This paper examines the implicit health insurance that households receive from the ability to declare bankruptcy. Exploiting multiple sources of variation in asset exemption law, I show that uninsured households with a greater financial cost of bankruptcy make higher out-of-pocket medical payments, conditional on the amount of care received. In turn, I find that households with greater wealth at risk are more likely to hold health insurance. The implicit insurance from bankruptcy distorts the insurance coverage decision. Using a microsimulation model, I calculate that the optimal Pigovian penalties are three-quarters as large as the average penalties under the Affordable Care Act.
本文考察了家庭从破产宣告能力中获得的隐性健康保险。利用资产豁免法的多种变化来源，我表明，破产财务成本更高的无保险家庭的自付医疗费用更高，这取决于所接受的护理金额。反过来，我发现面临风险的财富越大的家庭更有可能持有医疗保险。破产的隐性保险扭曲了保险范围的决定。通过微观模拟模型，我计算出最优的庇古罚金是《平价医疗法案》(Affordable Care Act)下平均罚金的四分之三。
{"title":"Bankruptcy as Implicit Health Insurance","authors":"Neale Mahoney","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2329327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2329327","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the implicit health insurance that households receive from the ability to declare bankruptcy. Exploiting multiple sources of variation in asset exemption law, I show that uninsured households with a greater financial cost of bankruptcy make higher out-of-pocket medical payments, conditional on the amount of care received. In turn, I find that households with greater wealth at risk are more likely to hold health insurance. The implicit insurance from bankruptcy distorts the insurance coverage decision. Using a microsimulation model, I calculate that the optimal Pigovian penalties are three-quarters as large as the average penalties under the Affordable Care Act.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134555786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marketing strategies are changing fast in the global marketplace as the competition is increasingly growing since the beginning of this century. Multinational companies believe that customer is not just a buying entity but a powerful business partner. In this growing competitive spree multinational companies are exploring remote markets to position global brands. The paper examines the new concepts put forth by contemporary research studies on emerging marketing strategies and their effects on consumer behavior. Global shifts in consumer strategies in reference to quality of relations, competitive leadership and shopping behavior of consumers in the emerging markets are critically analyzed and future directions for research in changing business environment are proposed. The paper is not based on empirical data and does not use econometric or statistical methods to validate the new strategies and theories. This is a new field of research and the paper is the first step in formulating a valid hypothesis. New strategies and perspective can be used to establish a new ethical and behavioral equilibrium between corporations and customers. The paper uses the reported changes in marketing perspective and strategy to establish a theoretical base for the new marketing theories.
{"title":"Globalization and Marketing Competition Strategy: A Conceptual Analysis of Consumer Behaviour","authors":"S. Kontsas, T. Lazarides","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2030817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2030817","url":null,"abstract":"Marketing strategies are changing fast in the global marketplace as the competition is increasingly growing since the beginning of this century. Multinational companies believe that customer is not just a buying entity but a powerful business partner. In this growing competitive spree multinational companies are exploring remote markets to position global brands. The paper examines the new concepts put forth by contemporary research studies on emerging marketing strategies and their effects on consumer behavior. Global shifts in consumer strategies in reference to quality of relations, competitive leadership and shopping behavior of consumers in the emerging markets are critically analyzed and future directions for research in changing business environment are proposed. The paper is not based on empirical data and does not use econometric or statistical methods to validate the new strategies and theories. This is a new field of research and the paper is the first step in formulating a valid hypothesis. New strategies and perspective can be used to establish a new ethical and behavioral equilibrium between corporations and customers. The paper uses the reported changes in marketing perspective and strategy to establish a theoretical base for the new marketing theories.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"37 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120821915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gambling behavior can serve as an informative indicator of important household heterogeneity that is difficult to observe directly in data. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first comprehensive study of the consumption and personal finance of gamblers using a nationwide representative household survey. We find that consumers are more likely to gamble when income is higher than its normal level predicted by observable characteristics, and that nongambling expenditures tend to increase with gambling activities. In addition, gamblers are more likely to concurrently have various types of debt and assets, assuming a more active position on household balance sheets. However, gamblers do not necessarily have a higher net worth than comparable nongamblers. Gamblers also tend to engage in health-wise risky behaviors, such as smoking and heavy drinking, while paying out-of-pocket on life and health insurance. We present extensive evidence that such behavior differences observed in the data are not primarily due to different degrees of careless reporting to the survey. Rather, we argue that our findings are consistent with the notion that certain consumers, namely, the active participants in personal finance markets, take on gambling as a form of entertainment.
