Author(s): Grehan, John R | Abstract: Biogeographic patterns are reviewed for four widespread Southeast Asia butterfly groups in the superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilio subgenus Achillides Hubner, 1819 (Papilionidae), the birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae tribe Troidini), Genus Polyura Billberg, 1820 (Nymphalidae), and Genus Vanessa Fabricius, 1807 (Nymphalidae). The patterns of allopatry and sympatry are shown to be consistent with the vicariance of widespread ancestors with distributions including parts of Asia and Australasia, followed by secondary range expansion. Aspects of the distributions that are correlated with tectonic structures provide evidence of the age and origin of these butterflies in South-east Asia and Australasia. The transpacific affinities of the Troidini are consistent with a Pacific ancestry linked with former Cretaceous landscapes. The multi-island ranges of many of the butterfly species in Southeast Asia represent examples of metapopulation structure in which groups survive and persist in a region over long periods of time, even where individual islands are ephemeral.
{"title":"Vicariance and ecological dispersal in Papilio subgenus Achillides (Papilionidae) and some other butterflies of Asia and the Southwest Pacific","authors":"J. Grehan","doi":"10.21426/b634044321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/b634044321","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Grehan, John R | Abstract: Biogeographic patterns are reviewed for four widespread Southeast Asia butterfly groups in the superfamily Papilionoidea: Papilio subgenus Achillides Hubner, 1819 (Papilionidae), the birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae tribe Troidini), Genus Polyura Billberg, 1820 (Nymphalidae), and Genus Vanessa Fabricius, 1807 (Nymphalidae). The patterns of allopatry and sympatry are shown to be consistent with the vicariance of widespread ancestors with distributions including parts of Asia and Australasia, followed by secondary range expansion. Aspects of the distributions that are correlated with tectonic structures provide evidence of the age and origin of these butterflies in South-east Asia and Australasia. The transpacific affinities of the Troidini are consistent with a Pacific ancestry linked with former Cretaceous landscapes. The multi-island ranges of many of the butterfly species in Southeast Asia represent examples of metapopulation structure in which groups survive and persist in a region over long periods of time, even where individual islands are ephemeral.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/b634044321","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49097614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Grehan, John; Knyazev, Svyatoslav | Abstract: The distributions of genera and species of Hepialidae in Europe are documented and mapped, along with species distributions extending to eastern Asia. Patterns of species allopatry in Korscheltellus, Pharmacis, and Triodia are consistent with vicariance resulting from late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic tectonics along the Alpine-Mediterranean Mobile Belt. Widespread northern and sympatric distributions are interpreted as the result of range expansion at the end of the Pleistocene. We suggest that the origin of high elevation endemic species of Hepialidae, particularly in the European Alps, is the result of passive tectonic uplift. Pleistocene cooling and glaciation is seen as responsible for extinction of populations in northern Europe, but without discernible impact on divergence. Absence of the northern Eurasian Hepialidae further south is attributed to an original Laurasian ancestral distribution in the Mesozoic. Fossil-calibrated divergence estimates generate minimum clade ages only, and current estimates for some European Hepialidae probably considerably underestimate their phylogenetic age.
