Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.5089/9781498303767.001
Elena Loukoianova, Yu Ching Wong, Ioana Hussiada
This paper discusses the evolution of the household debt in Australia and finds that while higher-income and higher-wealth households tend to have higher debt, lower-income households may become more vulnerable to rising debt service over time. Then, the paper analyzes the impact of a monetary policy shock on households' current consumption and durable expenditures depending on the level of household debt. The results corroborate other work that households' response to monetary policy shocks depends on their debt and income levels. In particular, households with higher debt tend to reduce their current consumption and durable expenditures more than other households in response to a contractionary monetary policy shocks. However, households with low debt may not respond to monetary policy shocks, as they hold more interest-earning assets.
{"title":"Household Debt, Consumption, and Monetary Policy in Australia","authors":"Elena Loukoianova, Yu Ching Wong, Ioana Hussiada","doi":"10.5089/9781498303767.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498303767.001","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the evolution of the household debt in Australia and finds that while higher-income and higher-wealth households tend to have higher debt, lower-income households may become more vulnerable to rising debt service over time. Then, the paper analyzes the impact of a monetary policy shock on households' current consumption and durable expenditures depending on the level of household debt. The results corroborate other work that households' response to monetary policy shocks depends on their debt and income levels. In particular, households with higher debt tend to reduce their current consumption and durable expenditures more than other households in response to a contractionary monetary policy shocks. However, households with low debt may not respond to monetary policy shocks, as they hold more interest-earning assets.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127825192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many countries, migrants hold less wealth than natives. This paper assesses how migrants and natives accumulate wealth over time by studying changes in net worth, referred to as savings, thereby contributing to the understanding of the migrant-native wealth gap. Relying on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), the paper finds that natives, on average, do not save significantly more than migrants, despite of disposing of more income, more education, and receiving more wealth transfers. Although these characteristics translate beneficially into positive wealth accumulation, the study also finds that dissaving is relatively more important among natives, thus offsetting advantages in savings and preventing average wealth gaps from widening significantly.
{"title":"Wealth and Savings of Migrants and Natives in Germany","authors":"Christoph Halbmeier","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3315528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3315528","url":null,"abstract":"In many countries, migrants hold less wealth than natives. This paper assesses how migrants and natives accumulate wealth over time by studying changes in net worth, referred to as savings, thereby contributing to the understanding of the migrant-native wealth gap. Relying on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), the paper finds that natives, on average, do not save significantly more than migrants, despite of disposing of more income, more education, and receiving more wealth transfers. Although these characteristics translate beneficially into positive wealth accumulation, the study also finds that dissaving is relatively more important among natives, thus offsetting advantages in savings and preventing average wealth gaps from widening significantly.<br>","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116114510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.1818
Eric French, E. Kelly, John Bailey Jones, J. McCauley
In this review, we document end-of-life medical spending: its level, composition, funding and contribution to aggregate medical spending, both for the US and abroad. We discuss how end-of-life expenses affects household savings and other financial behaviour such as insurance choices. Lastly, we review economic evidence on the efficacy of medical spending at the end of life, assessing the value of palliative and other care for both longevity and patient satisfaction.
{"title":"End-of-Life Medical Expenses","authors":"Eric French, E. Kelly, John Bailey Jones, J. McCauley","doi":"10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.1818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.1818","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we document end-of-life medical spending: its level, composition, funding and contribution to aggregate medical spending, both for the US and abroad. We discuss how end-of-life expenses affects household savings and other financial behaviour such as insurance choices. Lastly, we review economic evidence on the efficacy of medical spending at the end of life, assessing the value of palliative and other care for both longevity and patient satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122205788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates how lineages, the commonly found organizations in rural villages of China, affect people’s intra- and cross-lineage cooperative behavior. We use data from the Chinese Household Income Project Survey 2002, which exclusively contains information about the lineage structure in these villages allowing us to classify three levels of lineage-based heterogeneity. Our identification strategy relies on the exogeneity of lineage-based heterogeneity. We find evidence that people in a village with higher lineage-based heterogeneity are less likely to exhibit reciprocity behavior within lineages or contribute to the provision of public goods that are jointly shared across lineages. The estimation results remain robust to the inclusion of various control variables and additional background characteristics. Finally, we examine a number of other economic outcomes and find that more homogeneous villages do better than other types of villages.
