In the present study, a series of pullout tests were conducted to understand the sand-crumb rubber interaction behaviour with biaxial geogrid. Six different crumb rubber–sand mixtures with mixing ratios of 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 by volume were studied. Pullout tests were conducted at five different normal stresses (i.e., 20 kPa, 40 kPa, 60 kPa, 80 kPa and 100 kPa), where pullout forces were applied to the geogrid specimen at a constant strain rate of 1 mm/min. The normal stress-dependent pullout capacity was obtained from each test. The peak pullout load was observed at the verge of the failure of the geogrid. Two different types of failure of the geogrid were observed (i.e., slippage and rupture failure). The pullout test results were interpreted in terms of pullout resistance factor (F), which represents the interaction between backfill material and geogrid specimen. The resistance factor was found to increase with the increase in rubber percentage in the mix from 10% to 30%. The maximum value was found to be 1.07 at 30% rubber percentage in the mixture at 20 kPa normal stress. However, at 40% rubber percentage in the mixture, F was found to reduce. A similar trend was also observed for other normal stresses. Furthermore, strain variation in the geogrid due to pullout loading was also studied. The strain was found to decrease with the addition of rubber content. Strain reduced by 48% at 30% rubber content. Hence, the 30:70 mixing ratio of rubber-sand showed the highest interaction, thus giving the optimum pullout capacity of the
{"title":"Laboratory Pullout Testing Of Biaxial Geogrid in Sand-Crumb Rubber Mixtures","authors":"T. Bandyopadhyay, P. Chakrabortty, A. Hegde","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2022.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2022.007","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, a series of pullout tests were conducted to understand the sand-crumb rubber interaction behaviour with biaxial geogrid. Six different crumb rubber–sand mixtures with mixing ratios of 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 by volume were studied. Pullout tests were conducted at five different normal stresses (i.e., 20 kPa, 40 kPa, 60 kPa, 80 kPa and 100 kPa), where pullout forces were applied to the geogrid specimen at a constant strain rate of 1 mm/min. The normal stress-dependent pullout capacity was obtained from each test. The peak pullout load was observed at the verge of the failure of the geogrid. Two different types of failure of the geogrid were observed (i.e., slippage and rupture failure). The pullout test results were interpreted in terms of pullout resistance factor (F), which represents the interaction between backfill material and geogrid specimen. The resistance factor was found to increase with the increase in rubber percentage in the mix from 10% to 30%. The maximum value was found to be 1.07 at 30% rubber percentage in the mixture at 20 kPa normal stress. However, at 40% rubber percentage in the mixture, F was found to reduce. A similar trend was also observed for other normal stresses. Furthermore, strain variation in the geogrid due to pullout loading was also studied. The strain was found to decrease with the addition of rubber content. Strain reduced by 48% at 30% rubber content. Hence, the 30:70 mixing ratio of rubber-sand showed the highest interaction, thus giving the optimum pullout capacity of the","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115365121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Upper City of Antananarivo, is one of the districts of the capital of Madagascar subject to the regulations of the Architectural, Urban and Landscape Heritage Protection Zone [1]. On the other hand, the urbanization of this zone has not made it possible to curb the uncontrolled urbanization which is characterized by the spontaneity of illicit constructions caused in particular by the impoverishment of the local populations. Faced with this situation, the sanitation aspect of the area is no longer under control and all these phenomena have created a new type of exposure to risk through the degradation of the supporting soil and the triggering of fatal land movements. This urbanized area is subject to geotechnical risks that require reconnaissance on geological structuring, urbanization and problems observed to monitor the evolution of hazards. Technical studies of the Antananarivo upper town massif reveal instability and eventually hazards such as landslides, rock falls and block falls. These rapid phenomena expose local populations to new risks. As such, the consideration of risk management in this area and its mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is vital. The objective of this paper is to draw up maps of urbanization and geotechnical hazards in the area concerned in order to monitor the evolution of risks and to alert the populations to the danger that may occur. Results of the research will provide operational solutions, especially in the decision-making process of local authorities regarding the evolution of these hazards and the sporadic evolution of housing in the upper city of Antananarivo, leading to the implementation of a continuous monitoring system, with alarm triggering on threshold detection the Early Warning
