Based on the mathematical definition of Doppler change rate, a single base Doppler ranging formula based on Doppler shift measurement has been obtained by differential processing. In this paper, the single base Doppler ranging equation is deduced again based on the double base path difference ranging equation and the interchangeable relationship between frequency shift and path difference.
{"title":"Doppler Ranging Solution Derived Based on the Relationship between Frequency Shift and Path Difference","authors":"Tao Yu","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1026","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the mathematical definition of Doppler change rate, a single base Doppler ranging formula based on Doppler shift measurement has been obtained by differential processing. In this paper, the single base Doppler ranging equation is deduced again based on the double base path difference ranging equation and the interchangeable relationship between frequency shift and path difference.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133324133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment process that makes use of a non-ionizing light source targeted at specific section of cells (a tumor) in order to induce apoptosis, and eventually, the death of cells in such area. This is achieved using specific light sensitive photosensitizing (PS) agents (in the case of this research Metvix-Methyl Aminolevulinate (MAL)) used to saturate the treatment area for a recorded time period before irradiating with non-ionizing light source. This research was designed to observe the time and frequency domains as the PS signal decays during the PDT process. During the process, the PS agent degenerates and becomes less and less interactive with the light source. Using the Hop/drop/spin nomenclature, the source of the incident photon is simulated using A Gaussian White Noise (AGWN) on Simulink and the incident signal is allowed to attenuate through the target area while the time and frequency domain of the photosensitizer MAL is recorded as it decays. It is observed that the amplitude of the absorption coefficient of the PS agent dropped to almost 0 during a short sample time while the normalized frequency decays with a highly damped and irregular oscillatory pattern. The improvement in attenuation due to the presence of the PS agent degenerates sharply during the initial state of the treatment in order to ensure that the generation of singlet oxygen terminates just after treatment time.
{"title":"Simulation of Time and Frequency Domain of Photosensitizers Effect During Light Transport through Tissue as Applied to Photodynamic Therapy using a Steady State Monte Carlo Method with Simulink","authors":"Wejeyan N Felix","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1025","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment process that makes use of a non-ionizing light source targeted at specific section of cells (a tumor) in order to induce apoptosis, and eventually, the death of cells in such area. This is achieved using specific light sensitive photosensitizing (PS) agents (in the case of this research Metvix-Methyl Aminolevulinate (MAL)) used to saturate the treatment area for a recorded time period before irradiating with non-ionizing light source. This research was designed to observe the time and frequency domains as the PS signal decays during the PDT process. During the process, the PS agent degenerates and becomes less and less interactive with the light source. Using the Hop/drop/spin nomenclature, the source of the incident photon is simulated using A Gaussian White Noise (AGWN) on Simulink and the incident signal is allowed to attenuate through the target area while the time and frequency domain of the photosensitizer MAL is recorded as it decays. It is observed that the amplitude of the absorption coefficient of the PS agent dropped to almost 0 during a short sample time while the normalized frequency decays with a highly damped and irregular oscillatory pattern. The improvement in attenuation due to the presence of the PS agent degenerates sharply during the initial state of the treatment in order to ensure that the generation of singlet oxygen terminates just after treatment time.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132836591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A gimbal system is a mechanical apparatus that offers multiple degrees of freedom motions. Conventional gimbal motions are roll, pitch, and yaw (3 axes) or pan tilt motions (2 axes) in angles. In applications, these gimbal systems, in conjunction with cameras and other sensors, are used in footage recording for airplanes, helicopters, and UAVs (unmanned air vehicles) or as a handheld device for pictures. These applications are aligned with image tracking, surveillance, or even target tracking and engagement in more industry or military aspects.