{"title":"Potential influence of Mesozoic and Tertiary tectonics on the evolution of European Hepialidae (Lepidoptera)","authors":"J. Grehan, Svyatoslav S. Knyazev","doi":"10.21426/B634143499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B634143499","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Grehan, John; Knyazev, Svyatoslav | Abstract: The distributions of genera and species of Hepialidae in Europe are documented and mapped, along with species distributions extending to eastern Asia. Patterns of species allopatry in Korscheltellus, Pharmacis, and Triodia are consistent with vicariance resulting from late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic tectonics along the Alpine-Mediterranean Mobile Belt. Widespread northern and sympatric distributions are interpreted as the result of range expansion at the end of the Pleistocene. We suggest that the origin of high elevation endemic species of Hepialidae, particularly in the European Alps, is the result of passive tectonic uplift. Pleistocene cooling and glaciation is seen as responsible for extinction of populations in northern Europe, but without discernible impact on divergence. Absence of the northern Eurasian Hepialidae further south is attributed to an original Laurasian ancestral distribution in the Mesozoic. Fossil-calibrated divergence estimates generate minimum clade ages only, and current estimates for some European Hepialidae probably considerably underestimate their phylogenetic age.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B634143499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46048682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Schifani, Enrico; Alicata, Antonio | Abstract: The first data on the presence of the ant Aphaenogaster finzii Muller, 1921 in Italy are presented. Mainly distributed across the Balkans, from Greece to Croatia, A. finzii was discovered in Calabria, in the South-Eastern part of the Italian peninsula. As in the case of many other species of ants and other organisms found in this region, a trans-Ionian dispersal appears to be the most likely explanation of its distribution.
{"title":"Aphaenogaster finzii Müller, 1921, a trans-Ionian species new to Italy (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)","authors":"E. Schifani, Antonio Alicata","doi":"10.21426/B634043636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B634043636","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Schifani, Enrico; Alicata, Antonio | Abstract: The first data on the presence of the ant Aphaenogaster finzii Muller, 1921 in Italy are presented. Mainly distributed across the Balkans, from Greece to Croatia, A. finzii was discovered in Calabria, in the South-Eastern part of the Italian peninsula. As in the case of many other species of ants and other organisms found in this region, a trans-Ionian dispersal appears to be the most likely explanation of its distribution.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B634043636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46904073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Marrone, Federico; Arculeo, Marco; Georgiadis, Christos; Stoch, Fabio | Abstract: In the frame of the activities of the LIFE11 NAT/GR/1014 ForOpenForests, some water bodies occurring in the "Ethnikos Drymos Oitis” (GR2440004) and “Oros Kallidromo” (GR2440006) (Sterea Ellada) were investigated with the aim of providing a first census of the composition and diversity of their crustacean fauna. Overall, the sampling of 15 water bodies (7 of them listed as “Mediterranean temporary ponds” sensu EU “Habitats Directive”) led to the finding of 13 branchiopod, 11 copepod, and 7 ostracod taxa, including 4 species new for mainland Greece, i.e. the copepods Arctodiaptomus alpinus (Imhoff, 1885) and Diaptomus cf. serbicus, and the branchiopods Leptestheria dahalacensis (Ruppel, 1837) and Wlassicsia pannonica Daday, 1904. The comparative analysis of the observed species assemblages and richness suggests that the protection of those ponds identified as “priority habitats” according to the “Habitats Directive” is effective for the specialized and peculiar crustacean biota of these ecosystems, but it is not sufficient in order to preserve efficiently the whole diversity of temporary pond-dwelling crustaceans occurring in the study area. Therefore, the implementation of synergistic conservation measures dedicated to both “priority” and “non-priority” habitats is desirable.