塔那那利佛上城(Upper City of Antananarivo)是马达加斯加首都受建筑、城市和景观遗产保护区(Architectural, Urban and Landscape Heritage Protection Zone)保护的地区之一[1]。另一方面，该地区的城市化并没有使不受控制的城市化成为可能，这种城市化的特点是自发地进行非法建设，特别是由于当地人口的贫困造成的。面对这种情况，该地区的卫生方面不再受到控制，所有这些现象都通过支持土壤的退化和引发致命的土地运动而产生了一种新型的风险暴露。这一城市化地区面临着岩土工程风险，需要对地质构造、城市化和观测到的问题进行勘察，以监测灾害的演变。对塔那那利佛上部城镇地块的技术研究揭示了不稳定和最终的危险，如山体滑坡、岩石坠落和块体坠落。这些迅速出现的现象使当地居民面临新的风险。因此，考虑这一领域的风险管理及其使用地理信息系统(GIS)绘制地图是至关重要的。本文的目的是绘制有关地区的城市化和岩土灾害地图，以便监测危险的演变，并提醒居民注意可能发生的危险。研究结果将提供业务解决办法，特别是在地方当局关于这些危险的演变和塔那那利佛上城住房的零星演变的决策过程中，从而导致实施连续监测系统，在阈值检测时触发警报，即早期预警
{"title":"The use of Geographic Information System for the Assessment of Geotechnical Risks in Madagascar","authors":"Andriamalala Anjaramanantenasoa Nirina Miraniaina, Goodary Al-Rajeshwar, Ratoarivelo Manitriniala","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2022.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2022.002","url":null,"abstract":"The Upper City of Antananarivo, is one of the districts of the capital of Madagascar subject to the regulations of the Architectural, Urban and Landscape Heritage Protection Zone [1]. On the other hand, the urbanization of this zone has not made it possible to curb the uncontrolled urbanization which is characterized by the spontaneity of illicit constructions caused in particular by the impoverishment of the local populations. Faced with this situation, the sanitation aspect of the area is no longer under control and all these phenomena have created a new type of exposure to risk through the degradation of the supporting soil and the triggering of fatal land movements. This urbanized area is subject to geotechnical risks that require reconnaissance on geological structuring, urbanization and problems observed to monitor the evolution of hazards. Technical studies of the Antananarivo upper town massif reveal instability and eventually hazards such as landslides, rock falls and block falls. These rapid phenomena expose local populations to new risks. As such, the consideration of risk management in this area and its mapping using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is vital. The objective of this paper is to draw up maps of urbanization and geotechnical hazards in the area concerned in order to monitor the evolution of risks and to alert the populations to the danger that may occur. Results of the research will provide operational solutions, especially in the decision-making process of local authorities regarding the evolution of these hazards and the sporadic evolution of housing in the upper city of Antananarivo, leading to the implementation of a continuous monitoring system, with alarm triggering on threshold detection the Early Warning","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124955779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of Georisks and Sustainability Resource for Islands in the South Indian Ocean Region","authors":"V. Iegupov, R. Goodary, Yeshvin Goodary","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2022.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2022.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122696532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andriamalala Anjaramanantenasoa Nirina Miraniaina, Ratoarivelo Manitriniala, G. Rajeshwar, Andriamahefa Augustin
Earthen constructions have existed for thousands of years in the world. In Madagascar, remains of over 300 years of construction still exist today and are part of the « Malagasy » heritage. Currently, the construction methodology and the knowhow around the constructions with cob are almost in-existent. The purpose of this research is not only to find the techniques to rebuild with raw earth and to reduce the carbon footprint in civil engineering in Madagascar, but also to provide an economic alternative to concrete constructions. Various samples have been taken and analyzed to determine the formulation of the « Malagasy » cob and to demystify the misleading idea that these types of constructions contain additives of animal origin. Building with earth will definitely reduce cost and maintain sustainability, and once the right composition is determined, it will be possible to provide various architectural designs with a life span of 50 to 100 years, depending on implementation techniques used. Finally, this will lead to the use of abundantly available material locally, hence reduce additional transportation and related costs, yielding recyclable and economical structures. Currently, the ancient construction cultures and eventually, the know-how around the constructions of are practically unknown. The aim of this research is not only to find the techniques to rebuild with raw earth and to reduce the carbon footprint in civil engineering in Madagascar, but also to provide an economic alternative to concrete for the majority of the population. Various samples were taken and analysed to determine the formulation of the "Malagasy" cob and to demystify the type of construction with regard to the use of spurious additives of animal origin.