{"title":"Toward the Light-weighted, Attachable, and Automated Control-enabled Gimbal Design for a Personal Weapon","authors":"Bruce W Jo","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1023","url":null,"abstract":"A gimbal system is a mechanical apparatus that offers multiple degrees of freedom motions. Conventional gimbal motions are roll, pitch, and yaw (3 axes) or pan tilt motions (2 axes) in angles. In applications, these gimbal systems, in conjunction with cameras and other sensors, are used in footage recording for airplanes, helicopters, and UAVs (unmanned air vehicles) or as a handheld device for pictures. These applications are aligned with image tracking, surveillance, or even target tracking and engagement in more industry or military aspects.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"1640 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132223828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Construction Safety and Phase Planning (CSPP) is a crucial document to have an impact on normal airport operations for any airport construction project. The basic intent of every CSPP is to minimize risk and to ensure that airport operations are not hindered at the time of construction activities taking place on the site. It is important to have such documents readily planned and prepared before initiating any construction activity at the airport. However, the requirements for such documents vary significantly around the world. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) helps to create a mutual understanding of aviation policy, framework, and guidance. There is a lack of data identifying the differences between ICAO and CSPP. This can be challenging in terms of participating in the overseas market for consultancies and engineering firms for the very first time. Eventually, to perform the best practice for CSPP development, a lot of practicing firms find it arduous as there is little data available on understanding the best practice. This paper provides data that discusses and questions the possibility of best practices for CSPP development within the current industry and is further bolstered by case studies, surveys, and other empirical research found in project management research. The paper also confers the key differences present in the current practicing CSPP developments and the requirements published in ICAO states.
{"title":"Assessing Good Practices in Construction Safety and Phasing Plans","authors":"K. Korkmaz","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1024","url":null,"abstract":"Construction Safety and Phase Planning (CSPP) is a crucial document to have an impact on normal airport operations for any airport construction project. The basic intent of every CSPP is to minimize risk and to ensure that airport operations are not hindered at the time of construction activities taking place on the site. It is important to have such documents readily planned and prepared before initiating any construction activity at the airport. However, the requirements for such documents vary significantly around the world. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) helps to create a mutual understanding of aviation policy, framework, and guidance. There is a lack of data identifying the differences between ICAO and CSPP. This can be challenging in terms of participating in the overseas market for consultancies and engineering firms for the very first time. Eventually, to perform the best practice for CSPP development, a lot of practicing firms find it arduous as there is little data available on understanding the best practice. This paper provides data that discusses and questions the possibility of best practices for CSPP development within the current industry and is further bolstered by case studies, surveys, and other empirical research found in project management research. The paper also confers the key differences present in the current practicing CSPP developments and the requirements published in ICAO states.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128879851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microplastics are ubiquitous in marine environments as they are found in surface waters, across the water column and in deep-sea sediments. Microplastics could adversely affect marine biota on a cellular level by stretching lipid membranes thereby shortening the lifespan of the organism. The ingestion of microplastics has been reported among larger animals with the risk of neurotoxicity and genotoxicity. In this paper, the likely mechanisms determining distribution and abundance of microplastics in ocean waters and deep-sea sediments have been reviewed. While deep-sea sediment cores reveal high microplastic concentration in ocean trenches and submarine canyons, limited data is available on the abundance of microplastics especially in the Gulf of Guinea. The need for monitoring microplastic concentration and more importantly preventing further transport from land sources is expedient.
