In recent years, psychoanalysis has received renewed interest across a wide range of humanities disciplines, promising a new take on the problem of materiality and the unconscious in culture. This essay unfolds the history of a footnote to Michel de Certeau’s The Writing of History in which the historian wrote that psychoanalysis teaches us how the body speaks and speech hides. In the following, I attend to the epistemic surroundings in which this notion assumed plausibility and became true. It first emerged in the late nineteenth century discourse around hysteria when silencing the voices of hysterics was considered a necessary condition of the exact recording their bodies’ symptoms. With its transfer to psychoanalysis and its recontextualization in poststructuralist humanities, this notion leaves us with the question, If speech hides, what does it conceal, obscure, suppress, or censor? To address this question, I discuss how the episode at La Salpêtrière and its reverberations can be interpreted as prehistory of poststructuralism.
近年来，精神分析在广泛的人文学科中重新引起了人们的兴趣，有望对文化中的物质性和无意识问题提出新的看法。这篇文章展开了米歇尔·德·塞托(Michel de Certeau)的《历史的书写》(the Writing of history)的一个脚注的历史，这位历史学家在脚注中写道，精神分析告诉我们身体是如何说话的，而语言是如何隐藏的。在下文中，我将关注这一概念获得合理性并成为事实的认识论环境。它最早出现在19世纪晚期关于歇斯底里症的讨论中，当时让歇斯底里症患者的声音沉默被认为是准确记录他们身体症状的必要条件。随着它向精神分析的转移以及后结构主义人文学科的重新语境化，这个概念给我们留下了这样一个问题:如果言语隐藏了，它隐藏、模糊、压抑或审查了什么?为了解决这个问题，我讨论了如何将La Salpêtrière的事件及其反响解释为后结构主义的史前。
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here were times when classical philologists studied the history of classics merely as a pastime. This meant that a certain methodological approach was preferred, which emphasized the continuity of the scholarly tradition from antiquity to the present. This was the argument of two pioneering studies, the three-volumeHistory of Classical Scholarship (1903–8) written by Sir John Edwin Sandys and the still widely read Geschichte der Philologie (1921) by the discipline’s doyen, Ulrich WilamowitzMoellendorff. Another consequence was that the study of the discipline’s history was likened to philological research: both required similar training, attention to historical evidence, and philological scrutiny. This can be observed already in Sandys and Wilamowitz, but it becamemore prevalent in the work of scholars who followed in their footsteps, for example, in the History of Classical Scholarship from 1300 to 1850 (1976) by Rudolf Pfeiffer, which continues to be referenced widely, or in Hugh Lloyd-Jones’s Blood for the Ghosts: Classical Influences in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
有些时候，古典语文学家研究古典史只是一种消遣。这意味着更倾向于采用某种方法论方法，强调学术传统从古代到现在的连续性。这是两项开创性研究的论点，一项是约翰·埃德温·桑迪斯爵士撰写的三卷本《古典学术史》（1903-8），另一项是该学科元老乌尔里希·威拉莫维茨·莫伦多夫撰写的至今仍被广泛阅读的《哲学史》（1921）。另一个后果是，对该学科历史的研究被比作文献学研究：两者都需要类似的训练、对历史证据的关注和文献学的仔细审查。Sandys和Wilamowitz已经观察到了这一点，但在追随他们脚步的学者的工作中，这一点变得更加普遍，例如鲁道夫·菲弗的《1300年至1850年（1976年）的古典学术史》（History of Classical Scholarship from 1300 to 1850），该书继续被广泛引用，或者休·劳埃德·琼斯的《鬼之血：19世纪和20世纪的古典影响》
{"title":"Toward a New History of Classical Scholarship","authors":"Blaž Zabel","doi":"10.1086/721315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721315","url":null,"abstract":"here were times when classical philologists studied the history of classics merely as a pastime. This meant that a certain methodological approach was preferred, which emphasized the continuity of the scholarly tradition from antiquity to the present. This was the argument of two pioneering studies, the three-volumeHistory of Classical Scholarship (1903–8) written by Sir John Edwin Sandys and the still widely read Geschichte der Philologie (1921) by the discipline’s doyen, Ulrich WilamowitzMoellendorff. Another consequence was that the study of the discipline’s history was likened to philological research: both required similar training, attention to historical evidence, and philological scrutiny. This can be observed already in Sandys and Wilamowitz, but it becamemore prevalent in the work of scholars who followed in their footsteps, for example, in the History of Classical Scholarship from 1300 to 1850 (1976) by Rudolf Pfeiffer, which continues to be referenced widely, or in Hugh Lloyd-Jones’s Blood for the Ghosts: Classical Influences in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"305 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44735763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Jed Z. Buchwald and Diane Greco Josefowicz, The Riddle of the Rosetta: How an English Polymath and a French Polyglot Discovered the Meaning of Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020. Pp. 576. US$39.95 (cloth).","authors":"Cecilia Hurley","doi":"10.1086/721318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721318","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47030555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction","authors":"Rens Bod, Julia Kursell, J. Maat, T. Weststeijn","doi":"10.1086/721309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721309","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"193 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45265967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With a case study on the artist Marcel Duchamp and the polymath Henri Poincaré, this essay presents an early example of artistic research. It investigates the transfer of scientific and philosophical questions into an artistic context and argues that this cross-pollination helped pave the way for the emerging humanities field of artistic research: the Swiss artist and researcher Serge Stauffer is both known for translating Duchamp’s work with language into German and for being one of the early proponents of art as research. Further, in a close reading of Duchamp and Poincaré’s writings on chance, the essay follows the shift from a deterministic worldview to one that acknowledges and integrates uncertainty and the forces of chance. Duchamp’s integration of chance processes into his art brings into focus a twofold promise of exactitude: the productive side of his meticulous work and the menacing quality of the determinism he pits his games of chance against.