{"title":"Lineage-Based Heterogeneity and Cooperative Behavior in Rural China","authors":"Quqiong He, Yinghao Pan, S. Sarangi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3021590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3021590","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates how lineages, the commonly found organizations in rural villages of China, affect people’s intra- and cross-lineage cooperative behavior. We use data from the Chinese Household Income Project Survey 2002, which exclusively contains information about the lineage structure in these villages allowing us to classify three levels of lineage-based heterogeneity. Our identification strategy relies on the exogeneity of lineage-based heterogeneity. We find evidence that people in a village with higher lineage-based heterogeneity are less likely to exhibit reciprocity behavior within lineages or contribute to the provision of public goods that are jointly shared across lineages. The estimation results remain robust to the inclusion of various control variables and additional background characteristics. Finally, we examine a number of other economic outcomes and find that more homogeneous villages do better than other types of villages.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117299850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to investigate intra-household bargaining outcomes elicited in an artefactual field experiment design where participants completed a purchase task of real commodities. Married couples separately expressed their initial preferences over commodities. The bargaining process in the experiment was exogenously introduced by sharing information about partners’ preferences in the treatment group. We hypothesized that the spouse with weaker bargaining position at the household level would consider the information of their partner’s preferences while making own consumption decisions more compared to their partner. Therefore, they may deviate from their own preferences when purchasing commodities. More than 230 married couples from two villages in the Tamil Nadu state of India participated in the experiment. It was observed that information about partners’ spending preferences resulted in reduced final allocations for female participants. However, the deviation was not significantly different from the original intention to spend. Therefore, information about partners’ preferences may not be an effective medium to elicit bargaining power in the context of jointly-consumed household commodities. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify any heterogeneous treatment effects.
{"title":"An Experimental Investigation of Intra-Household Resource Allocation in Rural India","authors":"Savita Kulkarni, A. Tagat, Hansika Kapoor","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2855668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2855668","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate intra-household bargaining outcomes elicited in an artefactual field experiment design where participants completed a purchase task of real commodities. Married couples separately expressed their initial preferences over commodities. The bargaining process in the experiment was exogenously introduced by sharing information about partners’ preferences in the treatment group. We hypothesized that the spouse with weaker bargaining position at the household level would consider the information of their partner’s preferences while making own consumption decisions more compared to their partner. Therefore, they may deviate from their own preferences when purchasing commodities. More than 230 married couples from two villages in the Tamil Nadu state of India participated in the experiment. It was observed that information about partners’ spending preferences resulted in reduced final allocations for female participants. However, the deviation was not significantly different from the original intention to spend. Therefore, information about partners’ preferences may not be an effective medium to elicit bargaining power in the context of jointly-consumed household commodities. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify any heterogeneous treatment effects.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122359972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using data from a longitudinal post-divorce survey in Belgium we observe the probabilities of post-divorce repartnering and of post-divorce cohabiting with a new partner. We analyse the drivers of these rematching probabilities and find substantial differences between the sexes. We also analyse how the new match differs from the preceding marriage in terms of marital homogamy and the quality of the match. Marital homogamy in terms of earnings is higher in the post-divorce match for both men and women. Age homogamy on the other hand increases for women but decreases substantially for men. Men are specifically likely to repartner with younger women, while women are not likely to repartner with younger men. We proceed by proposing a simple index of the quality of a match and find that men on average repartner with a woman of higher quality, whereas the opposite holds for women.