{"title":"The Presence of Microplastics in Ocean Waters and Deep Marine Sediments: Implications for the Gulf of Guinea","authors":"O. Olamigoke","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1022","url":null,"abstract":"Microplastics are ubiquitous in marine environments as they are found in surface waters, across the water column and in deep-sea sediments. Microplastics could adversely affect marine biota on a cellular level by stretching lipid membranes thereby shortening the lifespan of the organism. The ingestion of microplastics has been reported among larger animals with the risk of neurotoxicity and genotoxicity. In this paper, the likely mechanisms determining distribution and abundance of microplastics in ocean waters and deep-sea sediments have been reviewed. While deep-sea sediment cores reveal high microplastic concentration in ocean trenches and submarine canyons, limited data is available on the abundance of microplastics especially in the Gulf of Guinea. The need for monitoring microplastic concentration and more importantly preventing further transport from land sources is expedient.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121169120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To conduct feasible unlicensed communications in the television band, radio equipment must first identify transmission possibilities, or the proportion of the permitted spectrum for broadcasting services that is vacant at a given time in a particular location, which is referred to as Television White Space (TVWS). A drive test was conducted to determine the signal strength of three cell towers in three distinct areas of Lagos state (rural, suburban, and urban). The signal power parameters were measured in rural, urban, and suburban parts of Lagos in order to provide empirical values for the parameters that unlicensed radio devices can utilize to distinguish between vacant and occupied television channels in a real-world scenario. This research presents the results of field measurements in the UHF television band (470-860 MHz) conducted in Lagos. This work investigated and compared several propagation models (COST 231 model, Egli model, Okumura-Hata model, and Plain Earth model). The Standard Deviation Error (SDE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Error (ME) analysis showed that the COST-231 Hata model is the optimal model for calculating path loss based on path loss exponents. This discovery led to the development of an improved model, the Oressuff TV model, which uses COST-231 Hata parameters to predict path loss in the 470–870 MHz spectrum for rural, urban, and suburban locations. From the result of Root Mean Square Error analysis, the proposed model predicted path loss in rural, urban, and suburban stations with low RMSE of 3.06dB, 3.08dB, and 1.19dB respectively. These figures indicate that the model optimization was successful, and that the Oressuff TV proposed model can estimate the path loss incurred by television signals with greater precision. Telecommunications firms may improve their service by utilizing the proposed model.
{"title":"Empirical Pathloss Model Analysis of Television White Space in Lagos, Western Nigeria","authors":"Yussuff Abayomi IO","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1021","url":null,"abstract":"To conduct feasible unlicensed communications in the television band, radio equipment must first identify transmission possibilities, or the proportion of the permitted spectrum for broadcasting services that is vacant at a given time in a particular location, which is referred to as Television White Space (TVWS). A drive test was conducted to determine the signal strength of three cell towers in three distinct areas of Lagos state (rural, suburban, and urban). The signal power parameters were measured in rural, urban, and suburban parts of Lagos in order to provide empirical values for the parameters that unlicensed radio devices can utilize to distinguish between vacant and occupied television channels in a real-world scenario. This research presents the results of field measurements in the UHF television band (470-860 MHz) conducted in Lagos. This work investigated and compared several propagation models (COST 231 model, Egli model, Okumura-Hata model, and Plain Earth model). The Standard Deviation Error (SDE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Error (ME) analysis showed that the COST-231 Hata model is the optimal model for calculating path loss based on path loss exponents. This discovery led to the development of an improved model, the Oressuff TV model, which uses COST-231 Hata parameters to predict path loss in the 470–870 MHz spectrum for rural, urban, and suburban locations. From the result of Root Mean Square Error analysis, the proposed model predicted path loss in rural, urban, and suburban stations with low RMSE of 3.06dB, 3.08dB, and 1.19dB respectively. These figures indicate that the model optimization was successful, and that the Oressuff TV proposed model can estimate the path loss incurred by television signals with greater precision. Telecommunications firms may improve their service by utilizing the proposed model.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117096136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
bstract There is compelling evidence that the poles have shifted in the past, but this idea is dismissed as impossible by the scientific community on the assumption that the stabilizing effect of the equatorial bulge is so great that no conceivable force could make the Earth shifting on its axis, except for the collision with a planet-size body. In theory, however, a wide shift of the poles could be obtained simply by reshaping the equatorial bulge, a ring of matter that from about 15km at the equator decreases down to zero at the poles. At least 20% of this matter is made by water, which covers 2/3d of the whole Earth. A well-known physical law assures that free liquid surfaces create instability, thus Earth is an inherently unstable planet. Every displacement of water provokes a wobbling of the axis of rotation. An ocean wide tide or tsunami of hundreds of meters would displace the axis of some degrees, therefore the polar icecaps would rotate off-center developing a toppling torque. The shift would increasingly grow to the point of provoking the sudden rebound of the Earth’s mantle and in the end a reshaping of the equatorial bulge around a different axis of rotation. We can imagine more than one reason that in theory could provoke a tide of the required magnitude, but the most probable culprit should be the impact of a large asteroid. The analysis of the behaviour of a gyroscope subject to a disturbing torque provides a clear explanation of why and how the impulsive torque produced by the impact of an asteroid could trigger a process which in the end results in a shift of the poles.