{"title":"Artistic Research as a Game of Chance: Marcel Duchamp and Henri Poincaré","authors":"Aurea Klarskov","doi":"10.1086/721308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721308","url":null,"abstract":"With a case study on the artist Marcel Duchamp and the polymath Henri Poincaré, this essay presents an early example of artistic research. It investigates the transfer of scientific and philosophical questions into an artistic context and argues that this cross-pollination helped pave the way for the emerging humanities field of artistic research: the Swiss artist and researcher Serge Stauffer is both known for translating Duchamp’s work with language into German and for being one of the early proponents of art as research. Further, in a close reading of Duchamp and Poincaré’s writings on chance, the essay follows the shift from a deterministic worldview to one that acknowledges and integrates uncertainty and the forces of chance. Duchamp’s integration of chance processes into his art brings into focus a twofold promise of exactitude: the productive side of his meticulous work and the menacing quality of the determinism he pits his games of chance against.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"177 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44650851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Timothy Brennan, Places of Mind: A Life of Edward Said. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2021. Pp. 464. US$35.00 (cloth).","authors":"Michiel Leezenberg","doi":"10.1086/721319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721319","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49246947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the time of the publication of Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman’s Time on the Cross in 1974, quantitative history had become an important, yet controversial, trend around the globe. Time on the Cross, an economic history of slavery in the American South, prompted a fierce debate among historians. The issue at stake was the use of quantitative methods and the role of computers in what was called “cliometrics.” Fogel and Engerman claimed that their monograph replaced the uncertainties of traditional, narrative history with hard scientific facts, verified by computers and mathematical techniques. But critics found outright errors in their use and interpretation of the quantitative data and pointed to the danger of dehumanizing the study of history if it is left to a machine. This essay retraces the debate and critically analyzes the promises of exactitude formulated in cliometric discourse in order to ask what lessons can be learned for the challenges digital humanities faces today.
{"title":"Numbers Game or Scientific History? Exactitude and Justice in 1970s Cliometrics and in Digital History Today","authors":"Antonia von Schöning","doi":"10.1086/721305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721305","url":null,"abstract":"By the time of the publication of Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman’s Time on the Cross in 1974, quantitative history had become an important, yet controversial, trend around the globe. Time on the Cross, an economic history of slavery in the American South, prompted a fierce debate among historians. The issue at stake was the use of quantitative methods and the role of computers in what was called “cliometrics.” Fogel and Engerman claimed that their monograph replaced the uncertainties of traditional, narrative history with hard scientific facts, verified by computers and mathematical techniques. But critics found outright errors in their use and interpretation of the quantitative data and pointed to the danger of dehumanizing the study of history if it is left to a machine. This essay retraces the debate and critically analyzes the promises of exactitude formulated in cliometric discourse in order to ask what lessons can be learned for the challenges digital humanities faces today.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"133 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43178400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article traces the combined development of the world religions paradigm and the concept of the “world” to assess their impact on pedagogical approaches to world religions courses in the United States. By examining the way that the world religions paradigm is maintained through teaching materials such as textbooks and syllabi, this article demonstrates that many world religions courses uphold and reinforce imperialist and colonialist constructions of religion. The article sketches out the implications that decolonial approaches to the study of religion could have on world religions courses, while recognizing that decolonization is composed of a constellation of strategies that extend beyond the classroom to the structure of the university itself.