{"title":"Gamblers as Personal Finance Activists","authors":"Geng Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2054769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2054769","url":null,"abstract":"Gambling behavior can serve as an informative indicator of important household heterogeneity that is difficult to observe directly in data. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first comprehensive study of the consumption and personal finance of gamblers using a nationwide representative household survey. We find that consumers are more likely to gamble when income is higher than its normal level predicted by observable characteristics, and that nongambling expenditures tend to increase with gambling activities. In addition, gamblers are more likely to concurrently have various types of debt and assets, assuming a more active position on household balance sheets. However, gamblers do not necessarily have a higher net worth than comparable nongamblers. Gamblers also tend to engage in health-wise risky behaviors, such as smoking and heavy drinking, while paying out-of-pocket on life and health insurance. We present extensive evidence that such behavior differences observed in the data are not primarily due to different degrees of careless reporting to the survey. Rather, we argue that our findings are consistent with the notion that certain consumers, namely, the active participants in personal finance markets, take on gambling as a form of entertainment.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123560739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the recent research on the determinants of the educational attainment among the children of immigrants (the 2nd generation) in Canada and the United States. The focus is on the gap in educational attainment between the 2nd and 3rd-and-higher generations (the children of domestic born parents), as well as the intergenerational transmission of education between immigrants and their children. On average, the children of immigrants have educational levels significantly above their counterparts with domestic born parents in Canada. In the U.S., educational levels are roughly the same between these two groups. In both countries, conditional on the educational attainment of the parents and location of residence, the children of immigrants outperform the 3rd-and-higher generation in educational attainment. Parental education and urban location are major determinants of the gap in educational attainment between the children of immigrants and those of Canadian or American born parents. However, even after accounting for these and other demographic background variables, much of the positive gap between the 2nd and 3rd-and-higher generations remains in Canada. In Canada, parental education is less important as a determinant of educational attainment for the children in immigrant families than among those with Canadian-born parents. Less educated immigrant parents are more likely to see their children attain higher levels of education than are their Canadian-born counterparts. Outcomes vary significantly by ethnic/source region group in both countries. In the U.S., some 2nd generation ethnic/source region groups, such as those with Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American backgrounds, have relatively low levels of education, even though conditional on background characteristics they outperform their 3rd-and-higher generation counterparts. In contrast, in Canada, children of the larger and increasingly numerically important immigrant groups (the Chinese, South Asians, Africans, etc) register superior educational attainment levels to those of the 3rd-and-higher generation. This result is partly related to the high levels of parental education and group-level “ethnic capital†among these immigrant groups.
{"title":"Preparing for Success in Canada and the United States: The Determinants of Educational Attainment Among the Children of Immigrants","authors":"G. Picot, F. Hou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2016608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2016608","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the recent research on the determinants of the educational attainment among the children of immigrants (the 2nd generation) in Canada and the United States. The focus is on the gap in educational attainment between the 2nd and 3rd-and-higher generations (the children of domestic born parents), as well as the intergenerational transmission of education between immigrants and their children. On average, the children of immigrants have educational levels significantly above their counterparts with domestic born parents in Canada. In the U.S., educational levels are roughly the same between these two groups. In both countries, conditional on the educational attainment of the parents and location of residence, the children of immigrants outperform the 3rd-and-higher generation in educational attainment. Parental education and urban location are major determinants of the gap in educational attainment between the children of immigrants and those of Canadian or American born parents. However, even after accounting for these and other demographic background variables, much of the positive gap between the 2nd and 3rd-and-higher generations remains in Canada. In Canada, parental education is less important as a determinant of educational attainment for the children in immigrant families than among those with Canadian-born parents. Less educated immigrant parents are more likely to see their children attain higher levels of education than are their Canadian-born counterparts. Outcomes vary significantly by ethnic/source region group in both countries. In the U.S., some 2nd generation ethnic/source region groups, such as those with Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American backgrounds, have relatively low levels of education, even though conditional on background characteristics they outperform their 3rd-and-higher generation counterparts. In contrast, in Canada, children of the larger and increasingly numerically important immigrant groups (the Chinese, South Asians, Africans, etc) register superior educational attainment levels to those of the 3rd-and-higher generation. This result is partly related to the high levels of parental education and group-level “ethnic capital†among these immigrant groups.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132157652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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