he past five or six years have witnessed the publication of numerous historical studies that draw on the method of network analysis. This essay seeks to explain why two books that emphatically reference “networking” in relation to a political entity (“empires” or “republic”) of learning do not use the quantitative and digital methods that have been drawing attention of historians of knowledge of late. Although quantitative network research has been around since the 1970s, the idea of a network in historical analysis received a new impulse due to the rise of the internet:
{"title":"Social Networking in the Republic of Knowledge","authors":"D. Miert","doi":"10.1086/721316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721316","url":null,"abstract":"he past five or six years have witnessed the publication of numerous historical studies that draw on the method of network analysis. This essay seeks to explain why two books that emphatically reference “networking” in relation to a political entity (“empires” or “republic”) of learning do not use the quantitative and digital methods that have been drawing attention of historians of knowledge of late. Although quantitative network research has been around since the 1970s, the idea of a network in historical analysis received a new impulse due to the rise of the internet:","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"313 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44551304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last two decades, environmental humanities has been established as a new research field combining a variety of disciplines. Environmental humanities promises to overcome both disciplinary borders and the divide between nature and culture. However, if we look back into the history of environmental knowledge, forestry academies already by the early nineteenth century turn out to be sites of interdisciplinary interaction on questions of sustainability and the representation of the environment. Artists, scholars, scientists, polymaths, and their respective skill sets were part of these institutions. By analyzing a prevalent mapping method in nineteenth-century European forestry, this essay illustrates how perspectives from the humanities legitimated practices that were meant to conduct sustainable resource management. Forestry scientist Heinrich Cotta set out to achieve a compromise between overall clarity and exactitude in forest maps. Similar thoughts on a well-balanced representation of nature on maps and visualizations can be found in Alexander von Humboldt’s writings and the Romantic discourse on nature paintings. Ultimately, reflections on a both lucid and exact depiction of forests influenced the history of environmental knowledge in the humanities and the sciences.
{"title":"On the Exactly Balanced Use of Nature and Its Representation","authors":"L. Cronjäger","doi":"10.1086/721307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721307","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last two decades, environmental humanities has been established as a new research field combining a variety of disciplines. Environmental humanities promises to overcome both disciplinary borders and the divide between nature and culture. However, if we look back into the history of environmental knowledge, forestry academies already by the early nineteenth century turn out to be sites of interdisciplinary interaction on questions of sustainability and the representation of the environment. Artists, scholars, scientists, polymaths, and their respective skill sets were part of these institutions. By analyzing a prevalent mapping method in nineteenth-century European forestry, this essay illustrates how perspectives from the humanities legitimated practices that were meant to conduct sustainable resource management. Forestry scientist Heinrich Cotta set out to achieve a compromise between overall clarity and exactitude in forest maps. Similar thoughts on a well-balanced representation of nature on maps and visualizations can be found in Alexander von Humboldt’s writings and the Romantic discourse on nature paintings. Ultimately, reflections on a both lucid and exact depiction of forests influenced the history of environmental knowledge in the humanities and the sciences.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"161 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42405881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Conservative government in 1980s Britain made significant cuts to university funding for humanities. This essay examines how responses to these cuts resonated in contemporary television drama set in universities and treats this drama as an important source for interpreting the history of the humanities during the Margaret Thatcher era. The study is embedded in key points of the history of the humanities as disciplines troubled by government policy. It proposes that the points made about both government policy on higher education and the humanities in higher education are multifaceted and nuanced as well as immediate and contemporary, making this form of popular culture an important one for understanding how government actions toward the humanities resonated in popular awareness and how they were received and interpreted. While there was condemnation of government cuts in addition to concomitant defenses of the humanities, drama and its dramatists and producers also identified where exponents of the humanities were weak, sold out, or irrelevant.
{"title":"Humanities and the Politics of Higher Education in 1980s Popular Culture","authors":"Marcus Harmes","doi":"10.1086/721314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/721314","url":null,"abstract":"The Conservative government in 1980s Britain made significant cuts to university funding for humanities. This essay examines how responses to these cuts resonated in contemporary television drama set in universities and treats this drama as an important source for interpreting the history of the humanities during the Margaret Thatcher era. The study is embedded in key points of the history of the humanities as disciplines troubled by government policy. It proposes that the points made about both government policy on higher education and the humanities in higher education are multifaceted and nuanced as well as immediate and contemporary, making this form of popular culture an important one for understanding how government actions toward the humanities resonated in popular awareness and how they were received and interpreted. While there was condemnation of government cuts in addition to concomitant defenses of the humanities, drama and its dramatists and producers also identified where exponents of the humanities were weak, sold out, or irrelevant.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"279 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45944100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Willem B. Drees, What Are the Humanities For? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. Pp. 193. US$32.99 (cloth).","authors":"J. Neem","doi":"10.1086/718547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718547","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43980725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Elizabeth Hill Boone, Descendants of Aztec Pictography: The Cultural Encyclopedias of Sixteenth-Century Mexico. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2020. Pp. 344. US$65.00 (cloth).","authors":"M. Jonker","doi":"10.1086/718542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718542","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42090021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reaches beyond the normal boundaries of the history of humanities disciplines to exemplify how interaction between history and literature—and especially the employment of the former by the latter—has played out in a modern context, that of twentieth- and twenty-first-century Latin American fiction. The analysis focuses on three major uses of historical sources and documents: First, history is used to create a dialogue on important historical figures, such as Simón Bolívar, sometimes presenting a revisionist perspective of them. Second, history is examined from the perspective of memory, in terms of individual and collective trauma. Third, the article shows how novels attempt to fill in the gaps of history using historical facts to portray forgotten figures largely omitted from history. Finally, the article examines magical realist fiction as a variant of historical fiction and concludes with a consideration of the role of historical fiction in Latin America.