{"title":"Teaching the World(s): Reframing the World Religions Course in American Universities","authors":"Kaitlyn Lindgren-Hansen","doi":"10.1086/721311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721311","url":null,"abstract":"This article traces the combined development of the world religions paradigm and the concept of the “world” to assess their impact on pedagogical approaches to world religions courses in the United States. By examining the way that the world religions paradigm is maintained through teaching materials such as textbooks and syllabi, this article demonstrates that many world religions courses uphold and reinforce imperialist and colonialist constructions of religion. The article sketches out the implications that decolonial approaches to the study of religion could have on world religions courses, while recognizing that decolonization is composed of a constellation of strategies that extend beyond the classroom to the structure of the university itself.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"215 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48985952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How have the evaluative norms and evaluative language of academics developed historically, and how have they varied between disciplines? Meaningful answers to these questions may be obtained from the historical-comparative study of book reviewing, a widely practiced yet historically understudied academic genre. My focus in this article is on book reviews written by American historians and physicists in the American Historical Review, Physical Review, and Science from 1900 until 1940. I show that book reviewers in these journals assessed not only results and methods of authors but also authors themselves. They would praise some authors—especially colleagues—for exhibiting virtues like “carefulness,” “objectivity,” or “thoroughness,” while charging others—especially nonacademics—with vices such as “recklessness,” “dogmatism,” or “exaggeration.” Remarkably, such virtue and vice language was applied not only to the character of authors, but also to their actions and outputs. Indeed, in early twentieth-century book reviews by historians and physicists, epistemic virtues and vices functioned as norms to evaluate both knowledge and character.
{"title":"Evaluating Knowledge, Evaluating Character: Book Reviewing by American Historians and Physicists (1900–1940)","authors":"S. T. Hagen","doi":"10.1086/721313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721313","url":null,"abstract":"How have the evaluative norms and evaluative language of academics developed historically, and how have they varied between disciplines? Meaningful answers to these questions may be obtained from the historical-comparative study of book reviewing, a widely practiced yet historically understudied academic genre. My focus in this article is on book reviews written by American historians and physicists in the American Historical Review, Physical Review, and Science from 1900 until 1940. I show that book reviewers in these journals assessed not only results and methods of authors but also authors themselves. They would praise some authors—especially colleagues—for exhibiting virtues like “carefulness,” “objectivity,” or “thoroughness,” while charging others—especially nonacademics—with vices such as “recklessness,” “dogmatism,” or “exaggeration.” Remarkably, such virtue and vice language was applied not only to the character of authors, but also to their actions and outputs. Indeed, in early twentieth-century book reviews by historians and physicists, epistemic virtues and vices functioned as norms to evaluate both knowledge and character.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"251 - 277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44373279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay aims to propose a cross-cultural rewriting of the history of art history during the decisive years of its emergence and institutionalization that significantly revises existing narratives, going beyond traditional disciplinary and national boundaries in a global context. The focus is on the first international conferences in art history, which are essential instruments of cultural transfer. This should help both to restitute a transnational perspective and to overcome art historical narratives that reinforce only the celebrated names of art historians or artistic schools, expanding their horizon toward an international art historical koine. Dealing with the problematic tension between national and global, historiography reveals itself as the most powerful means of deepening our understanding of today’s global perspective and particularly of the way in which processes of centralization and standardization coexist with an increasing splitting into sectors, which is the result of a multicentric differentiation of national identities.
{"title":"A Transcultural Approach to Art History through the Lens of Its First International Conferences","authors":"Maria Teresa Costa","doi":"10.1086/721312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721312","url":null,"abstract":"This essay aims to propose a cross-cultural rewriting of the history of art history during the decisive years of its emergence and institutionalization that significantly revises existing narratives, going beyond traditional disciplinary and national boundaries in a global context. The focus is on the first international conferences in art history, which are essential instruments of cultural transfer. This should help both to restitute a transnational perspective and to overcome art historical narratives that reinforce only the celebrated names of art historians or artistic schools, expanding their horizon toward an international art historical koine. Dealing with the problematic tension between national and global, historiography reveals itself as the most powerful means of deepening our understanding of today’s global perspective and particularly of the way in which processes of centralization and standardization coexist with an increasing splitting into sectors, which is the result of a multicentric differentiation of national identities.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"235 - 250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48595781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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