{"title":"Earth an Unstable Planet Why and How the Poles can Shift","authors":"F. Barbiero","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1019","url":null,"abstract":"bstract There is compelling evidence that the poles have shifted in the past, but this idea is dismissed as impossible by the scientific community on the assumption that the stabilizing effect of the equatorial bulge is so great that no conceivable force could make the Earth shifting on its axis, except for the collision with a planet-size body. In theory, however, a wide shift of the poles could be obtained simply by reshaping the equatorial bulge, a ring of matter that from about 15km at the equator decreases down to zero at the poles. At least 20% of this matter is made by water, which covers 2/3d of the whole Earth. A well-known physical law assures that free liquid surfaces create instability, thus Earth is an inherently unstable planet. Every displacement of water provokes a wobbling of the axis of rotation. An ocean wide tide or tsunami of hundreds of meters would displace the axis of some degrees, therefore the polar icecaps would rotate off-center developing a toppling torque. The shift would increasingly grow to the point of provoking the sudden rebound of the Earth’s mantle and in the end a reshaping of the equatorial bulge around a different axis of rotation. We can imagine more than one reason that in theory could provoke a tide of the required magnitude, but the most probable culprit should be the impact of a large asteroid. The analysis of the behaviour of a gyroscope subject to a disturbing torque provides a clear explanation of why and how the impulsive torque produced by the impact of an asteroid could trigger a process which in the end results in a shift of the poles.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121121947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, the need to transition away from our reliance on fossil fuels is growing increasingly urgent. Although the expansion of renewable energy and nuclear fusion & fission will likely be keys to achieving this goal, this rollout isn’t happening fast enough to avoid catastrophic damages to societies and natural ecosystems in the near future. The use of the latest engineered nanomaterials in nuclear energy systems has opened doors for improving the performance and safety of nuclear power. Nuclear Nano Technology (NNT) deals with the use of the engineered nanomaterials & nano fluids for future nuclear energy applications. This literature review summarizes the recent and ongoing research in labs around the world on Nuclear Nano-Technology development, focusing on the use of nanomaterials in area of the phase change materials for enhancing their thermal conductivity and efficiency, nuclear fuel manufacturing, and their capacity for the improvement of the safety and performance of the future generation nuclear reactors, cladding for increasing safety and fuel burnup, structural material in nuclear reactors structures and reduce radiation effects.
{"title":"Review on Nanotechnology Applications in Nuclear Energy","authors":"Seyed Kamal Mousavi Balgehshiri","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1018","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the need to transition away from our reliance on fossil fuels is growing increasingly urgent. Although the expansion of renewable energy and nuclear fusion & fission will likely be keys to achieving this goal, this rollout isn’t happening fast enough to avoid catastrophic damages to societies and natural ecosystems in the near future. The use of the latest engineered nanomaterials in nuclear energy systems has opened doors for improving the performance and safety of nuclear power. Nuclear Nano Technology (NNT) deals with the use of the engineered nanomaterials & nano fluids for future nuclear energy applications. This literature review summarizes the recent and ongoing research in labs around the world on Nuclear Nano-Technology development, focusing on the use of nanomaterials in area of the phase change materials for enhancing their thermal conductivity and efficiency, nuclear fuel manufacturing, and their capacity for the improvement of the safety and performance of the future generation nuclear reactors, cladding for increasing safety and fuel burnup, structural material in nuclear reactors structures and reduce radiation effects.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122775272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper demonstrates how computationally prediction can be done on inhaled ultrafine aerosol particles that are transported, disseminated, and deposited in the respiratory tracts of laboratory mice. Poyldisperse ultrafine particles (UFP) range between 1 nm and 100 nm in diameter. Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD), a probabilistic computational simulation software was used to mimic in-vitro experimental conditions. In this work, the physical, mechanical and electrical properties of the UFPs were used as input parameters in MPPD. Additionally, pulmonary physiologic and morphometry input variables for BALB/c mice strain were applied to the simulation. Finally, the UFP deposition results of the computational simulation study were compared with in-vitro UFP deposition trends published in scholarly journals, and fitting agreements were found. Mutually both in-silico (computational modeling) and in-vitro studies complemented each other in determining the UFP toxicity burdens in fetal mice.
