normative content of this right needs to be better clarified and specified. To advance our understanding of this understudied right, this chapter offers a theoretical analysis of ways in which the right to science can be realized. The chapter is divided in three sections: the first section discusses the recognition of the right to science under international and regional legal instruments; the second presents a literature review; and the third discusses how judicial and political mobilisation as paths to contribute to our understating of this right and defining its normative content as well as ensuring that states incorporate this right in their policies and respect it.
{"title":"Freedom of research and the right to science","authors":"Andrea Boggio, Cesare P. R. Romano","doi":"10.7765/9781526146472.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526146472.00023","url":null,"abstract":"While international law recognizes a human right to science, the binding normative content of this right needs to be better clarified and specified. To advance our understanding of this understudied right, this chapter offers a theoretical analysis of ways in which the right to science can be realized. The chapter is divided in three sections: the first section discusses the recognition of the right to science under international and regional legal instruments; the second presents a literature review; and the third discusses how judicial and political mobilisation as paths to contribute to our understating of this right and defining its normative content as well as ensuring that states incorporate this right in their policies and respect it.","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126972908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00007
B. Russell
Bertrand Russell once argued that power is to social science what energy is to physics (Russell 1938: 10). While power is one of the most important concepts in the social sciences, it is also one of the most complex and elusive to research. Weber’s analysis of power and authority (1947, 1978) is one of the first social scientific discussions of power, and it influenced the US power debates which developed post-Second World War. In these debates Dahl’s careful analysis stands out for its clarity in providing us with a conceptual vocabulary of power (Dahl 1957, 1968). This includes an agency-based, exercise and decision-making definition of power; conceptualised in terms of powerful actors (A) making subordinates (B) do something that they would not otherwise do. This exercise of power is distinct from resources (that may or may not be exercised) and it provides power-holders with power of specific scope. However, while providing a new set of conceptual tools to analyse power relations, Dahl’s work was subject to sustained critique from Bachrach and Baratz and others, who argued that power is also exercised through structural biases that are not necessarily reducible to overt decision-making (Bachrach and Baratz 1962). Lukes followed this critique with his theorisation of the third dimension of power (Lukes 1974), which concerns the mobilisation of belief and ideology to legitimise power relations of domination. The three-dimensional model was applied in a richly textured empirical study of Appalachian mining communities (Gaventa 1982). Overall, as the threedimensional power debates develop, the focus shifts from actions of the dominating actor A to the counter-intuitive and fascinating phenomenon that subordinate actors B often appear to actively acquiesce or participate in their own domination. In a qualified critique of Lukes, Scott argued that appearances are often deceptive (Scott 1990). The relationship between public and private discourse renders the working of three-dimensional power more complex than any
{"title":"Series editor’s foreword","authors":"B. Russell","doi":"10.7765/9781526127686.00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127686.00007","url":null,"abstract":"Bertrand Russell once argued that power is to social science what energy is to physics (Russell 1938: 10). While power is one of the most important concepts in the social sciences, it is also one of the most complex and elusive to research. Weber’s analysis of power and authority (1947, 1978) is one of the first social scientific discussions of power, and it influenced the US power debates which developed post-Second World War. In these debates Dahl’s careful analysis stands out for its clarity in providing us with a conceptual vocabulary of power (Dahl 1957, 1968). This includes an agency-based, exercise and decision-making definition of power; conceptualised in terms of powerful actors (A) making subordinates (B) do something that they would not otherwise do. This exercise of power is distinct from resources (that may or may not be exercised) and it provides power-holders with power of specific scope. However, while providing a new set of conceptual tools to analyse power relations, Dahl’s work was subject to sustained critique from Bachrach and Baratz and others, who argued that power is also exercised through structural biases that are not necessarily reducible to overt decision-making (Bachrach and Baratz 1962). Lukes followed this critique with his theorisation of the third dimension of power (Lukes 1974), which concerns the mobilisation of belief and ideology to legitimise power relations of domination. The three-dimensional model was applied in a richly textured empirical study of Appalachian mining communities (Gaventa 1982). Overall, as the threedimensional power debates develop, the focus shifts from actions of the dominating actor A to the counter-intuitive and fascinating phenomenon that subordinate actors B often appear to actively acquiesce or participate in their own domination. In a qualified critique of Lukes, Scott argued that appearances are often deceptive (Scott 1990). The relationship between public and private discourse renders the working of three-dimensional power more complex than any","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128755789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-05DOI: 10.7765/9781526127686.00026
G. Corbellini, Elisabetta Sirgiovanni
{"title":"Science, self-control and human freedom","authors":"G. Corbellini, Elisabetta Sirgiovanni","doi":"10.7765/9781526127686.00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7765/9781526127686.00026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":368881,"journal":{"name":"The freedom of scientific research","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116576665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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