{"title":"On the non-malacostracan crustaceans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda, Copepoda, Ostracoda) from the inland waters of Fthiotida (Greece)","authors":"F. Marrone, M. Arculeo, C. Georgiadis, F. Stoch","doi":"10.21426/b634043868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/b634043868","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Marrone, Federico; Arculeo, Marco; Georgiadis, Christos; Stoch, Fabio | Abstract: In the frame of the activities of the LIFE11 NAT/GR/1014 ForOpenForests, some water bodies occurring in the \"Ethnikos Drymos Oitis” (GR2440004) and “Oros Kallidromo” (GR2440006) (Sterea Ellada) were investigated with the aim of providing a first census of the composition and diversity of their crustacean fauna. Overall, the sampling of 15 water bodies (7 of them listed as “Mediterranean temporary ponds” sensu EU “Habitats Directive”) led to the finding of 13 branchiopod, 11 copepod, and 7 ostracod taxa, including 4 species new for mainland Greece, i.e. the copepods Arctodiaptomus alpinus (Imhoff, 1885) and Diaptomus cf. serbicus, and the branchiopods Leptestheria dahalacensis (Ruppel, 1837) and Wlassicsia pannonica Daday, 1904. The comparative analysis of the observed species assemblages and richness suggests that the protection of those ponds identified as “priority habitats” according to the “Habitats Directive” is effective for the specialized and peculiar crustacean biota of these ecosystems, but it is not sufficient in order to preserve efficiently the whole diversity of temporary pond-dwelling crustaceans occurring in the study area. Therefore, the implementation of synergistic conservation measures dedicated to both “priority” and “non-priority” habitats is desirable.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/b634043868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49217162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Gippoliti, Spartaco; Cotterill, Fenton P.D.; Groves, Colin P.; Zinner, Dietmar | Abstract: Genetic rescue is a measure to mitigate the effects of reduced genetic variation in endangered small, isolated (inbreed) populations by introducing new genetic variation into such populations. This is usually accomplished by translocating individuals from a related population, assumed to belong to the same, often polytypic species, into the endangered population. If, however, the taxonomic classification does not reflect the ‘true’ diversity, genetic rescue can have detrimental effects on the survival of the endangered population (e.g. outbreeding depression). Here we point to problems if erroneous taxonomy informs such translocating strategies. Actions that promote artificial admixture of evolutionary lineages may be ineffective, or they may homogenize existing diversity and biogeographic patterns instead of protecting them. The extreme result is to drive target species and/or cryptic lineages to silent extinction. We single out conspicuous examples to illustrate the negative impacts of actions, which have resulted from artificial interbreeding of evolutionary distinct species or ill-conceived ‘genetic augmentation’. In such cases, translocations negate the overarching objective of biodiversity conservation: embodied in the concept of phylogenetic distinctiveness (PD), the encompassing scientific foundation of biodiversity conservation aims to maximize representation of the evolutionary history at the levels of species and ecosystems. A major underlying problem that we identify is persisting taxonomic inertia maintaining e.g., an overly simplified ungulate taxonomy, which is in most cases equivalent to a certain genomic incompatibility or a dilution of specific adaptations. Translocations and genetic rescue should only be employed, if potentially negative effects of the measures can be ruled out (including wrong taxonomy). Poor taxonomy has been – and indeed remains – at fault.
{"title":"Poor taxonomy and genetic rescue are possible co-agents of silent extinction and biogeographic homogenization among ungulate mammals","authors":"S. Gippoliti, F. Cotterill, C. Groves, D. Zinner","doi":"10.21426/B633039045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B633039045","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Gippoliti, Spartaco; Cotterill, Fenton P.D.; Groves, Colin P.; Zinner, Dietmar | Abstract: Genetic rescue is a measure to mitigate the effects of reduced genetic variation in endangered small, isolated (inbreed) populations by introducing new genetic variation into such populations. This is usually accomplished by translocating individuals from a related population, assumed to belong to the same, often polytypic species, into the endangered population. If, however, the taxonomic classification does not reflect the ‘true’ diversity, genetic rescue can have detrimental effects on the survival of the endangered population (e.g. outbreeding depression). Here we point to problems if erroneous taxonomy informs such translocating strategies. Actions that promote artificial admixture of evolutionary lineages may be ineffective, or they may homogenize existing diversity and biogeographic patterns instead of protecting them. The extreme result is to drive target species and/or cryptic lineages to silent extinction. We single out conspicuous examples to illustrate the negative impacts of actions, which have resulted from artificial interbreeding of evolutionary distinct species or ill-conceived ‘genetic augmentation’. In such cases, translocations negate the overarching objective of biodiversity conservation: embodied in the concept of phylogenetic distinctiveness (PD), the encompassing scientific foundation of biodiversity conservation aims to maximize representation of the evolutionary history at the levels of species and ecosystems. A major underlying problem that we identify is persisting taxonomic inertia maintaining e.g., an overly simplified ungulate taxonomy, which is in most cases equivalent to a certain genomic incompatibility or a dilution of specific adaptations. Translocations and genetic rescue should only be employed, if potentially negative effects of the measures can be ruled out (including wrong taxonomy). Poor taxonomy has been – and indeed remains – at fault.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B633039045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47729938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Zullini, Aldo | Abstract: Most free-living nematodes should have a global distribution if they would follow general tendencies of microbial organisms. Information on free-living nematodes presented in this review demonstrates that this cosmopolitanism is less common than assumed by theory. While very large distribution ranges are observed in a number of nematode species, various examples of endemism are described for isolated units like islands, extreme environments and ancient pre-Quaternary lakes. Endemism is generally rare among microorganisms, but a typical observation for larger organisms. The biogeography of nematodes thus reflects their intermediate position between macro- and microorganisms and future studies on this interesting group may help identifying why the positive relationship between body size and range size observed in large animals shifts to a negative relationship in microbial organisms.