{"title":"Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry Modeling Employability to Complement in-vitro Ultrafine Particle Toxicity Study","authors":"M. Ali","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1017","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates how computationally prediction can be done on inhaled ultrafine aerosol particles that are transported, disseminated, and deposited in the respiratory tracts of laboratory mice. Poyldisperse ultrafine particles (UFP) range between 1 nm and 100 nm in diameter. Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD), a probabilistic computational simulation software was used to mimic in-vitro experimental conditions. In this work, the physical, mechanical and electrical properties of the UFPs were used as input parameters in MPPD. Additionally, pulmonary physiologic and morphometry input variables for BALB/c mice strain were applied to the simulation. Finally, the UFP deposition results of the computational simulation study were compared with in-vitro UFP deposition trends published in scholarly journals, and fitting agreements were found. Mutually both in-silico (computational modeling) and in-vitro studies complemented each other in determining the UFP toxicity burdens in fetal mice.","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114958483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One environmental issue regulated by the FAA is the noise created by aircraft. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Title 14 Part 36 deals specifically with sound pressure levels (SPL) according to aircraft type when the aircraft are in close proximity to the ground. Minimizing aircraft noise helps to maintain positive relationships between the aviation community and the general public. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are a very rapidly growing segment of the aviation industry within the National Airspace System (NAS); however, there is currently no regulation for UAS SPL. The UAS are regulated, as of August 29, 2016, such that they are mandated to be in close proximity to the ground (no higher than 400 ft). As with manned aircraft, UAS produce high levels of SPL, much of which is due to the rotors. The combination of close proximity to the ground, high SPL, and increasing UAS density will most certainly result in a negative public reaction. In order to minimize the audible impact of UAS, the author seeks to minimize the SPL of small UAS propellers/rotors via experimental rotor modifications. These modifications were inspired by the characteristics found on the flight feathers of certain owls. The modifications were evaluated individually and optimized on two-bladed rotors on thrust stands. The most recent phase of the project collected SPL data from a DJI Phantom 4 Pro+ UAS in flight with standard and low noise
{"title":"Sound Pressure Level Measurements with Standard and Low Noise Propellers on a Phantom 4 Pro+","authors":"Mark N Callender","doi":"10.54026/ctes/1015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1015","url":null,"abstract":"One environmental issue regulated by the FAA is the noise created by aircraft. Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) Title 14 Part 36 deals specifically with sound pressure levels (SPL) according to aircraft type when the aircraft are in close proximity to the ground. Minimizing aircraft noise helps to maintain positive relationships between the aviation community and the general public. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are a very rapidly growing segment of the aviation industry within the National Airspace System (NAS); however, there is currently no regulation for UAS SPL. The UAS are regulated, as of August 29, 2016, such that they are mandated to be in close proximity to the ground (no higher than 400 ft). As with manned aircraft, UAS produce high levels of SPL, much of which is due to the rotors. The combination of close proximity to the ground, high SPL, and increasing UAS density will most certainly result in a negative public reaction. In order to minimize the audible impact of UAS, the author seeks to minimize the SPL of small UAS propellers/rotors via experimental rotor modifications. These modifications were inspired by the characteristics found on the flight feathers of certain owls. The modifications were evaluated individually and optimized on two-bladed rotors on thrust stands. The most recent phase of the project collected SPL data from a DJI Phantom 4 Pro+ UAS in flight with standard and low noise","PeriodicalId":371070,"journal":{"name":"Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124195262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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