{"title":"Rediscovering the Ancient Cob Wall of Madagascar for Potential Green and Economical Construction","authors":"Andriamalala Anjaramanantenasoa Nirina Miraniaina, Ratoarivelo Manitriniala, G. Rajeshwar, Andriamahefa Augustin","doi":"10.11159/IJCI.2021.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/IJCI.2021.008","url":null,"abstract":"Earthen constructions have existed for thousands of years in the world. In Madagascar, remains of over 300 years of construction still exist today and are part of the « Malagasy » heritage. Currently, the construction methodology and the knowhow around the constructions with cob are almost in-existent. The purpose of this research is not only to find the techniques to rebuild with raw earth and to reduce the carbon footprint in civil engineering in Madagascar, but also to provide an economic alternative to concrete constructions. Various samples have been taken and analyzed to determine the formulation of the « Malagasy » cob and to demystify the misleading idea that these types of constructions contain additives of animal origin. Building with earth will definitely reduce cost and maintain sustainability, and once the right composition is determined, it will be possible to provide various architectural designs with a life span of 50 to 100 years, depending on implementation techniques used. Finally, this will lead to the use of abundantly available material locally, hence reduce additional transportation and related costs, yielding recyclable and economical structures. Currently, the ancient construction cultures and eventually, the know-how around the constructions of are practically unknown. The aim of this research is not only to find the techniques to rebuild with raw earth and to reduce the carbon footprint in civil engineering in Madagascar, but also to provide an economic alternative to concrete for the majority of the population. Various samples were taken and analysed to determine the formulation of the \"Malagasy\" cob and to demystify the type of construction with regard to the use of spurious additives of animal origin.","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133585139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Elshaboury, A. Al-Sakkaf, Ghasan Alfalah, E. M. Abdelkader
{"title":"Intelligent Data-Driven Models for Simulating Formwork Labour Productivity in High Rise Buildings","authors":"N. Elshaboury, A. Al-Sakkaf, Ghasan Alfalah, E. M. Abdelkader","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2022.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2022.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124664563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Methods of Asphalt Petrology: Determination of Permeability Numerical tudy of HSS-to-HSS Moment Connections Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading: Effect of Connection Eccentricity","authors":"J. Joshi, Jianwei Huang","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2023.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2023.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123251006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Seismic Surface Waves and Borehole Methods to Determine Shear Wave Velocity: A Review of Measurement Practice by Contractors in the UK","authors":"K. Kyrkou, M. Frost, P. Fleming, N. Sartain","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2022.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2022.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114333981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeniffer Viegas, António Gallardo, Lucas Bottaro, Rodrigo Marinaro
- The cone penetration test (CPT) is a widely used method for identifying soil profiles and estimating soil parameters. Numerous correlations have been established to facilitate geo-characterization of soils based on CPT data. However, caution must be exercised when applying these correlations and laboratory tests should be used to validate them. Tropical residual soils are highly variable, even for seemingly similar samples, which can make it difficult for project designers to accurately characterize them. The present work focuses on a case study where the goal was to distinguish and characterize two soft soils existent on the foundation of a tailings dam in the southwest of Brazil. The construction of the dam is still ongoing, and its foundation belongs to a complex geological environment with soft soils that can reach N SPT blows as low as its own weight. The geological survey identifies two horizons of residual soil of dolomitic phyllite: soft and very soft. However, spatially distinguishing this material regarding its consistence has shown to be a challenging task. Since they differ essentially on the degree of weathering, most parameters for both materials are quite similar, and from laboratory tests, the parameter that helps differentiate these soils is the pore pressure Skempton parameter at failure – A f . Based on these findings, it can be inferred that the pore-pressure parameter Bq in CPT represents the excess pore-pressure during the test, whereas Af describes the excess pore-pressure at failure during triaxial tests. Despite the lack of a currently established theoretical correlation between the two parameters, they can offer valuable insight into the soil's response to rapid loading. Notably, both measures have proven to be effective in distinguishing between residual soils, even though they are distinct measures. In this study, the B q and A f parameters are employed to classify soils using an unsupervised learning method, specifically the K-means algorithm. The resulting clusters exhibit strong agreement with borehole profiles near the CPT locations.