{"title":"Cosmopolitism and endemism in free-living nematodes","authors":"A. Zullini","doi":"10.21426/B633034658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B633034658","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Zullini, Aldo | Abstract: Most free-living nematodes should have a global distribution if they would follow general tendencies of microbial organisms. Information on free-living nematodes presented in this review demonstrates that this cosmopolitanism is less common than assumed by theory. While very large distribution ranges are observed in a number of nematode species, various examples of endemism are described for isolated units like islands, extreme environments and ancient pre-Quaternary lakes. Endemism is generally rare among microorganisms, but a typical observation for larger organisms. The biogeography of nematodes thus reflects their intermediate position between macro- and microorganisms and future studies on this interesting group may help identifying why the positive relationship between body size and range size observed in large animals shifts to a negative relationship in microbial organisms.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B633034658","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42727080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bruno, V. Cottarelli, R. Grasso, L. Latella, S. Zaupa, M. Spena
Author(s): Bruno, Maria Cristina; Cottarelli, Vezio; Grasso, Rosario; Latella, Leonardo; Zaupa, Silvia; Spena, Maria Teresa | Abstract: The epikarst crustacean fauna from four Sicilian caves (Conza, Entella, Molara, and Zubbia del Cavallo caves) and four caves in the Lessinian Massif in the Venetian Prealps (Covolo della Croce, Ponte di Veja, Rovere Mille, Buso della Rana caves) was recently investigated. The two groups of caves differ in their environmental conditions: the Sicilian caves are fossil except one which has an active branch; they are all fed by strongly intermittent and scarce rainfall peaking in the fall. The Lessinian caves are fed by more abundant rainfall, with two yearly peaks (May-June and October-November); two of them are active, one has a temporary stream, one is fossil. The crustacean fauna found in the epikarst drip of each of the studied caves is characterized by interesting endemic harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, and one bathynellacean syncarid, often collected in only one cave. Higher diversity of stygobiotic taxa was recorded for the Lessinian caves (9 species of copepods in the Lessinian, and 6 species of copepods and one bathynellacean in Sicily); most of the taxa collected in Sicily are endemic to one cave. Spatial analysis showed very different distributions over short spatial scales (tens of kilometers) and, within each cave, the distribution also varied over distances of a few meters. Our data correspond with other studies where many epikarst crustaceans showed a distribution with a linear extent of only a few hundred meters: the epikarst fauna is not uniformly distributed but rather divided in “blocks” probably characterized by different environmental conditions and, as a consequence, by different taxocoenoses. The data highlight the epikarst as a source of “hidden” biodiversity, and the importance of management protection plans which include not only the caves, but also the epikarst overlying layer and the water sources that feed it.