{"title":"The Fusion of History and Fiction in Twentieth- and Twenty-First-Century Latin American Narrative","authors":"H. Weldt-Basson","doi":"10.1086/718538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718538","url":null,"abstract":"This article reaches beyond the normal boundaries of the history of humanities disciplines to exemplify how interaction between history and literature—and especially the employment of the former by the latter—has played out in a modern context, that of twentieth- and twenty-first-century Latin American fiction. The analysis focuses on three major uses of historical sources and documents: First, history is used to create a dialogue on important historical figures, such as Simón Bolívar, sometimes presenting a revisionist perspective of them. Second, history is examined from the perspective of memory, in terms of individual and collective trauma. Third, the article shows how novels attempt to fill in the gaps of history using historical facts to portray forgotten figures largely omitted from history. Finally, the article examines magical realist fiction as a variant of historical fiction and concludes with a consideration of the role of historical fiction in Latin America.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"59 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42948618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Astrid Alexander Bakkerus, Rebeca Fernández Rodríguez, Liesbeth Zack, and Otto Zwartjes, eds., Missionary Linguistic Studies from Mesoamerica to Patagonia. Brill’s Studies in Language, Cognition and Culture 22. Leiden: Brill, 2020. Pp. 312. €119.00.","authors":"Toon van Hal","doi":"10.1086/718545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718545","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42193093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article addresses the question of the relationships between history and fictional writings in seventeenth-century Italy through the example of so-called baroque novels. Its goal is twofold: on the one hand, it aims to understand the reasons why contemporary readers might interpret novels as works of history; on the other hand, it intends to show how historical novels helped to convey political information within a wider public sphere. To reach these goals, the article will delve into the Venetian situation of the 1630s and discuss the new fashion of the Italian romans à clef.
{"title":"History, Politics, and Fiction in Seventeenth-Century Italy: The Case of Baroque Novels","authors":"Marco Cavarzere","doi":"10.1086/718537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718537","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses the question of the relationships between history and fictional writings in seventeenth-century Italy through the example of so-called baroque novels. Its goal is twofold: on the one hand, it aims to understand the reasons why contemporary readers might interpret novels as works of history; on the other hand, it intends to show how historical novels helped to convey political information within a wider public sphere. To reach these goals, the article will delve into the Venetian situation of the 1630s and discuss the new fashion of the Italian romans à clef.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"37 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46415623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the seventeenth century, with the sunset of the Renaissance and the rise of early modern thought, new philosophical disciplines emerged from the ashes of the Aristotelian tradition, which had dominated the previous three centuries. Some of these, like ontology, still exist today; others had a short life. An innovative philosophical agenda was imposed: the old system of knowledge was rehashed, and a new encyclopedia of sciences was established. Part of this process was the rise and fall of the discipline of gnostologia. The aim of this essay is to narrate its history.
{"title":"Gnostologia: The Discipline of the Objects of Knowledge in Seventeenth-Century Germany","authors":"Marco Sgarbi","doi":"10.1086/718539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718539","url":null,"abstract":"In the seventeenth century, with the sunset of the Renaissance and the rise of early modern thought, new philosophical disciplines emerged from the ashes of the Aristotelian tradition, which had dominated the previous three centuries. Some of these, like ontology, still exist today; others had a short life. An innovative philosophical agenda was imposed: the old system of knowledge was rehashed, and a new encyclopedia of sciences was established. Part of this process was the rise and fall of the discipline of gnostologia. The aim of this essay is to narrate its history.","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":"7 1","pages":"77 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43939074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Annemie D. G. Leemans, Contextualizing Practical Knowledge in Early Modern Europe. CITCEM Studies in Literature 13. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2020. Pp. 316. €56.10.","authors":"J. Boulboullé","doi":"10.1086/718543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/718543","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36904,"journal":{"name":"History of Humanities","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46322595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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