-锥贯试验(CPT)是一种广泛使用的识别土壤剖面和估计土壤参数的方法。已经建立了许多相关性，以促进基于CPT数据的土壤地理特征。但是，在应用这些相关性时必须谨慎，并应使用实验室测试来验证它们。热带残余土壤是高度可变的，即使是看似相似的样品，这可能使项目设计者难以准确地描述它们。本文以巴西西南部某尾矿坝地基上的两种软土为研究对象，对其特征进行了分析。大坝的建设仍在进行中，其基础属于复杂的地质环境，软土可以达到nspt，低至自重。地质调查确定了白云岩千层残土的软层和极软层两个层位。然而，在空间上区分这种材料的一致性是一项具有挑战性的任务。由于它们在风化程度上存在本质上的差异，因此两种材料的大多数参数非常相似，并且从实验室测试中，有助于区分这两种土壤的参数是破坏时的孔隙压力Skempton参数- A f。由此可以推断，CPT中孔隙压力参数Bq代表试验过程中的超孔隙压力，Af代表三轴试验中破坏时的超孔隙压力。尽管目前这两个参数之间缺乏建立的理论相关性，但它们可以为土壤对快速加载的响应提供有价值的见解。值得注意的是，这两种措施已被证明在区分残余土壤方面是有效的，即使它们是不同的措施。本研究采用无监督学习方法，即K-means算法，利用B q和A f参数对土壤进行分类。所得到的簇与CPT位置附近的井眼剖面非常吻合。
{"title":"Identifying Soft Soils using Pore-Pressure Parameters: A Machine Learning Approach","authors":"Jeniffer Viegas, António Gallardo, Lucas Bottaro, Rodrigo Marinaro","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2023.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2023.002","url":null,"abstract":"- The cone penetration test (CPT) is a widely used method for identifying soil profiles and estimating soil parameters. Numerous correlations have been established to facilitate geo-characterization of soils based on CPT data. However, caution must be exercised when applying these correlations and laboratory tests should be used to validate them. Tropical residual soils are highly variable, even for seemingly similar samples, which can make it difficult for project designers to accurately characterize them. The present work focuses on a case study where the goal was to distinguish and characterize two soft soils existent on the foundation of a tailings dam in the southwest of Brazil. The construction of the dam is still ongoing, and its foundation belongs to a complex geological environment with soft soils that can reach N SPT blows as low as its own weight. The geological survey identifies two horizons of residual soil of dolomitic phyllite: soft and very soft. However, spatially distinguishing this material regarding its consistence has shown to be a challenging task. Since they differ essentially on the degree of weathering, most parameters for both materials are quite similar, and from laboratory tests, the parameter that helps differentiate these soils is the pore pressure Skempton parameter at failure – A f . Based on these findings, it can be inferred that the pore-pressure parameter Bq in CPT represents the excess pore-pressure during the test, whereas Af describes the excess pore-pressure at failure during triaxial tests. Despite the lack of a currently established theoretical correlation between the two parameters, they can offer valuable insight into the soil's response to rapid loading. Notably, both measures have proven to be effective in distinguishing between residual soils, even though they are distinct measures. In this study, the B q and A f parameters are employed to classify soils using an unsupervised learning method, specifically the K-means algorithm. The resulting clusters exhibit strong agreement with borehole profiles near the CPT locations.","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116498116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leandro Harries, Maximilian Schütz, David Kempf, Jia Liu
Short Summary - The benefits and properties of porous asphalt (PA) pavements were initially summarised based on a literature review. Further, the influence of modifications using different combinations of carbon and cellulose fibre was shown by laboratory tests carried out by the Institute of Transportation Infrastructure Engineering of
{"title":"Methods of Asphalt Petrology: Determination of Permeability","authors":"Leandro Harries, Maximilian Schütz, David Kempf, Jia Liu","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2023.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2023.006","url":null,"abstract":"Short Summary - The benefits and properties of porous asphalt (PA) pavements were initially summarised based on a literature review. Further, the influence of modifications using different combinations of carbon and cellulose fibre was shown by laboratory tests carried out by the Institute of Transportation Infrastructure Engineering of","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117230135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinrong Liu, Lojain Suliman, Xiaohan Zhou, Ahmed Abd Elmageed
{"title":"Settlement Characteristics Due to Excavate Two Parallel Tunnels through a Fill Slope","authors":"Xinrong Liu, Lojain Suliman, Xiaohan Zhou, Ahmed Abd Elmageed","doi":"10.11159/ijci.2022.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11159/ijci.2022.013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":371508,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Civil Infrastructure","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132981334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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