作者：布鲁诺、玛丽亚·克里斯蒂娜；科塔雷利，维齐奥；罗萨里奥格拉索；莱奥纳多·拉泰拉；Zaupa，Silvia；Spena，Maria Teresa |摘要：最近对来自西西里四个洞穴（Conza、Entella、Molara和Zubbia del Cavallo洞穴）和威尼斯Prealps的Lessinian Massif四个洞穴的表岩溶甲壳动物群（Covolo della Croce、Ponte di Veja、Rovere Mille和Buso della Rana洞穴）进行了调查。这两组洞穴的环境条件不同：西西里洞穴是化石，只有一个有活动分支；它们都是由强烈的间歇性和稀少的降雨量提供的，降雨量在秋季达到峰值。Lessinian洞穴由更丰富的降雨补给，每年有两次高峰（5月至6月和10月至11月）；其中两个是活动的，一个有一条临时溪流，一个是化石。在所研究的每个洞穴的表岩溶滴水中发现的甲壳类动物群的特征是有趣的地方性叉足类和剑水蚤桡足类，以及一种半深海动物，通常只在一个洞穴中收集。Lessinian洞穴记录了更高的止血类群多样性（Lessinian有9种桡足类，西西里有6种桡足纲和1种半深海动物）；在西西里岛收集的大多数分类群是一个洞穴的特有种。空间分析显示，在短的空间尺度（几十公里）上，分布非常不同，在每个洞穴内，分布也在几米的距离上变化。我们的数据与其他研究一致，在这些研究中，许多表岩溶甲壳类动物显示出只有几百米的线性分布：表岩溶动物群不是均匀分布的，而是被划分为“区块”，其特征可能是不同的环境条件，因此，不同的紫杉科。这些数据强调了表岩溶是“隐藏”生物多样性的来源，以及管理保护计划的重要性，该计划不仅包括洞穴，还包括表岩溶覆盖层和为其提供水源。
{"title":"Epikarstic crustaceans from some Italian caves: endemisms and spatial scales.","authors":"M. Bruno, V. Cottarelli, R. Grasso, L. Latella, S. Zaupa, M. Spena","doi":"10.21426/B633035812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B633035812","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Bruno, Maria Cristina; Cottarelli, Vezio; Grasso, Rosario; Latella, Leonardo; Zaupa, Silvia; Spena, Maria Teresa | Abstract: The epikarst crustacean fauna from four Sicilian caves (Conza, Entella, Molara, and Zubbia del Cavallo caves) and four caves in the Lessinian Massif in the Venetian Prealps (Covolo della Croce, Ponte di Veja, Rovere Mille, Buso della Rana caves) was recently investigated. The two groups of caves differ in their environmental conditions: the Sicilian caves are fossil except one which has an active branch; they are all fed by strongly intermittent and scarce rainfall peaking in the fall. The Lessinian caves are fed by more abundant rainfall, with two yearly peaks (May-June and October-November); two of them are active, one has a temporary stream, one is fossil. The crustacean fauna found in the epikarst drip of each of the studied caves is characterized by interesting endemic harpacticoid and cyclopoid copepods, and one bathynellacean syncarid, often collected in only one cave. Higher diversity of stygobiotic taxa was recorded for the Lessinian caves (9 species of copepods in the Lessinian, and 6 species of copepods and one bathynellacean in Sicily); most of the taxa collected in Sicily are endemic to one cave. Spatial analysis showed very different distributions over short spatial scales (tens of kilometers) and, within each cave, the distribution also varied over distances of a few meters. Our data correspond with other studies where many epikarst crustaceans showed a distribution with a linear extent of only a few hundred meters: the epikarst fauna is not uniformly distributed but rather divided in “blocks” probably characterized by different environmental conditions and, as a consequence, by different taxocoenoses. The data highlight the epikarst as a source of “hidden” biodiversity, and the importance of management protection plans which include not only the caves, but also the epikarst overlying layer and the water sources that feed it.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":"33 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B633035812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44922176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Amori, Giovanni; Castiglia, Riccardo | Abstract: Although there are various checklists of Italian mammals, there is not yet a synthesis of those mammals that are endemic to Italy. Therefore, we provide for the first time a detailed review on Italian mammal endemic species including endemic taxa deserving additional studies. This review is based on the most recent taxonomic revisions obtained using Scopus and Google Scholar databases. We also considered the age of endemic species. Some aspects of mammalian conservation are also provided and discussed.