{"title":"Gender Differences in the Probability of Post-Divorce Rematching and the Quality of the New Match","authors":"Sietse Bracke, K. Schoors","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2279498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2279498","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from a longitudinal post-divorce survey in Belgium we observe the probabilities of post-divorce repartnering and of post-divorce cohabiting with a new partner. We analyse the drivers of these rematching probabilities and find substantial differences between the sexes. We also analyse how the new match differs from the preceding marriage in terms of marital homogamy and the quality of the match. Marital homogamy in terms of earnings is higher in the post-divorce match for both men and women. Age homogamy on the other hand increases for women but decreases substantially for men. Men are specifically likely to repartner with younger women, while women are not likely to repartner with younger men. We proceed by proposing a simple index of the quality of a match and find that men on average repartner with a woman of higher quality, whereas the opposite holds for women.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116993319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses panel data through 2011 to examine evidence of shifts in household balance sheet behavior following the financial crisis and Great Recession. The paper considers evidence of balance sheet repair through debt repayment as well as changes in the composition of households’ balance sheets and/or saving decisions to determine whether households’ desire for holding or investing in riskier versus safer assets has changed. The data show relatively small and limited balance sheet adjustment—especially for those households considered the most likely to have been impacted by the economic collapse. The adjustment that did occur typically raised households’ liquid asset holdings and/or saving and reduced their risky asset positions (stocks). There is also some evidence of increased nonhousing debt repayment and slower takeup of new nonhousing debt. Overall, the findings are inconsistent with major adjustments occurring in households’ balance sheet behavior—especially to the extent where these shifts would have contributed substantially to the sluggish economic recovery
{"title":"Changes in U.S. Household Balance Sheet Behavior after the Housing Bust and Great Recession: Evidence from Panel Data","authors":"Daniel H. Cooper","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2366509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2366509","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses panel data through 2011 to examine evidence of shifts in household balance sheet behavior following the financial crisis and Great Recession. The paper considers evidence of balance sheet repair through debt repayment as well as changes in the composition of households’ balance sheets and/or saving decisions to determine whether households’ desire for holding or investing in riskier versus safer assets has changed. The data show relatively small and limited balance sheet adjustment—especially for those households considered the most likely to have been impacted by the economic collapse. The adjustment that did occur typically raised households’ liquid asset holdings and/or saving and reduced their risky asset positions (stocks). There is also some evidence of increased nonhousing debt repayment and slower takeup of new nonhousing debt. Overall, the findings are inconsistent with major adjustments occurring in households’ balance sheet behavior—especially to the extent where these shifts would have contributed substantially to the sluggish economic recovery","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122301648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We introduce uncertainty in our general equilibrium model with multi-member groups, following the classical state-space approach of Arrow-Debreu. A host of new interesting economic issues emerge. First, risk averse agents can attempt to insure themselves through markets or through mutual insurance within a multi-member group, say a household, by pooling resources within the group. Which insurance mechanism is chosen and to which extent the mechanisms substitute or complement each other is an open question. Second, one may ask more specifically what is the role of social groups for risk sharing and risk allocation when agents face idiosyncratic or aggregate risk. Third, does a suitable combination of social group formation and contingent commodity markets yield efficient risk allocations? We present a series of examples that shed some light on these issues.
{"title":"Risk Sharing Capacity: Markets versus Households","authors":"H. Gersbach, H. Haller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2376375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2376375","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce uncertainty in our general equilibrium model with multi-member groups, following the classical state-space approach of Arrow-Debreu. A host of new interesting economic issues emerge. First, risk averse agents can attempt to insure themselves through markets or through mutual insurance within a multi-member group, say a household, by pooling resources within the group. Which insurance mechanism is chosen and to which extent the mechanisms substitute or complement each other is an open question. Second, one may ask more specifically what is the role of social groups for risk sharing and risk allocation when agents face idiosyncratic or aggregate risk. Third, does a suitable combination of social group formation and contingent commodity markets yield efficient risk allocations? We present a series of examples that shed some light on these issues.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125831100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On BHPS data we measure various indices of social capital at the individual and household level, and use them as explanatory variables in standard consumption insurance tests. We find that two out of three aspects of social capital positively impact on consumption smoothing, by reducing the sensitivity of idiosyncratic consumption to idiosyncratic income, both in the long and in the short run. Such effects, however, turn out to be more pronounced in the long run. Further confirmation of the positive impact of social capital on insurance opportunities are derived from an income smoothing exercise, as well as from a Poisson and a Logit analysis on the occurrence of unemployment spells.
