Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).04
Nida Javaid, Sana Asghar, Zainab Yasmeen
Among the endocrine malignancies, thyroid cancer is the most commonly occurring and increasing around the globe. Inspite of prognosis, about 5-10% people become victim of differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer is basically uncontrolled division of cells. These rapidly developing cells become toxic for the body of patient once they start travelling from place to another because in such situation the early diagnosis even does not benefit while in case of localized cancer, chances of survival increase. In thyroid cancer, patient becomes aggressive abruptly with developing metastasis. In case of gene mutations, every patient got a different mutated gene from other against which several medicines have been under consideration. This review has been put together to overview the disease, its etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment methods.
{"title":"A Literature Review of The Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer","authors":"Nida Javaid, Sana Asghar, Zainab Yasmeen","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).04","url":null,"abstract":"Among the endocrine malignancies, thyroid cancer is the most commonly occurring and increasing around the globe. Inspite of prognosis, about 5-10% people become victim of differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer is basically uncontrolled division of cells. These rapidly developing cells become toxic for the body of patient once they start travelling from place to another because in such situation the early diagnosis even does not benefit while in case of localized cancer, chances of survival increase. In thyroid cancer, patient becomes aggressive abruptly with developing metastasis. In case of gene mutations, every patient got a different mutated gene from other against which several medicines have been under consideration. This review has been put together to overview the disease, its etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment methods.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"302 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115854390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).01
Syed Faaez Ul Hassan Naqvi, Gul Shehnaz
Rheumatoid arthritis as one of the autoimmune diseases is more prevalent now than ever before. Being more common in women than men, RA has been focused by researchers to invent a therapeutic agent for effective clinical response. Various Diagnostic biomarkers are being used for early diagnosis of RA depending upon their selectivity and specificity. Certain indexes for RA disease activity evaluation are used for assessment of disease on a continuous scale. Disease activity Score combined with laboratory data result and imaging technologies makes the decision of treatment strategies easier than before. Traditionally, TNFi are the most used agents since a decade and first choice of treatment by clinicians, however, combination therapy with DMARD is used in inadequate responders. Despite all the advancements in treatment of RA and proved remission possibility using latest biological agents, studies are needed to ensure quick clinical outcomes and remission probability in larger fraction of people.
{"title":"A Deep Insight on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Indexes (Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28), ESR, CRP, Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Patient Global Health) and Correlation with the Level of Disease Activity","authors":"Syed Faaez Ul Hassan Naqvi, Gul Shehnaz","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).01","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis as one of the autoimmune diseases is more prevalent now than ever before. Being more common in women than men, RA has been focused by researchers to invent a therapeutic agent for effective clinical response. Various Diagnostic biomarkers are being used for early diagnosis of RA depending upon their selectivity and specificity. Certain indexes for RA disease activity evaluation are used for assessment of disease on a continuous scale. Disease activity Score combined with laboratory data result and imaging technologies makes the decision of treatment strategies easier than before. Traditionally, TNFi are the most used agents since a decade and first choice of treatment by clinicians, however, combination therapy with DMARD is used in inadequate responders. Despite all the advancements in treatment of RA and proved remission possibility using latest biological agents, studies are needed to ensure quick clinical outcomes and remission probability in larger fraction of people.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122697702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).05
Syeda Komal Fatima, Ameena Tur Rasool, Ayesha Sabir, G. Shahnaz
COVID-19 has posed a great threat to mankind, there is a dire need to introduce a vaccine to combat this global pandemic. Several vaccines are underway to complete their phase 3 clinical trials. This article highlights events surrounding the ongoing clinical trials of vaccines effective against COVID-19, and different procedures and formalities the vaccine will have to endure to get EUA. Clinical trials are discussed stepwise along with the clinical endpoint desired at the end of these trials. In line with antimicrobial resistance, vaccine resistance has also emerged in this era and needs focused consideration, and the probability of development of resistance in these vaccines is discussed. This article specifically covers the latest research reporting clinical efficacy, safety profile, and adverse events following the administration of doses to patients and concerns regarding the rushed approval of vaccines. Four vaccines have been discussed in detail; BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Sputnik V, ChAdOx1.