{"title":"Mammal endemism In Italy: A review","authors":"G. Amori, R. Castiglia","doi":"10.21426/B633035335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B633035335","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Amori, Giovanni; Castiglia, Riccardo | Abstract: Although there are various checklists of Italian mammals, there is not yet a synthesis of those mammals that are endemic to Italy. Therefore, we provide for the first time a detailed review on Italian mammal endemic species including endemic taxa deserving additional studies. This review is based on the most recent taxonomic revisions obtained using Scopus and Google Scholar databases. We also considered the age of endemic species. Some aspects of mammalian conservation are also provided and discussed.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B633035335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47882143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Author(s): Fattorini, Simone | Abstract: Endemism is often misinterpreted as referring to narrow distributions (range restriction). In fact, a taxon is said to be endemic to an area if it lives there and nowhere else. The expression “endemic area” is used to identify the geographical area to which a taxon is native, whereas “area of endemism” indicates an area characterized by the overlapping distributions of two or more taxa. Among the methods used to identify areas of endemism, the optimality criterion seems to be more efficient than Parsimony Analysis of Endemism (PAE), although PAE may be useful to disclose hierarchical relationships among areas of endemism. PAE remains the best explored method and may represent a useful benchmark for testing other approaches. Recently proposed approaches, such as the analysis of nested areas of endemism, networks and neighborjoining, are promising, but need to be more widely tested. All these methods attempt to identify biogeographically homogeneous sets of areas characterized by shared species, without any attempt to evaluate their relative importance for conservation purposes. Analyses based on weighted endemism methods identify areas of endemism according to specie distributional rarity and phylogenetic position, being thus appropriate for conservation purposes. The proportion of endemic species to the total number of species living a given area is the most frequently used measure to rank areas according to their relative endemism. However, proportions obscure differences in raw numbers that can be important in conservation biology. Because the number of (endemic) species tends to increase with area, some authors proposed to model the endemics-area relationship and to consider the areas displaced above the fitting curve (i.e. those having a positive residual) as hotspots. However, the use of residuals may lead to areas being identified as hotspots for almost every size class of richness. Thus, it is important to evaluate the ability of the hotspots recovered by these procedures to really conserve total (endemic) species diversity.
{"title":"Endemism in historical biogeography and conservation biology: concepts and implications","authors":"S. Fattorini","doi":"10.21426/B632136433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B632136433","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Fattorini, Simone | Abstract: Endemism is often misinterpreted as referring to narrow distributions (range restriction). In fact, a taxon is said to be endemic to an area if it lives there and nowhere else. The expression “endemic area” is used to identify the geographical area to which a taxon is native, whereas “area of endemism” indicates an area characterized by the overlapping distributions of two or more taxa. Among the methods used to identify areas of endemism, the optimality criterion seems to be more efficient than Parsimony Analysis of Endemism (PAE), although PAE may be useful to disclose hierarchical relationships among areas of endemism. PAE remains the best explored method and may represent a useful benchmark for testing other approaches. Recently proposed approaches, such as the analysis of nested areas of endemism, networks and neighborjoining, are promising, but need to be more widely tested. All these methods attempt to identify biogeographically homogeneous sets of areas characterized by shared species, without any attempt to evaluate their relative importance for conservation purposes. Analyses based on weighted endemism methods identify areas of endemism according to specie distributional rarity and phylogenetic position, being thus appropriate for conservation purposes. The proportion of endemic species to the total number of species living a given area is the most frequently used measure to rank areas according to their relative endemism. However, proportions obscure differences in raw numbers that can be important in conservation biology. Because the number of (endemic) species tends to increase with area, some authors proposed to model the endemics-area relationship and to consider the areas displaced above the fitting curve (i.e. those having a positive residual) as hotspots. However, the use of residuals may lead to areas being identified as hotspots for almost every size class of richness. Thus, it is important to evaluate the ability of the hotspots recovered by these procedures to really conserve total (endemic) species diversity.