{"title":"The Impact of Social Capital on Consumption Insurance and Income Volatility in U.K.: Evidence from British Household Panel Survey","authors":"F. Pericoli, E. Pierucci, L. Ventura","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2212152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2212152","url":null,"abstract":"On BHPS data we measure various indices of social capital at the individual and household level, and use them as explanatory variables in standard consumption insurance tests. We find that two out of three aspects of social capital positively impact on consumption smoothing, by reducing the sensitivity of idiosyncratic consumption to idiosyncratic income, both in the long and in the short run. Such effects, however, turn out to be more pronounced in the long run. Further confirmation of the positive impact of social capital on insurance opportunities are derived from an income smoothing exercise, as well as from a Poisson and a Logit analysis on the occurrence of unemployment spells.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122271086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding the forces that lead to correlations between pollution exposure, poverty, and race is crucial to the formation of sound environmental justice (EJ) policy. In particular, what are the roles of disproportionate siting of pollution sources versus post-siting housing market dynamics (e.g., "white flight")? Empirical analysis of post-siting dynamics has yielded mixed evidence. We demonstrate that this is because the models traditionally used to analyze it are not capable of identifying individual responses to pollution exposure. We address this limitation in two ways. First, we show how additional structure can be used along with traditional EJ data to recover behavioral parameters describing market dynamics. Second, we show how market dynamics can be directly observed using a new and distinctive data set that describes the decisions of individual homebuyers and details their circumstances (including pollution exposure) both before and after their moves. An application of the first approach shows that whites are more likely to flee TRI exposure in Los Angeles County than are other minority groups - particularly Hispanics, who constitute a plurality and the largest group of people of color. The second approach shows that whites are both more likely to flee and less likely to come to the nuisance, compared with all other groups (particularly Hispanics). Importantly, these results contrast with those of a traditional EJ analysis, which fails to provide any consistent evidence of post-siting dynamics. If the moving patterns we recover with our two models persist over time, we would expect to see higher percentages of minority residents (particularly Hispanics) living in closer proximity to L.A. County TRI plants, lending support to the post-siting market dynamics hypothesis.
{"title":"Meeting Urban Housing Needs: Do People Really Come to the Nuisance?","authors":"Brooks M. Depro, C. Timmins, Maggie O’Neil","doi":"10.3386/W18109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W18109","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the forces that lead to correlations between pollution exposure, poverty, and race is crucial to the formation of sound environmental justice (EJ) policy. In particular, what are the roles of disproportionate siting of pollution sources versus post-siting housing market dynamics (e.g., \"white flight\")? Empirical analysis of post-siting dynamics has yielded mixed evidence. We demonstrate that this is because the models traditionally used to analyze it are not capable of identifying individual responses to pollution exposure. We address this limitation in two ways. First, we show how additional structure can be used along with traditional EJ data to recover behavioral parameters describing market dynamics. Second, we show how market dynamics can be directly observed using a new and distinctive data set that describes the decisions of individual homebuyers and details their circumstances (including pollution exposure) both before and after their moves. An application of the first approach shows that whites are more likely to flee TRI exposure in Los Angeles County than are other minority groups - particularly Hispanics, who constitute a plurality and the largest group of people of color. The second approach shows that whites are both more likely to flee and less likely to come to the nuisance, compared with all other groups (particularly Hispanics). Importantly, these results contrast with those of a traditional EJ analysis, which fails to provide any consistent evidence of post-siting dynamics. If the moving patterns we recover with our two models persist over time, we would expect to see higher percentages of minority residents (particularly Hispanics) living in closer proximity to L.A. County TRI plants, lending support to the post-siting market dynamics hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":371090,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Econometrics: Applied Econometric Modeling in Microeconomics - Microeconometric Models of Household Behavior (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124074089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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