{"title":"An Overview on the Ongoing Clinical Trials of COVID-19 Vaccines","authors":"Syeda Komal Fatima, Ameena Tur Rasool, Ayesha Sabir, G. Shahnaz","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).05","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 has posed a great threat to mankind, there is a dire need to introduce a vaccine to combat this global pandemic. Several vaccines are underway to complete their phase 3 clinical trials. This article highlights events surrounding the ongoing clinical trials of vaccines effective against COVID-19, and different procedures and formalities the vaccine will have to endure to get EUA. Clinical trials are discussed stepwise along with the clinical endpoint desired at the end of these trials. In line with antimicrobial resistance, vaccine resistance has also emerged in this era and needs focused consideration, and the probability of development of resistance in these vaccines is discussed. This article specifically covers the latest research reporting clinical efficacy, safety profile, and adverse events following the administration of doses to patients and concerns regarding the rushed approval of vaccines. Four vaccines have been discussed in detail; BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Sputnik V, ChAdOx1.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133648018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).02
Duaa Aslam Chaudhry, Kainat Waqar
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic that is caused by novel SARS-CoV-2 has taken the life of millions of people around the globe and has put a challenge on the whole world for identifying and developing the best possible therapies for preventing and treating this deadly infection. Clinical study and health policy and clinical interventions are required for advancements in the effective and safe treatment and prevention of COVID-19 disease. Many drugs have been tested in clinical trials for their effectiveness and safety against COVID-19. Among them, some have shown promising effects like remdesivir, the only COVID-19 drug approved by FDA till now, dexamethasone, monoclonal antibodies, etc. Biological agents have also been shown to be effective against the virus, such as tocilizumab, convalescent plasma, and interferon. The most effective medical intervention for COVID-19 is a vaccination which is currently in a development phase at a rapid pace. However, two vaccines have been authorized by the FDA and a number of vaccines are in their final clinical phase. This paper will analyze all the current advancements within the treatment against the COVID-19.
{"title":"A Review on the Advancements in COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccines Development","authors":"Duaa Aslam Chaudhry, Kainat Waqar","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).02","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic that is caused by novel SARS-CoV-2 has taken the life of millions of people around the globe and has put a challenge on the whole world for identifying and developing the best possible therapies for preventing and treating this deadly infection. Clinical study and health policy and clinical interventions are required for advancements in the effective and safe treatment and prevention of COVID-19 disease. Many drugs have been tested in clinical trials for their effectiveness and safety against COVID-19. Among them, some have shown promising effects like remdesivir, the only COVID-19 drug approved by FDA till now, dexamethasone, monoclonal antibodies, etc. Biological agents have also been shown to be effective against the virus, such as tocilizumab, convalescent plasma, and interferon. The most effective medical intervention for COVID-19 is a vaccination which is currently in a development phase at a rapid pace. However, two vaccines have been authorized by the FDA and a number of vaccines are in their final clinical phase. This paper will analyze all the current advancements within the treatment against the COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126888062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).03
T. Tariq, Maham Ahsan, M. Rehman, Neelum Wazir, Tanveer Ahmed Khan
Humanity has faced numerous calamities, natural disasters, and even the outbreaks of numerous communicable diseases since the dawn of time, and poliomyelitis is one of these diseases. The first cases of the disease occurred in the 1940s, alerting the health authorities and experts to create a vaccine to improve children's immunity to the virus. Since then, polio workers all across the globe are trying their best to create awareness about the importance of polio vaccination which is especially needed in the tribal areas of Pakistan because the people living there are mostly backward and illiterate who do not vaccinate their children due to safety concerns as well as religious and general misbeliefs about the vaccine. The focus of these campaigns is to make sure that every child in Pakistan and Afghanistan is properly vaccinated to stop the transmission of the virus by the year 2022.
{"title":"A Bird's Eye of the Situation of Poliomyelitis in World: Past, Present and Future Strategies towards Polio Eradication from Pakistan","authors":"T. Tariq, Maham Ahsan, M. Rehman, Neelum Wazir, Tanveer Ahmed Khan","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2020(v-i).03","url":null,"abstract":"Humanity has faced numerous calamities, natural disasters, and even the outbreaks of numerous communicable diseases since the dawn of time, and poliomyelitis is one of these diseases. The first cases of the disease occurred in the 1940s, alerting the health authorities and experts to create a vaccine to improve children's immunity to the virus. Since then, polio workers all across the globe are trying their best to create awareness about the importance of polio vaccination which is especially needed in the tribal areas of Pakistan because the people living there are mostly backward and illiterate who do not vaccinate their children due to safety concerns as well as religious and general misbeliefs about the vaccine. The focus of these campaigns is to make sure that every child in Pakistan and Afghanistan is properly vaccinated to stop the transmission of the virus by the year 2022.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114789209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).01
Ravish Faiz, Khansha Chaudary, Rabia Saeed, Gul Shehnaz
Tuberculosis (TB) is a centuries old disease which is quite prevalent throughout the world caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease kills more people every year than other infectious diseases despite the existence of an effective treatment. This treatment has been available since 1940, which means its existence spans over more than fifty years now. The development of antimicrobial resistance is one of the challenges facing the struggle to stem the tide of this lethal outbreak. The wider range of this disease is linked to few functional factors which include lack of public awareness, patient monitoring and follow-up. The prevalence of great progress and advancement in medical technology and research calls for greater efforts. This review article considers trends prevailing all around the globe in the ailments from a comprehensive perspective.