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B632136433","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43108212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Faraone, G. Giacalone, D. Canale, S. D’angelo, Giorgio Favaccio, Vincenzo Garozzo, G. Giancontieri, Carmelo Isgrò, R. Melfi, Bruno Morello, F. Navarria, G. Russo, Viviana Tinnirello, A. Torre, D. Torre, Giancarlo Torre, G. Urso, P. Vinci, M. Zizzo, F. Marrone
Author(s): Faraone, Francesco Paolo; Giacalone, Gabriele; Canale, Domenica Emanuela; D'Angelo, Stefania; Favaccio, Giorgio; Garozzo, Vincenzo; Giancontieri, Giacoma Lidia; Isgro, Carmelo; Melfi, Raffaella; Morello, Bruno; Navarria, Federica; Russo, Giuseppe; Tinnirello, Viviana; Torre, Antonio; Torre, Daniele; Torre, Giancarlo; Urso, Giuseppe; Vinci, Pierluigi; Zizzo, Maria Grazia; Marrone, Federico | Abstract: The first record of the red swamp crayfish in Sicily dates back to 2003 and, since then, the species seemed to be confined to a few localities in western Sicily. A small “citizen science” project carried out from November 2016 onwards led to the creation of the “Sicilian Procambarus working group” (SPwg), which aims at monitoring the distribution and impact of the species in Sicily. To date, the SPwg found the red swamp crayfish in five new sites on the island, thus doubling the number of local sites of occurrence. The new Procambarus clarkii sites lie in different river basins, some of them located several hundred kilometres from the invaded areas known to date, suggesting the existence of multiple independent releases of the species in the wild. The need of better informing the local population on the risks exerted by invasive species on biological diversity, and of carefully monitoring the impact of P. clarkii on the Sicilian inland water biota is briefly stressed.
{"title":"Tracking the invasion of the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Decapoda Cambaridae) in Sicily: a “citizen science” approach","authors":"F. Faraone, G. Giacalone, D. Canale, S. D’angelo, Giorgio Favaccio, Vincenzo Garozzo, G. Giancontieri, Carmelo Isgrò, R. Melfi, Bruno Morello, F. Navarria, G. Russo, Viviana Tinnirello, A. Torre, D. Torre, Giancarlo Torre, G. Urso, P. Vinci, M. Zizzo, F. Marrone","doi":"10.21426/B632135512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21426/B632135512","url":null,"abstract":"Author(s): Faraone, Francesco Paolo; Giacalone, Gabriele; Canale, Domenica Emanuela; D'Angelo, Stefania; Favaccio, Giorgio; Garozzo, Vincenzo; Giancontieri, Giacoma Lidia; Isgro, Carmelo; Melfi, Raffaella; Morello, Bruno; Navarria, Federica; Russo, Giuseppe; Tinnirello, Viviana; Torre, Antonio; Torre, Daniele; Torre, Giancarlo; Urso, Giuseppe; Vinci, Pierluigi; Zizzo, Maria Grazia; Marrone, Federico | Abstract: The first record of the red swamp crayfish in Sicily dates back to 2003 and, since then, the species seemed to be confined to a few localities in western Sicily. A small “citizen science” project carried out from November 2016 onwards led to the creation of the “Sicilian Procambarus working group” (SPwg), which aims at monitoring the distribution and impact of the species in Sicily. To date, the SPwg found the red swamp crayfish in five new sites on the island, thus doubling the number of local sites of occurrence. The new Procambarus clarkii sites lie in different river basins, some of them located several hundred kilometres from the invaded areas known to date, suggesting the existence of multiple independent releases of the species in the wild. The need of better informing the local population on the risks exerted by invasive species on biological diversity, and of carefully monitoring the impact of P. clarkii on the Sicilian inland water biota is briefly stressed.","PeriodicalId":37001,"journal":{"name":"Biogeographia","volume":"32 1","pages":"25-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21426/B632135512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46280452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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