{"title":"Recent Advances in the Treatment of Tuberculosis Infection","authors":"Ravish Faiz, Khansha Chaudary, Rabia Saeed, Gul Shehnaz","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).01","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a centuries old disease which is quite prevalent throughout the world caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This disease kills more people every year than other infectious diseases despite the existence of an effective treatment. This treatment has been available since 1940, which means its existence spans over more than fifty years now. The development of antimicrobial resistance is one of the challenges facing the struggle to stem the tide of this lethal outbreak. The wider range of this disease is linked to few functional factors which include lack of public awareness, patient monitoring and follow-up. The prevalence of great progress and advancement in medical technology and research calls for greater efforts. This review article considers trends prevailing all around the globe in the ailments from a comprehensive perspective.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"17 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123208882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).02
Aneeqa Hamida, Doua Ilyas, Mahnoor Zahra, Gul Shehnaz
Leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease in the world as declared by WHO. At least 89 countries are affected, risking lives of 350 million people resulting in 70,000 deaths annually. It is spread to human beings and animals by bite of sandflies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. The disease is more prevalent in the poverty-stricken populations. In Pakistan, the most affected province is KPK. Despite its global occurrence, it is not a very life-threatening disease except visceral leishmaniasis in which death can occur in immunocompromised patients. The only satisfactory treatment is through intravenous antimonials. Vaccine is not yet available but environmental control of sandfly can help in prevention of leishmaniasis. There is a dire need of improving the existing conventional therapy but the neglection of the disease has led to lack of financial support for the development of a novel drug.
{"title":"Leishmaniasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease","authors":"Aneeqa Hamida, Doua Ilyas, Mahnoor Zahra, Gul Shehnaz","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2019(iv-i).02","url":null,"abstract":"Leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease in the world as declared by WHO. At least 89 countries are affected, risking lives of 350 million people resulting in 70,000 deaths annually. It is spread to human beings and animals by bite of sandflies of genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. The disease is more prevalent in the poverty-stricken populations. In Pakistan, the most affected province is KPK. Despite its global occurrence, it is not a very life-threatening disease except visceral leishmaniasis in which death can occur in immunocompromised patients. The only satisfactory treatment is through intravenous antimonials. Vaccine is not yet available but environmental control of sandfly can help in prevention of leishmaniasis. There is a dire need of improving the existing conventional therapy but the neglection of the disease has led to lack of financial support for the development of a novel drug.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"26 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122968201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).04
Huma Amjad, Fahim Ahmed, I. Ullah, M. Rehman
Flu is caused by influenza A and B virus leading an acute respiratory illness. This review summarizes advance diagnostic techniques for detecting and confirming influenza virus and treatments involve. RADTS are beneficial tools but with the limited sensitivity. Pandemic confirmation H1N1 influenza A infection done by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) or viral culture. Several approaches are as of now accessible for determination of flu contaminations like serological tests are generally used to identify flu infection in immunizer reactions incorporate hemagglutination restraint test that depends on capacity of HA-explicit antibodies. Rapid molecular assays that produces results in approximately in 15-30minutes by detecting nucleic acids of influenza in upper respiratory tract. For treating influenza antiviral medications are given to patients based on clinical and epidemiological factors. Neuraminidase inhibitor (NI) is the drug of choice. A good way to prevent the disease is to give individuals annual vaccine and another way is to start an early diagnosis and give medications in short time to patients to prevent further spread of disease and reduce complications otherwise.
{"title":"Advancements in Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza virus","authors":"Huma Amjad, Fahim Ahmed, I. Ullah, M. Rehman","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).04","url":null,"abstract":"Flu is caused by influenza A and B virus leading an acute respiratory illness. This review summarizes advance diagnostic techniques for detecting and confirming influenza virus and treatments involve. RADTS are beneficial tools but with the limited sensitivity. Pandemic confirmation H1N1 influenza A infection done by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) or viral culture. Several approaches are as of now accessible for determination of flu contaminations like serological tests are generally used to identify flu infection in immunizer reactions incorporate hemagglutination restraint test that depends on capacity of HA-explicit antibodies. Rapid molecular assays that produces results in approximately in 15-30minutes by detecting nucleic acids of influenza in upper respiratory tract. For treating influenza antiviral medications are given to patients based on clinical and epidemiological factors. Neuraminidase inhibitor (NI) is the drug of choice. A good way to prevent the disease is to give individuals annual vaccine and another way is to start an early diagnosis and give medications in short time to patients to prevent further spread of disease and reduce complications otherwise.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121991736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).01
Nida Rashid, A. Ahmed, Hafsa Shahid, Syeda Komal Fatima, M. Rehman
Blood collection from experimental animals is a common yet crucial procedure that requires immense care and professional experience to ensure propriety and successful trials in the experimental procedure. This article overviews different methods for blood collection, terminal and non-terminal, in different experimental animals, mainly rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Different sites for the collection of blood have been discussed, along with the pros and cons of administering via these sites. Lastly, it is discussed that the site of selection depends on the sample volume required and the purpose of the experimental procedure; these factors are also discussed in detail in this review article.
{"title":"A Study on Different Conventional Techniques to Withdraw Blood from Experimental Animals","authors":"Nida Rashid, A. Ahmed, Hafsa Shahid, Syeda Komal Fatima, M. Rehman","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).01","url":null,"abstract":"Blood collection from experimental animals is a common yet crucial procedure that requires immense care and professional experience to ensure propriety and successful trials in the experimental procedure. This article overviews different methods for blood collection, terminal and non-terminal, in different experimental animals, mainly rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Different sites for the collection of blood have been discussed, along with the pros and cons of administering via these sites. Lastly, it is discussed that the site of selection depends on the sample volume required and the purpose of the experimental procedure; these factors are also discussed in detail in this review article.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122981771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-30DOI: 10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).03
G. Shahnaz, Iqra Rehman, Muhammad Shahzeb Ashraf
The frequency of prostate cancer varies worldwide. Western people are more prone to this disease. Genetic changes and inflammation are the two most common causes of pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma. Genes taking part in progression of prostate cancer including GSTP1, RNASEL, PTEN/MXi1, AR gene pathway including PI3/AKT also leads to prostate cancer. Besides genes, inflammation, elevated VEGF, diet, environmental changes, and alteration in the androgen receptor are predisposing aspect for prostate cancer. The development of science and technology had led to astonishing modifications in treatment strategies. It is a slow-growing tumor and confined to the prostate only. The key objective of treatment is to reduce the level of testosterone. Different approaches are employed for treatment including hormonal therapy, cryosurgery, anti-tumor medication, and receptor-based treatment in which androgen receptors are major targets. The latest treatment of prostate cancer includes nanoparticle targeted delivery of antiandrogens.
{"title":"Prostate Cancer: Review based on Pathogenesis and Advancements in Treatment Strategies of Prostate Cancer","authors":"G. Shahnaz, Iqra Rehman, Muhammad Shahzeb Ashraf","doi":"10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31703/giidr.2018(iii-i).03","url":null,"abstract":"The frequency of prostate cancer varies worldwide. Western people are more prone to this disease. Genetic changes and inflammation are the two most common causes of pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma. Genes taking part in progression of prostate cancer including GSTP1, RNASEL, PTEN/MXi1, AR gene pathway including PI3/AKT also leads to prostate cancer. Besides genes, inflammation, elevated VEGF, diet, environmental changes, and alteration in the androgen receptor are predisposing aspect for prostate cancer. The development of science and technology had led to astonishing modifications in treatment strategies. It is a slow-growing tumor and confined to the prostate only. The key objective of treatment is to reduce the level of testosterone. Different approaches are employed for treatment including hormonal therapy, cryosurgery, anti-tumor medication, and receptor-based treatment in which androgen receptors are major targets. The latest treatment of prostate cancer includes nanoparticle targeted delivery of antiandrogens.","PeriodicalId":369025,"journal":{"name":"Global Immunological & Infectious Diseases Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115387397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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